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Showing 14 results for Firoozi
Volume 1, Issue 1 (Winter 2018)
Abstract
Volume 7, Issue 2 (Spring 2021)
Abstract
Backgrounds: Nowadays, the need for replacement of new drug structures is felt more than ever due to the spread of microbial resistance. S-triazoles are significant five-membered heterocyclic scaffolds due to their wide range of biological activities.
Materials & Methods: A new series of Schiff bases (5a-f) were synthesized by the reaction of 4-amino-S-triazoles (3a-c) with furan and benzaldehyde 4(d-e). Then a novel series of triazole thioglycosides (7a-f) were synthesized by the reaction of Schiff bases (5a-f) and T-O-acetyle-α-D-glucopyranosyle-Br in the presence of potassium carbonate as a weak base in acetone. The structure of the products was confirmed by FT-IR, H-NMR, and C-NMR assays. The antimicrobial properties of the newly synthesized compounds were studied against four bacterial strains, including Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli, and two fungal strains, including Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans.
Findings: The synthesized compounds exhibited better antifungal activity than antibacterial activity, espetially 7d. Among all the compounds, the compound 7d was found to have the highest activity against C. albicans with IZ=18±0.7 mm, MIC=250 mg/mL, and MFC= 250 mg/mL.
Conclusion: The present study results indicated that compounds containing S-triazole had the potential to be used in a wide variety of new antifungal formulations.
Volume 8, Issue 5 (No. 5 (Tome 40), (Articles in Persian) 2017)
Abstract
Creating and approving official Persian equivalents for the foreign words in Persian language is of great importance, which is considered to be done by the Persian Language Academy. Neologisms or newly-coined words are the inventions produced by language planners, which are supposed to replace the loan words. But these new words usually cannot have the opportunity to be entered into the active vocabularies of a significant portion of the native speakers of the Persian language. In this regard, we have proposed emotioncy as a tool for the acceptance of neologisms. Emotioncy, which is a blend of ‘emotion’ and ‘frequency’, refers to sense-induced emotions. In fact, it deals with the ways (e.g., visually or kinesthetically) individuals experience the world, which can affect and shape their mindsets. Considering this newly-developed concept of‘emotioncy” and its components (emotion, sense, and frequency), the present study intends to introduce this concept as a new tool to examine the problems of accepting neologisms. To be more specific, the present study aims to address the following research question: What strategies can be adopted by the Persian Language Academy in order to increase and decrease the emotioncy levels of words? Regarding this goal, a number of strategies were proposed in order to increase the emotioncy levels of neologisms (positivising emotions, enriching senses, and increasing frequency) and decrease the emotioncy levels of the loan words (negativizing emotions, depriving senses, and lowering frequency). It is our belief that these strategies can be implemented by the Persian Language Academy to popularize Persian neologisms. In the end, a number of implications were proposed and some suggestions were made for further studies.
Volume 9, Issue 4 (Fall 2021)
Abstract
Aims: Due to the high rate of repeat cesarean complications, the previous cesarean section mothers need to change their behavior on the mode of birth. Counseling can be effective in changing mothers' behavior. This study assesses the effect of individual counseling based on the Fogg model on this behavior.
Materials & Methods: In a randomized clinical trial, 62 pregnant cesarean section mothers in Mashhad Health Centers in 2020 were randomly entered into intervention and control groups. Two individual counseling based on Fogg's behavior model in 28-30 weeks of pregnancy for 45-60 minutes and one online session in Telegram channel in the intervention group were presented. The control group had routine care. Data were collected by personnel and obstetric questionnaire and Fogg's behavior model checklist to assess the intention to choose vaginal birth after cesarean at the beginning, two and four weeks after the end of the intervention. Data were analyzed by independent t-test, paired t-test, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis tests in SPSS 25.
Findings: There was a statistically significant difference in the mean score of Fogg's questionnaire between the two groups (p<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in choosing vaginal birth after cesarean in the counseling group before and after the intervention (p<0.05) and also the rate of intention to choose between two groups after the intervention (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The significant increase in planning to choose vaginal birth after cesarean section in the counseling group based on the Fogg model indicates this approach can be used in counseling to choose vaginal birth after cesarean section and other methods.
Materials & Methods: In a randomized clinical trial, 62 pregnant cesarean section mothers in Mashhad Health Centers in 2020 were randomly entered into intervention and control groups. Two individual counseling based on Fogg's behavior model in 28-30 weeks of pregnancy for 45-60 minutes and one online session in Telegram channel in the intervention group were presented. The control group had routine care. Data were collected by personnel and obstetric questionnaire and Fogg's behavior model checklist to assess the intention to choose vaginal birth after cesarean at the beginning, two and four weeks after the end of the intervention. Data were analyzed by independent t-test, paired t-test, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis tests in SPSS 25.
Findings: There was a statistically significant difference in the mean score of Fogg's questionnaire between the two groups (p<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in choosing vaginal birth after cesarean in the counseling group before and after the intervention (p<0.05) and also the rate of intention to choose between two groups after the intervention (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The significant increase in planning to choose vaginal birth after cesarean section in the counseling group based on the Fogg model indicates this approach can be used in counseling to choose vaginal birth after cesarean section and other methods.
Volume 10, Issue 4 (12-2010)
Abstract
There are a lot of approximation techniques for structural optimization. Among them, four outstanding approximation methods have been selected for trusses optimization. These approaches have been developed or modified by previous ones. Based on these schemes, a lot of trusses have been optimized by author's program. This study shows that the abilities of the mentioned methods are not the same and some of them have deficiencies. Reaching a better solution, lesser analysis time, oscillation of response, numerical stability and also using a variety of the design variables are among the findings of this work. A brief of these obtained results has been given in the conclusion part.
