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defending territorial integrity. Therefore any external factor which wants to violate any principles for any excuse, “nationalism” is the guarantor of national independence and integrity as a political thought or governmental ideology. There is a relationship between “Territorializing of territory” and “nationalistic” action-reaction. Usually, this relationship represents itself in two situations: in the first situation countries use “nationalistic” motivational components in order to defend territorial sovereignty (against invading other countries). In second situation they (governments) use these powerful senses in order to do expansionist aims in the form of “Territorializing” and “extending territory” in their outside competition and quarrels against other competitive or enemy states over territory. Seas and generally water zones are paid attention by political actors (governments and states) because of their geographical values (military, political, security, economical, etc). As a result “creating-extending territory” which is a geopolitical principle, is because of these geographical values.
Nationalism as a powerful force is one of the ways which is used by states in order to keep, use, and gain geographical values (geographical sources of power in land and water zones) in order to “extend or create territory”. The research is based on descriptive analytics. Data gathering of the research is done by referring to valuable resources and by the documentary method.
 
 

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The importance of the sea and its role in world economics and politics are indisputable and it is necessary to pay attention to it. The political history of the world testifies that countries that have a maritime strategy have been powerful and developed. Due to its long beaches in the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea, the country has a privileged geographic location in the country, with its other neighbors. Unfortunately, the regions of eastern and southeast Iran due to geographic isolation have always been neglected in national politics. To this end, one of the best strategies for promoting development and security in the region is the connection of the eastern parts to the Chabahar port and the coast of Makran. This research tries to explore the role of the Makran coastlines and the strategic sea politics of Iran on the development of the eastern axis using a descriptive-analytical method based on library resources. Initial studies show that if the Islamic Republic of Iran adopts a maritime strategy, Iran will witness the processing of its geopolitical, geo-economical and geostrategic advantages for the country. With the realization of the maritime policy, the Makran region is considered as a transit axis for the development of the south-east. In the face of the ostracism of a sea-based strategy based on the southeastern oceanic capacity of Iran, other Indian Oceanarians will use this potential. Therefore, it is suggested that, with a realistic and operational view, more attention be paid to maritime policy

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In the space of smart cities, many previous patterns of citizens' lives have undergone fundamental changes.
The purpose of this study is to explain the patterns of policy in national and local dimensions (city) in these cities and provide the best policy model in all dimensions for smart cities. In order to answer the question, what is the appropriate policy model for smart cities in national and local dimensions ? Using descriptive-analytical method, this research has identified policy models in smart cities based on cyberspace policy models in national (country governance) and local (city) dimensions. In the national dimension, three models (free, participatory and control) and in the local dimension, one model (web-based) have been identified and the advantages and disadvantages of each have been mentioned.
Also, considering that the smart city is based on the geographical space of current cities, a combined model in the national and urban dimension can be the best model for policy-making in and around these cities. The hybrid policy model describes the sum of the structural linkage processes between the physical space of the city and the intelligent space resulting from the use of new technologies, especially cyberspace. In this sense, the links and relations that are established between these two spaces at the national and local levels require political actors to adopt a mixed policy model

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Investigating and studying the political relations of countries in the international arena, especially the countries of a particular region, is of particular importance. Such studies investigate issues related to the interactions between states and factors affecting political relations between them from different perspectives. Geopolitical studies are among such studies which provide national interests and national security for countries to identify political and geographical factors and variables affecting the political relations of states and accordingly, to investigate the regional and global impacts of these relations. By looking at the political relations between Iran and Syria, as two important non-bordering Middle East countries with special geopolitical and geostrategic importance in the axis of Islamic Resistance, which plays an essential and decisive role in regional interactions and geopolitics which is significantly impacted by these relations, we can observe fluctuations due to the influence of geopolitical, political and economic factors in the interactions between them. The current study tries to examine the impact of major geopolitical factors between the two countries and finally answer the following question: What predictable prospect exists for Iran-Syria relations in the future"? In this regard, using a descriptive-analytical research method, we will test the hypothesis that "the future of Iran-Syria relations depends on the future of Syria and its future positioning." This research investigates other aspects of the future effect of the two countries' relations on the region and, like any other research studies, there were limitations and obstacles.

