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Provinces of Iran bordering with Iraq were battle fields during Iran-Iraq war and today are among tourist attracting places in Iran. The factors provoking tourists to see these regions are important to characterize because the needs of the tourists should be identified and supplied. This paper tries to characterize factors driving and provoking the tourists who visit battle fields in Kermanshah. The research method adopted here is field finding and the data gathering procedure is based on library and field findings (N= 384) methods. The T-test and Friedman Test are used to analyze the data. The research sample includes the tourists who visited battle fields in Kermanshah in 2018. Random sampling is used to reach the required sample. The research results show that driving factors are more effective than attracting factors in journey to visit the battle fields in Kermanshah. Political-national identity, perseverance, curiosity and self-flourishing factors are among the most important driving factors with 3.32, 2.85, 2.37 and 1.45 mean rank, respectively. And location holiness, leisure and necessity are among the most important attracting factors with 2.59, 1.72 and 1.69 mean rank, respectively.

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This study was conducted to estimate the additive genetic components of calf mortality in the first month of age, calving difficulty, and birth weight in Holstein dairy cows in the central regions of Iran. The records comprised 61,200 calves born between 1990 and 2011 from 60 dairy herds. Different threshold-linear models in three groups of univariate, bivariate, and multivariate models were used. The frequency of calf mortality was 2.6%. Distribution of calving difficulty score was 65.12% in the first category (no assistance), 30.66% in the second, 3.12% in the third, and 1.1% in the fourth (major assistance). Averages of birth weight and dam age were 40.34 kg and 769.4 days, respectively. Direct Heritability estimation for calf mortality varied from 0.005 to 0.027. The estimated heritability for calving difficulty ranged from 0.032 to 0.050. Heritability for birth weight was estimated about 0.22. The results of this study showed that there were genetic variations for all traits. Although there was no strong additive genetic correlation between the traits, an environmental correlation between mortality and other traits was observed. Results suggested that implementation of threshold models for mortality trait was more favorable, but they were not reflected in genetic analysis of calving difficulty records. Furthermore, current findings indicated that benefit from the use of multi-traits models for genetic evaluation of postnatal mortality depended on the methodology (linear or threshold model) used for mortality trait.