Volume 13, Issue 1 (March & April 2022 2022)
Abstract
Critical discourse analysis is an approach that considers language as a social practice in relation to factors such as power and ideology. According to this approach, the present study has tried to use sociological-semantic components to demonstrate how `Jalal Al-Ahmad expressed his ideology through the representation of the characters of Fall Valley and how he portrayed the social agents of that period after Reza Shah’s fall. In this short story, linguistic constructions are analyzed through the sociological-semantic components. So Van Leeuwen’s modal is appropriate for analyzing the text and discovering the relationship between language and the author’s ideology. The main question of this paper is whether the author has been able to reveal his hidden ideology through the representation of social agents? Research findings exhibit that this has happened and Al-Ahmad has expressed his ideology and views in the story by using the methods of suppression, backgrounding, activation, passivation, personification and impersonalization. Using the general strategy of “exclusion”, he hides the identity of high-ranking officials of Pahlavi government and completely “ignores” them by “backgrounding”. The “government” and the “army” have been activated in the discourse, and the “workers” and the “elites” have been passivated to highlight the oppression that has been inflicted upon them for his audience.
- Introduction
The results of the research related to the theory under study indicate that so far no research has been done on the subject of the present article, namely the sociological-semantic analysis of Al-Ahmad political stories and novels. Therefore, the present study examines this issue in order to compensate for the existing deficit in this field. Obviously, considering this point, the necessity and importance of such research is clear.
2. Literature Review
Regarding the theoretical background of the present study, several works were generally found in the fictional literature that have been criticized according to Van Leeuwen's model. Among these works, we can mention Pooshneh and Babak (2013) who, in their study, have found different ways of representing social activists in the story "Between Yesterday and Tomorrow" by Ebrahim Golestan. The main purpose of this study is to discover the relationship between intellectual-social (ideological) perspectives with discourse-oriented structures in the story.
In their study, Saeidnia et al. (2014) have examined the novels of Suovashun and Sang-e Sabour from the perspective of critical discourse analysis and based on sociological-semantic components. The results of this study indicate that the authors of these novels have represented women as a second sex, weak and with lower social prestige than men.
Junidi and Khaghani (2015) in their article have represented social action in zane ziadi (story collection). Their research findings show that in this set, actions are more inactive and static that are pushed into the background of the audience's mind.
The subject of the research of Armi et al. (2017) is dedicated to the analysis of how gender relations are represented in the novel "Lullaby for a Dead Girl" by Hamid Reza Shahabadi. This research, in the framework of critical discourse analysis and using Van Leeuwen components, has analyzed and explained the role and identity of family members and their interpersonal relationships in the novel.
In their article, Hamidreza Akbari et al. (2019) examine the story of "Ab-e Bid" by Mohammad Bahman Beigi to determine how the author has used the representation of social actors to express his views. He also uses the component of changing time, at the same time as raising the issue of modern Iran, to reveal the faces of the people of a part of Iran who still live in a prehistoric way. The author of the article has thus challenged the policies of the Pahlavi government.
Although the present study is similar to some of these works in terms of methodology, including Junidi and Khaghani (2015), but specifically and in terms of the studied stories, a study that analyzes the political and ideological literature of Al-Ahmad with this method. Has not been found yet.
3. Methodology
The purpose of this research, with a descriptive-analytical approach, is to investigate the representation techniques of social actors using data collected from the story of Al-Ahmad. To achieve this goal, using a qualitative method, first thirty discourse-oriented sentences with political and social themes in the story were selected. These sentences were then analyzed based on Van Leeuwen's model in order to find the components of cognitive-semantic society. Although Van Leeuwon's theory lists 51 ways to represent social actors, the authors focus on only the most frequent components of the story, as not all of them appear in the selected sentences. Their findings show that the author has shown the actions of nomadic teachers to be effective through a mass display strategy.
4. Discussion
Van Leeuwen (2008, p. 52) divides the "exclusion" component in discourse into two types, "suppression" and "backgrounding". In the discourse of Al-Ahmad, we see on several occasions the "suppression" or extremist exclusion of the activists who are the main cause of the deplorable situation of the miners. These activists, who are in fact the rulers of the Pahlavi regime and the owners of the means of production; By substituting unknown faces, they are completely hidden in the author's discourse! It is obvious that the author has deliberately removed from his discourse the indications of the involvement of the Pahlavi authorities in these cases by removing those who are responsible for killing the freedom fighters. This form of "suppression" serves to marginalize the first person of the government, Reza Shah. The extreme omission of Reza Shah's name in the discourse occurs by using the method of "general naming" that is, bringing the title "state" instead of the title of king. In this way, Al-Ahmad has tried to present the image of the "state" as a general nature, hegemonic and totalitarian, in order to remove negative and extremist actions from the realm of the "king" by highlighting it.
The most prominent example of "backgrounding" in the discourse of the story is when describing an actor who is referred to as "Colonel D". Although this officer has little presence in the discourse and his function is limited to his brief meeting with the head of the mine, his actions are recognizable in all incidents, including raids on workers' homes and their arrest and execution. The action of "Colonel D" (exploring the valleys of the mines) initiates a bloody repression, while its action in this story is diminished by the producer of the discourse and marginalized through the background.
It is obvious that the main cause of the repression of the miners and the execution of the protagonist is the Pahlavi government and Reza Shah himself, while as mentioned before, no name of this person is mentioned in the discourse. The question here is whether the removal of Reza Shah's name from the discourse was due to political reasons and the suffocating atmosphere around the text? The definitive answer to this question seems difficult, because the author wrote this story in 1326, six years after the fall of Reza Shah, and therefore could have explicitly named him as the main person responsible for the Zirab mine accidents. But why does he remove Reza Shah's name from his discourse instead? Perhaps the concealment of Reza Shah's name was based on the assumption that the audience already knew the hidden actor.