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The growing trend of local conflicts within the national space of countries and between the political-administrative realms raises this issue that on what factors and foundations are such conflicts and tensions are based and what mechanism do they follow? Although fundamental differences and contradictions in various spatial -geographical, social, cultural and ethnic, historical, political, etc are the basis of many internal tensions and conflicts in countries, the method of management and political organization of the space in the form of civil divisions is one of the most important factors intensifying or reducing these conflicts. Therefore, in this research, using the descriptive-analytic method and relying on library resources, the most important causes and sources of tension and conflict among political-administrative realms within countries are discussed. The results showed that factors such as the pattern of political management of national space, changes in borders and boundaries of the administrative divisions, natural and cultural heterogeneity in divided units, unbalanced development of political -administrative units, the geography of power and support participation, local competitions, electoral constituency, place senses of units and the resulting identity effects, unbalanced shapes and sizes of divided units, border disputes and environmental issues are the most important factors in creating tension and conflict among political -administrative realms. All of these factors are in a systematic relationship and their interactions will intensify conflicting interests and diverge and eventually create tensions and conflicts among the political -administrative realms.

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Abstract
Conflict is defined as a situation in which one human group is at involvement with another owing to aims that are incompatible. Due to their features and capacities, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia are two decisive and significant countries in the area. The Islamic Revolution of Iran has created a field of rivalry and conflict between two countries, which has impacted other surrounding areas. Yemen is one of the most important areas in the sector, owing to variables such as closeness to Saudi Arabia, the Arab Spring, a large Shiite population, the emergence of Shiite organizations and movements, geostrategic location, and so on. The two regional powers' geopolitical interests are located. The purpose of this descriptive-analytical research is to learn more about the nature of the war in Yemen between Iran and Saudi Arabia. What reasons have contributed to the emergence of conflict and rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia in Yemen? That is the major subject of the study. The study's results suggest that the war in Yemen is rooted in geopolitical and ideological cases.
 
 
 
 
 
Key Words: Iran, Saudi Arabia, Conflict, Geopolitic, Yemen.