In the process of "expression", the presence of actors in discourse is represented in the forms of "activation", "passivation"," Personalization" and "Impersonalization". In Al-Ahmad's discourse, we see the active depiction of gendarmerie officers; For example, Haidar Babakhanlu is mentioned several times in the discourse, and his actions (including the torture of miners in the field court) are prominently represented in all behavioral and speech processes. The linguistic manifestation of this method is the role of the actor as the subject in certain clauses. It seems that Al-Ahmad wanted to portray all the members of that organization in a negative light by actively portraying Babakhanlu as a member of the army. In the discourse under study, the "boss" and the "miners" are actors who are shown to be passive. And they are represented as if they have escaped the attention of the country. It is possible that Al-Ahmad, with this kind of illustration, wanted to show the audience that the working class and the elite of Iranian society will always be ignored by politicians!
5. Conclusion
The authors of the present article sought to answer the question of how to use Van Leeuwen's strategies to analyze the representation of social actors in the story. The authors also sought to answer the question of whether the author was able to reflect his ideology in the text by representing the actors. Analysis of the research data, in addition to explaining the relationship between the discourse-oriented components and the ideology embedded in the text, showed that Al-Ahmad was able to use the representation of social actors in the story to express his ideology. His discourse shows that in representing the actors in the story, the author has used the strategy of expressing non-governmental actors in positive issues and removing them from negative issues, and vice versa, the same strategy in the case of government actors. Thus, statesmen are represented in the discourse as negative actors, and workers and miners as positive actors. In general, the author uses the method of "differentiation" to highlight the contradiction between these two groups, the "state" and the "working class". Using the method of "general naming", which uses the name "government" instead of mentioning the name of the king, the author has removed Reza Khan's name from the discourse of the story. The actors identified by their names in the author's discourse are all male and are portrayed formally, semi-formally, and informally. Al-Ahmad, by passively portraying the head of the mine, puts him in the spotlight to highlight the oppression that has been inflicted on him and the miners. In general, the representation of social actors in Al-Ahmad's discourse has been influenced by his socio-intellectual views and the power relations that govern the society of his time.
Volume 13, Issue 4 (1-2011)
Abstract
Objective: In this project, our aim was to construct a novel expressing vector harboring a new sequence from overlapping region of NS3 gene of HCV from infected Iranian patient. Materials and Methods: The partial NS3 (pNS3) gene was amplified by Nested-RT-PCR method using sera of HCV infected patients harboring genotype 1a. After purification and cloning the pNS3 into TA-cloning vector, the best colony was selected based on Blue/White screening and colony-PCR following by confirmation with sequencing and restriction digestion with BglII. The sequenced gene was compared with other reference sequences using alignment softwares. The resultant pNS3 gene subcloned into the expression vector, IRES vector, followed by selection the suitable clones by 2 different colony-PCRs. The gene expression was evaluated using GFP detection, RT-PCR and western blotting techniques after transfection of the IRES-pNS3 vector into the 293 cell line. Results: After pNS3 sequence amplification by RT-PCR, sequencing results showed high homology among the sequences with other reference sequences. This result also showed that it belonged to genotype 1 of HCV. Colony-PCR showed the insertion of gene into expressing vector with the right orientation. GFP expression, RT-PCR and western blotting confirmed transfection of vector, expression of pNS3 gene and production of its protein in 293 cells respectively. Conclusion: This novel expressing vector harboring partial region of NS3 gene in compare to full NS3 gene maybe more useful in immune induction by antigen presenting cells due to absence of genes responsible for protease activity of the protein in the setting of HCV vaccine.
Volume 13, Issue 4 (September & October 2022)
Abstract
The socio-critical novel of Ibrahim Beg’s travelogue is a work in which the author criticizes his own society and its political and religious constitutions through Western domestication. In this discourse, the confrontation between Iran and the West is an attempt to bridge the gap between Us and Them by reversing their roles and reflecting Us more bizarre than Them.This paper tries to answer two basic questions by identifying the discourse methods and strategies of ideological representation in this novel: (a)How do discourse strategies convey the author's ideology? (b)How is the reversal of the discourse, which is the result of the process of Western domestication, manifested? The aim of this descriptive-analytical article is to investigate the representation of the West in this novel from the perspective of Van Dijk ideological square. The salient achievement of the research is that the image of the West in the Maragheh discourse, as a modernist intellectual author, does not depict the stereotypical image that may exist in Iranians’ mind about this phenomenon. In his discourse, he generally applies polarization strategy to accentuated the West positives as Us and highlighted the Iranian government negatives as Them. For describing Us, the author uses ideological strategies such as comparison, implicit, dramatization and irony in order to reflect the spirit of freedom, loyalty and hard diligent in the text. For representing Them, he applies the strategies such as actor description, hyperbole, and number game to demonstrate the characteristics of greed, tyranny, regression, and deception to his audience. 1. Introduction If our conception of the West in the history of political and cultural developments in Iran has been stereotypically based on the "outsider", this historical conception has changed in the discourse of Iranian writers since the early twentieth century. After facing the advances of Western civilization, some of these writers, in a discourse turn, represented Europe and America in their minds and languages, no longer as "outsiders", but as "insiders". By doing so, they wanted to blame their governments for the problems and mismanagement, as an "outsider" group. Based on what has been said, the main issue of the present study is to express how this discourse rotation is manifested in the story of Ibrahim Beyg's travelogue. Hence, the authors have tried to explain the quality of this new discourse by using Van Dijk's ideological strategies. To examine this issue, the following questions are first posed: 1.How is the author's ideology represented in this work? 2. What is the author's ideological discourse towards the West as one of the pre-revolutionary intellectuals? 3. Does the image of the West in his discourse represent a stereotypical and special image that exists in the minds of Iranians of Westerners? 4. In relation to the image of the West, how is the political system of the time represented in Iran, and how does this representation serve the author's ideology? In connection with the above questions, two hypotheses have been formed: 1.The author's discourse in this work prescribes a kind of complete homogeneity with the West. 2. In his discourse, the author seeks to strike at the Iranian government as an outsider. 2. Literature Review There are many articles, treatises and books that have used Van Dyke's theoretical foundations to analyze non-literary texts, and most of them are in the field of political and media texts. Here are some of them: Azad (2008), Khalouzadeh et al. (2012), Khajeh and Khan Mohammad (2009), Eris (2013), Ghiasian et al. (2014), Aghagolzadeh and Firoozian Pourasfahani (2016), Rezaeipour and Ahmadi (2016) ), Niazi et al. (2015) and Firoozian Pourasfahani et al. (2015). Due to the limited pages of the article and the importance of data analysis, we will suffice to introduce the same number of researches and refrain from further explanation about them. It is worth mentioning that in recent years, there are articles in which modern Iranian poetry has been analyzed using the Van Dijk model. These articles include the following: Critical Discourse Analysis of the Story of “Rostam and Shaqad” based on Van Dijk’s Ideological Square, Hamedi, Z. & Zarghani, M. (2014). Interconnection of nature descriptions and society situation in Mehdi Akhavaan Sales̕ s poetry by looking at critical discourse analysis, Mirahmadi, M. & Tajalli, A. (2017). Analysis of Implicit Critical Discourse and Ideology with Emphasis on the Poetry of Ahmad Shamloo Based on the Theories of Ferklaf and Van Dijk, Jahandide, S. (2016). This result was obtained by examining the content of studies related to Van Dijk's theory: So far, no research has been done on the subject of the present study, ie the critical discourse analysis of the Iranian socio-political novel based on the ideological square model. Therefore, the present study addressed this issue and problem in order to compensate for the gap and deficiency in this type of research. 3. Methodology In this research, the data collection method is library and the research method is descriptive-analytical. After studying the background of the issue and the subject of the research, the authors, by referring to the text of the story, extracted its discourse-oriented sentences, in which 26 speeches were identified. In the next step, the collected discourses, which contained discourse-oriented constructs, were analyzed based on Van Dijk's ideological square. After qualitative analysis, using quantitative frequency analysis, the frequency percentage of each discourse strategy was presented. 4. Discussion The dual structure of the present discourse is elaborated by a comparison between the West and Iran based on "insider / outsider" polarization. The author, stating that the people of the West (insiders) with the help of the press and government criticism, have been able to eliminate corruption in their countries, considers the problem of the authoritarian Iranian society in the lack of transparency and intolerance of political rulers (outsiders). In general, using the strategy of polarization, the actors present in the discourse are divided into two poles, "insider" and "outsider", and it is on the basis of this polarization that the author's ideology is embodied. Examining the studied discourse, a total of 52 "polarizations" were found that form the semantic structure of the story. Using the strategy of "ambiguity", which is one of the strategies considered by Van Dijk in the category of meaning, the author has diminished the identity of the Qajar rulers in his discourse. In this discourse, actors are generally described in relation to their job, social status, and physical characteristics. Another common example in the author's discourse is the description of religious leaders in relation to their jobs. The author shows his non-religious ideology in speech 9, describing the job and characteristics of "Mullah Mohammad Ali". In his discourse, the author sometimes uses metaphors such as "treasure" and the like to make something more valuable or even more objective, such as Iran's natural mines and capitals. In connection with these metaphors, the author presents his ideology, which is generally a critique of the government in Iran. The author sometimes depicts the behavior of negative actors inhumanely through the use of derogatory metaphors. Metaphor in this author's discourse is not a decorative element, but a means of expressing ideology. In total, metaphor with 39 repetitions in this discourse is one of the most frequent strategies in this study. For describing us (the west), the author uses ideological strategies such as polarization, comparison, implicit, dramatization and irony in order to reflect the spirit of freedom, loyalty and hard diligent in the text. Besides, for representing them (Iranian government), he applies the strategies such as actor description, hyperbole, and number game to demonstrate the characteristics of greed, tyranny, regression, and deception to his audience. 5. Conclusion In this study, the issue of ideological strategies based on Ebrahim Beyg's travelogue was considered to show the author's method of positive representation of the West and negative description of the Iranian government. Based on Van Dijk's theory, the present text was examined and it was found that in it, the author, using polarization between two groups of insiders (West) and outsiders (Iranian government), paid attention to the general strategy of producing ideological discourse. Strategies such as polarization, comparison, implication, and dramatization were used to positively represent the "insider" group. And strategies such as actor description, Hyperbole, and number game have been used to describe the "outsider" group in the present discourse. Based on Van Dijk's ideological square, it was observed that the author emphasizes the strengths of the Westerners (insider group) and does not mention any negative features for them (except in relation to the colonial case). On the other hand, it highlights the weaknesses of the "outsider" group (the rulers of Iran) and lightly represents their positive characteristics
Volume 14, Issue 1 (FALL 2023)
Abstract
In this study, the wheat germ was fermented with industrial bakery yeast powder to produce FWGE with high 2,6-DMBQ content in a Bench-scale bioreactor by scale-up approach. The 2,6-DMBQ content of FWGE was increased by optimizing the three initial variables of pH, fermentation temperature, and agitation rate at two levels using the Taguchi method. The 2,6-DMBQ content of the samples was determined at 14, 16, and 18 hours of the fermentation process. Then, the results were analyzed by Qualitek software. The effect of centrifugation speed on turbidity and the yeast's number in the final supernatant was then investigated. Finally, the supernatant was dried by spray dryer with an inlet temperature of 120 °C and outlet temperature of 70°C, and the amount of active 2,6-DMBQ, pH, moisture, and ash was determined. Under optimal conditions: initial pH of 6, fermentation temperature of 32 °C, and agitation rate of 80 rpm, maximum 1.527 mg of 2,6-DMBQ per gram of FWGE obtained. The separation results showed that the centrifugation rate doesn't have a significant effect on the final turbidity and the number of yeasts left, and thus 3000 g was selected as the optimal speed. However, because of the high content of yeast in the supernatant, filtration was required after centrifugation. Due to the high speed of sample drying, the low moisture of the final product, and high efficiency on an industrial scale, the samples were dried using a spray dryer. Finally, the moisture, protein, ash, and pH of the final product were measured.