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Introduction
The land of Iran is located in a belt of dry and desert areas of the earth, which suffers the most unfavorable effects from climate change. Climate change is evident in the Zayandehrud basin, and its effects are evident in the decrease of rainfall and increase in temperature in recent years, as well as the continuation of droughts in the Zayandehrud watershed. With the reduction of river water flow, the allocation of water to the agricultural and environmental sectors in the middle and downstream parts has faced a problem. The need for water in this basin is high, so that during these years, the effort to obtain water in the Zayandehrud basin has entered a new arena in the form of tension, conflict, protests, and social unrest. One of the most important consequences of climate change is that it forces governments to plan inter-basin transfers. As a result of the water transfer policies without taking into account the religious rights and the environmental rights of the Zayandehrud bed and the Gavkhoni wetland, many social differences between the provinces have intensified.                                                                                                  
Methodology
In terms of its purpose, the current research is an applied research that considering the historical, geographical, economic and political importance of the area, identifies the dimensions and effects of climate change in the Zayandehrud watershed and explains how climate change can increase crisis and tension in the watershed. This can be a useful guide for planners and decision makers in the field. In terms of method and nature, this research is descriptive-analytic, and the method of data gathering procedure is based on library sources, including books, magazines, and databases.                              
Research findings
The turning of snow into rain at the source of the Zayandehrud and the increase in evaporation has led to the reduction of lands in the downstream part of the river, so that the area of "agricultural" and "pasture" lands has decreased in the middle and downstream parts. The number of wells has increased dramatically in recent years. The number of wells in the middle and downstream parts has increased significantly in this period, the average depth of the wells in the basin has increased by 4.8 meters, which is 6.65 meters in the upstream part, 5.55 meters in the middle part, and 28.28 meters in the downstream part. An average of 6 meters has been added to the depth of the wells. The increase in inter-provincial tensions, of which prominent examples were observed between Khuzestan, Isfahan and Chaharmahal Bakhtiari provinces in recent years, is one of the most important political consequences of climate change, which forces governments to plan inter-basin transfers. Isfahan farmers are the most important group protesting the critical water situation in this basin. One of the most important concerns of the people of the region and the most important cause of strikes and conflicts in recent years is the reduction of water resources and the reduction of agricultural activity. In recent years, the farmers of the region have expressed their protests in various ways, such as breaking and breaking water pipes, strikes, demonstrations and blocking the road with tractors, referring to the province and other ways. Public tension and protests regarding water supply and optimal water management for the residents of Zayandehrud Basin are not limited to the residents and beneficiaries of Zayandehrud Watershed. Hydro-political issues of the Behesht Abad water transfer project in the upper part of the Karun Basin, which has been the cause of local, regional and even national disputes between people and officials at the source and destination. This has caused social and political differences between the residents and beneficiaries of the upstream watersheds and the mentioned watersheds, and due to the ethnic differences of the watersheds, this issue has turned into an internal hydro-political crisis that has created gaps between ethnic groups. Climate change has hit the agriculture sector the most. Also, the first procedural consequence is the increase in the amount of unemployment and the immigration crisis. Immigration has led to the dispersal of kinship relations and the loss of solidarity, ethnic cohesion, and the increase of individualism and isolation, and as a result marginalization and drug addiction. The drying of Zayandehroud riverbed due to climate change has caused numerous cracks and subsidence in different areas of the watershed in Isfahan province. The depth of these cracks is very deep and in some cases they have a depth of more than 10 meters. Cracks have caused serious damages to roads and agricultural land.                                 
Conclusions
Climate change in the Zayandehrud basin is one of the factors that threaten the water resources in the basin. The climate change and decrease in rainfall and the expansion of agriculture and water-bearing industries has led to the destruction of nature and the geographical space and the lowering of the underground water level and even the transformation of permanent rivers into seasonal and seasonal into casual and dry rivers, and to compensate for this situation, the water transfer policy. This approach has caused political and security tensions in this region. Among the hydro-political issues of the water transfer projects in the mentioned catchment basin and its negative social-political consequences can be the intensification of local and regional conflicts and divergences, jeopardizing local and regional security, political activism of people and officials, ethnic diversity and political and regional sensitivities. One of the factors that play a basic role in creating negative political activism caused by water transfer is the strengthening of political regionalism, which itself is caused by weak management policies. This leads to the formulation of "negative hydro-politics" on a national and regional scale, and in turn has negative effects on local, regional and even national security issues.