Volume 14, Issue 2 (May & June 2023 2023)
Abstract
The present study has examined and analyzed the novel of “Baba Sobhan’s legend” in the framework of Lesley Jeffries' theory and based on the components of critical stylistics. In this regard, an attempt was made to answer the following questions: 1. How are the writer's ideologies represented in the way that the linguistic elements of the novel are chosen and arranged, which are interpreted as style? 2. What kinds of discourse elements have made it possible to discover the ideologies hidden in the style of the novel? So, the main purpose of this article is to reveal the hidden ideologies in the writer's utterances. For this purpose, the vocabularies and sentence structures of the novel, which provide the way for gaining the discourse style and the cognition of style, have been studied and analyzed. In this paper, through a descriptive-analytical approach, the authors have extracted and categorized Lesley Jeffries’ views which are mentioned in the book "Critical Stylistics". Then they have analyzed the novel considering the components of this book. Findings indicate that the strategies of "negating" and "prioritizing" are the most frequent, and "naming", "equating" and "assuming and implying" have the lowest frequency in this discourse. The analysis of these findings shows that the writer in his discourse, considering the conditions of society and serfdom system in Iran, has depicted the villagers’ socio-economic situation and the realities of their lives through a critical approach. He has also criticized the authorities in Iran in the years before the land reform.
The current research has examined and analyzed Baba Sobhan's Osane novel in the framework of Leslie Jeffries' theory and based on the components of critical stylistics. Regarding this issue, an attempt was made to answer the following questions: 1. how are the author's ideologies represented in the way of choosing and arranging the linguistic elements of the novel, which are interpreted as style? 2. Discovering the ideologies and beliefs hidden in the style of the novel has been made possible by using what discourse tools? In relation to these questions, the main goal of the article is to reveal the hidden intentions of the author's statements. For this purpose, the vocabulary and the structure of the sentences of the novel, which provide the ground for entering the discursive and cognitive space of the style, have been examined and analyzed. In this essay, the authors have analyzed the studied novel based on the components mentioned in the book, after extracting and categorizing the opinions of Leslie Jeffries in the book Critical Stylistics (2010) with a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings of the research show that the strategies of "negating" and "important information and opinions" have the highest frequency, and "naming", "synonyms" and "implicit meanings and accepted facts" have the lowest frequency in this discourse. The analysis of these findings indicates that in his discourse, the author has depicted the socio-economic situation of the villagers and the realities of their lives with a critical approach, considering the conditions of the society and the system of lords and serfs in Iran. At the same time, he has criticized those in power in Iran years before the land reforms.
The main hypothesis in the present article is that Baba Sobhan's Osane novel, as a verbal text, has a discourse structure that can be described, analyzed and interpreted based on Jeffries theory. Also, by using this model, the thought and ideology of its author is represented. In the framework of the research problem, by adopting the descriptive-analytical method, the components suggested by Jeffries, which are presented in his book, were extracted and categorized. Then, in order to discover these components in Baba Sobhan's Osane novel, which is considered as the body of the research, this work was carefully and repeatedly read. Finally, after finding the components mentioned by Jeffries in the text of the novel, the discursive propositions of the text were examined based on them. For this purpose, the vocabulary and the structure of the sentences of the novel, which provided the ground for entering the discourse and cognitive analysis of the style, were carefully analyzed. Finally, the frequency and percentage of occurrence of various discourse strategies in the story were obtained and presented in the form of separate tables.
Most of the studies that have been introduced so far under the title of Persian stylistics were individual studies that examined the style separately from the situational context of the text. But the authors in this essay proposed a solution to get out of this situation by introducing appropriate tools to analyze the style of Persian novels. Therefore, by using a method based on critical discourse analysis, they have studied the stylistic features of the text in relation to its situational context. In this regard, the present research was an attempt to test the hypothesis that the discourse of Baba Sobhan's Osane novel can be described and analyzed with the tools suggested by Jeffries. The results obtained from this study with regard to the research hypothesis showed that the mentioned novel as a critical verbal text benefits from a discourse structure that represents the opinions and ideologies of its author. It should be mentioned that these ideologies are represented by seventeen discourse strategies in the linguistic elements of the novel as shown by the data analysis of this research. The main discourse of the novel expresses the poverty, pain and suffering of a certain social class who live with failure and deprivation in the village environment. Trying to get rid of the existing unfortunate situation, fighting against injustice, confrontation between the city and the village, denouncing the class conflict, exposing the unfair relations governing the socio-economic relations of the village environment, protesting the government and its programs, the confusion and the distress of the villagers. As a result of crises caused by poverty, famine and injustice, they have formed the sub-discourses of this novel. It should be mentioned that by referring to feudalism, Dolatabadi has brought the events of the novel into economic and political issues, and by using some of the previously mentioned discourse tools, he has explained the system of lords and serfs with a critical eye. In this regard, the words he chose and the descriptions he provided are all critical. This shows that the author of the novel has chosen words and images suitable for his purpose.
The current research has examined and analyzed Baba Sobhan's Osane novel in the framework of Leslie Jeffries' theory and based on the components of critical stylistics. Regarding this issue, an attempt was made to answer the following questions: 1. how are the author's ideologies represented in the way of choosing and arranging the linguistic elements of the novel, which are interpreted as style? 2. Discovering the ideologies and beliefs hidden in the style of the novel has been made possible by using what discourse tools? In relation to these questions, the main goal of the article is to reveal the hidden intentions of the author's statements. For this purpose, the vocabulary and the structure of the sentences of the novel, which provide the ground for entering the discursive and cognitive space of the style, have been examined and analyzed. In this essay, the authors have analyzed the studied novel based on the components mentioned in the book, after extracting and categorizing the opinions of Leslie Jeffries in the book Critical Stylistics (2010) with a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings of the research show that the strategies of "negating" and "important information and opinions" have the highest frequency, and "naming", "synonyms" and "implicit meanings and accepted facts" have the lowest frequency in this discourse. The analysis of these findings indicates that in his discourse, the author has depicted the socio-economic situation of the villagers and the realities of their lives with a critical approach, considering the conditions of the society and the system of lords and serfs in Iran. At the same time, he has criticized those in power in Iran years before the land reforms.
The main hypothesis in the present article is that Baba Sobhan's Osane novel, as a verbal text, has a discourse structure that can be described, analyzed and interpreted based on Jeffries theory. Also, by using this model, the thought and ideology of its author is represented. In the framework of the research problem, by adopting the descriptive-analytical method, the components suggested by Jeffries, which are presented in his book, were extracted and categorized. Then, in order to discover these components in Baba Sobhan's Osane novel, which is considered as the body of the research, this work was carefully and repeatedly read. Finally, after finding the components mentioned by Jeffries in the text of the novel, the discursive propositions of the text were examined based on them. For this purpose, the vocabulary and the structure of the sentences of the novel, which provided the ground for entering the discourse and cognitive analysis of the style, were carefully analyzed. Finally, the frequency and percentage of occurrence of various discourse strategies in the story were obtained and presented in the form of separate tables.
Most of the studies that have been introduced so far under the title of Persian stylistics were individual studies that examined the style separately from the situational context of the text. But the authors in this essay proposed a solution to get out of this situation by introducing appropriate tools to analyze the style of Persian novels. Therefore, by using a method based on critical discourse analysis, they have studied the stylistic features of the text in relation to its situational context. In this regard, the present research was an attempt to test the hypothesis that the discourse of Baba Sobhan's Osane novel can be described and analyzed with the tools suggested by Jeffries. The results obtained from this study with regard to the research hypothesis showed that the mentioned novel as a critical verbal text benefits from a discourse structure that represents the opinions and ideologies of its author. It should be mentioned that these ideologies are represented by seventeen discourse strategies in the linguistic elements of the novel as shown by the data analysis of this research. The main discourse of the novel expresses the poverty, pain and suffering of a certain social class who live with failure and deprivation in the village environment. Trying to get rid of the existing unfortunate situation, fighting against injustice, confrontation between the city and the village, denouncing the class conflict, exposing the unfair relations governing the socio-economic relations of the village environment, protesting the government and its programs, the confusion and the distress of the villagers. As a result of crises caused by poverty, famine and injustice, they have formed the sub-discourses of this novel. It should be mentioned that by referring to feudalism, Dolatabadi has brought the events of the novel into economic and political issues, and by using some of the previously mentioned discourse tools, he has explained the system of lords and serfs with a critical eye. In this regard, the words he chose and the descriptions he provided are all critical. This shows that the author of the novel has chosen words and images suitable for his purpose.
Volume 22, Issue 3 (Fall 2018)
Abstract
Introduction
Noise is an integral part of modern life and modern overnight. Our ancestors lived in a more quiet environments and exposed to the sounds were softer. The problems of the urban environment in terms of noise and discomfort for audio, mainly is related to two factors: ( A) density of more than production units, industry and services in cities, (b) the spatial distribution of business units in urban areas . The establishment of incompatible applications and business units nuisance and pollution in cities, especially in the vicinity of residential areas, the critical situation is caused by the transfer of land around cities is a suitable solution. However, Ahwaz, as a strategic city on a national scale, is faced with the low levels of acoustic comfort due to the: expansion of space, the establishment of heavy industries and workshops, crossing the national railroad through the urban fabric, the locating of its airport inside the city and etc… Of cities with a high number of sound pollutants and low levels of comfort is audio.
Methodology
The dominant approach to this research is location analyze. According to the research literature and standards presented in Environmental Protection Organization, the land use in Ahwaz city and related data are provided. In local analysis, after identifying all noisy land uses, Noise pollution zoning is carried out in three steps including the noisy uses (step I) and local arteries (step II), and finally map acoustic comfort (step III) of the composition of the maps using Fuzzy Overlay analysis and operator SUM, for urban areas is obtained. The fuzzy membership functions, map algebra, fuzzy overlay have been used in the GIS to measure the neighborhoods of Euclidean distance tools. To determine the mean spatial proximity of land use in each area, the spatial analyzer application and also the fuzzy Delphi model are used for weighing the selected criteria.
Results and discussion
Noise pollution is one of the most important disturbing factors in modern life and work environments. The lack of acoustic comfort causes irreparable damage to the health of residents of the area. Therefore, regarding to the principles of proximity is necessary and, on the other hand, the proximity of urban utilities, especially the proximity of residential land use, can greatly reduce the amount of noise pollution and provide comfort for residents. On this base, the first dimension of analysis is the measuring urban noisy utilities. In this (first) dimension:
The spatial analysis results in this study can be investigated in three dimensions:
- The first dimension is to analyze the results at the level of urban regions. In this dimension, the sound comfort assessment map was prepared by region. The results show that the minimum level of observance of the principles of proximity in the city center and especially at the district (1 and 2) of region 1 and the district (1) of the seven region. In these district, incompatible and relatively incompatible land uses in the vicinity of the residential parts have caused the lack of adjacency and the loss of acoustic comfort for inhabitants. More ever the concentration of commercial activities with a sound level above 75 dB and workhouses with a sound level above 80 dB and the existence of a high pass audio network in the central area are caused the high levels of noise pollution in these areas. Because of the deployment of polluting land uses, the most noise pollution can be seen in the inner-city, and with the increase the distance from the center, we can see the reduces of the noise pollution.
- The second dimension is the spatial analysis of proximity in the metropolitan Ahwaz with extraction of value from the GIS export maps. The results of the proximity analysis indicate that in district 2 with coefficient (0/857), district 5 with coefficient (0/792) and district 1 with the coefficient (0/639) of region 1, have more incompatible land use that cause the most noise pollution in these regions.
- The third dimension is local analysis. Among the selected indicators effective in causing noise pollution, heavy industry, passenger terminals, intruder workshops, numerous repair shops, military-policing use and passage of highways and main roads, the most important polluting occupations They are Therefore, in order to increase of the acoustic comfort with.
Conclusion
The findings have shown that the deployment of polluting uses and occupations in the vicinity of the residential user has led to the lack of adherence to the principles of neighborliness in urban use and the principle of comfort is not adhered to in the vicinity of urban use in the metropolis of Ahwaz. Therefore, in order to increase the neighboring factor of urban utilities in terms of sound comfort in the metropolis of Ahvaz, it is suggested:
- the development of green spaces in metropolitan areas of Ahvaz using two and six plant species suitable environmental conditions areas.
- reforming network traffic engineering in order to avoid the heavy traffic and increase user and create facilities such as public parking in the area.
- To prevent the construction of sound and non-residential spaces that are sensitive to noise along main or motorways, and vice versa, to emphasize the use of sensitive applications along access roads.
Volume 25, Issue 1 (4-2021)
Abstract
Today communication and access to a variety of communication channels, has forced organizations to provide new and efficient services. In the meantime, banks are one of the organizations that have the largest share in the countrychr('39')s economy, so the managers of successful organizations should try to identify the factors affecting the adoption of electronic banking technology. In this research, with a different approach, meta-analysis approach, the factors affecting the adoption of electronic banking technology have been investigated. The statistical population of the study includes all domestic and foreign studies conducted up to the end of 2017 that have examined the factors affecting the adoption of electronic banking technology. The total number of studies and researches collected included 145 studies. According to the standards of meta-analysis approach, 17 studies were excluded and a total of 128 studies were selected. The results showed that technology factors have a positive and significant effect on perceived usefulness, willingness to use technology and use of technology, as well as organizational and social factors on perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude towards technology, willingness to use It has a positive and significant effect on technology and the use of technology, and individual factors have a positive and significant effect on perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude toward technology, and the use of technology. The effect of technology factor variables on perceived ease of use, attitudes toward technology, as well as individual factors on the willingness to use technology was not confirmed.
Volume 25, Issue 2 (7-2021)
Abstract
In the organizational world, women have more opportunities to participate and compete with men. Despite the increasing participation of women in organizations, the advancement and entry of women into high positions faces obstacles known as the glass ceiling. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of identifying barriers to the promotion of women using the qualitative Q method in the National Iranian Oil Company. Q statement were explored through 19 selected studies based on research protocols and media sources such as publications, newspapers, television programs, and conversations with experts and elites. Then, a questionnaire consisting of 39 cards and an answer sheet (Q diagram) was given to 43 experts who expressed their opinion based on a range of strongly agree (+4) to strongly disagree (4-). The collected data were analyzed by Q-type explorative factor analysis using SPSS software. The results showed that there are seven perceptions and mental groups about the obstacles faced by women in achieving managerial positions. In these mental models, the statements “less skill of women in political games”, “less ability of women to bear the psychological pressures of managerial jobs”, “family priority over work for women”, “Womenchr('39')s dependence on men in terms of geography and place of residence” “need a flexible work plan” were among the most important barriers to womenchr('39')s career advancement.
Volume 25, Issue 4 (Winter 2021)
Abstract
The existence of a diverse range of hazards and crisis centers around the border cities represents the use of different planning approaches to resilience and reduce the damage caused by crises (both natural and abnormal) in these cities. Border cities are one of the most sensitive areas that can be vulnerable to the dangers if they are not prepared to deal with and are not properly equipped. In border cities, due to the special strategic and border position, special socio-cultural topography, special economic-political conditions, vulnerabilities and threats, special conditions in terms of risk prevail; Considering the strategic position of these areas and considering the conceptual territory, content in this research, the most important issues in the study of the border cities of Abadan and Khorramshahr in geo-strategic, geo-economics, geo-culture, physical and institutional dimensions are: border geostrategic position, heterogeneous socio-cultural structure, specific geographical and environmental conditions, environmental pollutants (dust and natural resources pollution), history of endangerment and political, ethnic and religious tensions in border cities and special economic, physical and social conditions resulting from the occurrence of the imposed war. According to the proposed cases, the scope of the present study, specifically the border cities of Abadan and Khorramshahr as the largest border cities of Khuzestan province, with an active economic field on a regional and national scale, studies the specific social and cultural context, the border-water location and the experience of the imposed war. What is needed is a revision of traditional planning approaches to urban hazards management and the use of new tools in planning (compilation of resilience scenarios). In this study, foresight and hazards management based on urban resilience scenarios are considered.
Methodology
The present study is "applied-theoretical" in terms of purpose, and based on the nature and method, it is "descriptive-analytical". Research Methods according to the purpose of the research, is a combination of quantitative-survey and qualitative methods. Data collection tools and information in this research have been done by studying library-documentary sources, field surveys (survey, obtaining expert opinions) and referring to relevant organizations. The statistical population of the present study is academic experts, experts and institutional-organizational managers who have sufficient knowledge and experience in the field of urban resilience and the field of study. These experts were selected and questioned based on the method of "purposive sampling (expert samples) and chain-referral ". For structural analysis of urban resilience drives based on the ability of experts to respond and the complexity of methods, steps and conditions of Delphi technique, a total of (45) academic experts, managers and institutional-organizational experts were selected as the sample. The indicators and drivers of this research are the selected dimensions of urban resilience, including social, economic, physical-infrastructural, ecological and hazards dimensions. In this regard, urban resilience drivers were identified according to the opinion of experts and expert opinions (Delphi technique) and then, these factors were prioritized based on the degree of importance and uncertainty, and the most key factors were identified using the cross-impact balance analysis method and "micmac" software. For scenario writing and questionnaire analysis, cross-impact balance method and "ScenarioWizard" software were used that finally with the opinion of experts, favorable and compatible scenarios of resilience of the studied border cities were developed.
Discussion of Results
In line with the main purpose of the present study, to extract the key drivers of resilience, the cross-impact analysis method was used to identify the impact of these drivers. According to analysis performed, among the 46 factors examined (by analyzing the direct and indirect effects and calculating the displacement coefficient of each of the variables in different conditions), (18) agents were extracted and selected as key drivers of resilience in the border cities of Abadan and Khorramshahr. For the sake of scenario compilation, based on (18) selected key drivers and effective on urban resilience, possible situations of urban resilience were formulated. In order to formulate possible situations through surveys and interviews with experts, a scenario basket was prepared for (18) key factors; based on the analysis and possible situations facing the resilience of the studied cities, a total of (54) different situations were plotted for (18) key drivers influencing resilience. Considering the size of the matrix and its dimensions with size (54 × 54), with the help of scenario software and based on the questionnaire data, combined scenarios that included all possible situations were analyzed, the output of which was "521 possible scenarios", "14 high compatibility scenarios" and "3 strong scenarios". Accordingly, three scenarios with very high scores were identified as strong (probable) scenarios in the resilience of the studied cities that among them, one scenario shows favorable conditions and the other two scenarios show critical conditions. It was also detected for believable scenarios (with high compatibility) (14 scenarios). Also (521) weak (possible) scenarios were identified that due to the large number of them, addressing this number of scenarios is not the purpose of this study.
Conclusion
Findings related to the analysis of urban resilience scenarios showed that most of the scenarios are in static situations (continuation of the existing trend in resilience of Abadan and Khorramshahr border cities) and critical. Out of the total number of possible scenarios, three scenarios were identified as "strong resilience scenarios" based on the total value of the adjustment value and the total impact score index. Among the strong scenarios, one scenario has favorable situations and the other two scenarios represent critical situations. In this regard, considering the prevailing situation of Abadan and Khorramshahr urban resilience drives, the best scenario is to select the first scenario drives, otherwise, the conditions governing the second and third scenarios and the continuation of the status quo will be the scenarios governing urban resilience drives. In general, it can be said that urban resilience based on scenario writing is a systematic and future-oriented approach to managing the existing and upcoming risks and challenge by creating integration and effective interaction between the dimensions of resilience, key drivers, considering resilience priorities and taking steps based on the presentation of strategies for turning unfavorable situations into favorable, on a local scale, regional and cross-border in the border cities of Abadan and Khorramshahr can be presented.
Keywords: Cross-impact balance analysis, Urban Resilience, Scenario Compilation, boundary cities, Hazards, Abadan and Khorramshahr.
Methodology
The present study is "applied-theoretical" in terms of purpose, and based on the nature and method, it is "descriptive-analytical". Research Methods according to the purpose of the research, is a combination of quantitative-survey and qualitative methods. Data collection tools and information in this research have been done by studying library-documentary sources, field surveys (survey, obtaining expert opinions) and referring to relevant organizations. The statistical population of the present study is academic experts, experts and institutional-organizational managers who have sufficient knowledge and experience in the field of urban resilience and the field of study. These experts were selected and questioned based on the method of "purposive sampling (expert samples) and chain-referral ". For structural analysis of urban resilience drives based on the ability of experts to respond and the complexity of methods, steps and conditions of Delphi technique, a total of (45) academic experts, managers and institutional-organizational experts were selected as the sample. The indicators and drivers of this research are the selected dimensions of urban resilience, including social, economic, physical-infrastructural, ecological and hazards dimensions. In this regard, urban resilience drivers were identified according to the opinion of experts and expert opinions (Delphi technique) and then, these factors were prioritized based on the degree of importance and uncertainty, and the most key factors were identified using the cross-impact balance analysis method and "micmac" software. For scenario writing and questionnaire analysis, cross-impact balance method and "ScenarioWizard" software were used that finally with the opinion of experts, favorable and compatible scenarios of resilience of the studied border cities were developed.
Discussion of Results
In line with the main purpose of the present study, to extract the key drivers of resilience, the cross-impact analysis method was used to identify the impact of these drivers. According to analysis performed, among the 46 factors examined (by analyzing the direct and indirect effects and calculating the displacement coefficient of each of the variables in different conditions), (18) agents were extracted and selected as key drivers of resilience in the border cities of Abadan and Khorramshahr. For the sake of scenario compilation, based on (18) selected key drivers and effective on urban resilience, possible situations of urban resilience were formulated. In order to formulate possible situations through surveys and interviews with experts, a scenario basket was prepared for (18) key factors; based on the analysis and possible situations facing the resilience of the studied cities, a total of (54) different situations were plotted for (18) key drivers influencing resilience. Considering the size of the matrix and its dimensions with size (54 × 54), with the help of scenario software and based on the questionnaire data, combined scenarios that included all possible situations were analyzed, the output of which was "521 possible scenarios", "14 high compatibility scenarios" and "3 strong scenarios". Accordingly, three scenarios with very high scores were identified as strong (probable) scenarios in the resilience of the studied cities that among them, one scenario shows favorable conditions and the other two scenarios show critical conditions. It was also detected for believable scenarios (with high compatibility) (14 scenarios). Also (521) weak (possible) scenarios were identified that due to the large number of them, addressing this number of scenarios is not the purpose of this study.
Conclusion
Findings related to the analysis of urban resilience scenarios showed that most of the scenarios are in static situations (continuation of the existing trend in resilience of Abadan and Khorramshahr border cities) and critical. Out of the total number of possible scenarios, three scenarios were identified as "strong resilience scenarios" based on the total value of the adjustment value and the total impact score index. Among the strong scenarios, one scenario has favorable situations and the other two scenarios represent critical situations. In this regard, considering the prevailing situation of Abadan and Khorramshahr urban resilience drives, the best scenario is to select the first scenario drives, otherwise, the conditions governing the second and third scenarios and the continuation of the status quo will be the scenarios governing urban resilience drives. In general, it can be said that urban resilience based on scenario writing is a systematic and future-oriented approach to managing the existing and upcoming risks and challenge by creating integration and effective interaction between the dimensions of resilience, key drivers, considering resilience priorities and taking steps based on the presentation of strategies for turning unfavorable situations into favorable, on a local scale, regional and cross-border in the border cities of Abadan and Khorramshahr can be presented.
Keywords: Cross-impact balance analysis, Urban Resilience, Scenario Compilation, boundary cities, Hazards, Abadan and Khorramshahr.
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