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Introduction
Space is the basis of socio-economic production based on political pragmatism, which reflects the political economy. Geographical spaces are the basis of human activities, and these activities give superstructure reflections to the space. The production and transformation of the geographical spaces of cities are the result of decisions made by powerful and rich political-economic individuals and organizations. In this regard, cities are examples of political economy reflections on geographical spaces, which are continuously influenced by the patterns of political and economic systems of countries at different levels (local, national, regional and international). Governments, as the most important players in the political organization of space, have the duty of formulating policies and planning the best for space development. Governments in most countries directly and indirectly interfere in space usage; by allocating funds and investing in space to build urban facilities such as universities, power plants, stadiums, schools, etc., they develop spatially. Therefore, today, cities have not only become the space of political power but also the center of all economic activities. Therefore, the space of urban environments, as a phenomenon that has been colonized and commoditized, is bought and sold, created and destroyed, used and abused, and the stock market plays on it. This research tries to investigate the reflections of political economy in the contemporary period on the geographical space of Urmia City.
Methodology
The research method is descriptive-analytical. The reflections of the geographical space of Urmia city were measured under the influence of political economy components based on documentary findings, remote sensing (GHSL & ESA) and evaluation of elites in the form of questionnaire field findings, and questionnaire findings were analyzed by Amos software, and were analyzed.
Result and Discussion
The analysis of documentary findings shows that the functions of the dominant economic-political system model in Urmia city are integrated and under the influence of "national rentier economy and national rentier government", so that there is a kind of duality in productive relations and productive forces. The spatial reflection is also the presentation of a different spatial organization with the emergence of external and internal conflicts. The construction of the artificial environment not only requires some local economic actors, such as architects, builders and contractors, but also some discourses, political processes and elite rotation procedures, especially in city council elections. A wide range of actors in political economy are involved, from the production and sale of construction inputs to the stages of building construction and sale, pricing, etc. The findings also indicate the existence of a vertical relationship between the national level government and the city government. The discourses and macro-policies of the national government in Iran have had an impact on the production performance of Urmia municipality. These two institutions, through economic policies, exert their will to produce an artificial environment in the city with an emphasis on reproduction and accumulation of capital, meeting the needs of market demand, organizing the urban space, etc. Of course, the examination of the visual reflections of the city of Urmia shows that in periods when both the national and local governments had the two roles of agent and policymaker in cases such as the production of artificial environments, spatial management and organization of capital, and administrative-executive organization of the city in line with the model of political economy, economic enterprises, by investing in line with the economic policies of the government, have used neglected places and old neighborhoods and vacant lands suitable for construction projects in order to reproduce capital. They turn excess into physical forms to produce new spaces.
Conclusions
The economic policies of the government (national and local) in the urban construction sector have been accompanied by extremes, to the extent that the government has gradually turned from a policymaking position to an agency. In the atmosphere of the city, those actors of political economy who have political power can take over economic power through lobbies or applying their wishes to legal instructions. On the one hand, they spread the phenomenon of rent-seeking, and on the other hand, they push the nature of the reflection of the geographical space of the city towards rent-oriented. The most obvious examples of political economy reflections on the geographical space of Urmia are: a) concentration of power and wealth in certain areas; b) circulation of excess capital and wealth in the production of new spaces; c) formation of poverty areas; d) commodification of Urmia city space in the second cycle of capitalism; and e) expansion and spatial expansion.

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Mirror for princes is an important stage of political thought development and presenting traditional functions of governance system that writing them have been continued for centuries. The provenance of apparition of the mirror for princes was existence of traditional for of governance, namely autocratic and dictator governances, therefore with formation of modern countries this kind of writing style has expired. Mirror for princes are texts in the context of political operation traditions and desirable approaches of administrating the governance. In Iran and Islamic World this literature tradition has enjoyed a particular popularity. So far many papers and books have been written regarding this literature tradition particularly from viewpoint of political doctrine. However, above paper tries to examine library references through descriptive-analytical method and to examine the philosophy of apparition and development, nature, objectives, features and functions of mirror for princes. Similarly, it is shown that the most important feature of mirror for princes was offering operational plans to governances.

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Hirmand River is originated from Afghanistan and the people's life in Sistan is depended on it. The increasing and reduction of Hirmand water flowing toward Sistan (Iran) from one hundred years ago have already caused problems in political relation between Iran and Afghanistan in local and national levels. This research wants to find the increasing and reduction reasons of Hirmand water toward Sistan and effect of it on political relationship between Iran and Afghanistan .Drought and reduction of flowing water from Afghanistan have caused reduction in water flowing toward Sistan and also caused water crises in this area. However , over past one hundred years the Afghanis separated various canals from Hirmand and built many dams over it , have consumed a large amount of water and also the rate of flowing water toward Sistan has reduced ..

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Comparing different economic, social and geographical parameters in Yazd & Kerman provinces have been birthplace of the two former presidents in recent years (1989- 2005), this research aims to answer this question: whether access to political opportunity such as presidential position has resulted in utilizing national facilities in order to develop birthplace of president? Therefore information and data regarding different economic parameters in the above mentioned provinces in each presidential period from Iranian static’s center were gathered and processed. The results showed that both provinces enjoyed a higher development trend comparing to the national averages.

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After the collapse of bipolar system in the world, different views and theories expressed by the scholars and thinkers about the future of the world and international system. One of them is the theory of “ The Clash of Civilizations” which was propounded in 1993 by the Samuel Huntington, the director of J.M.Olin Institute for Strategic Studies in Harvard Uni-versity. This theory caused some anxieties in the world. In reaction to this theory, Mohammad Khatami, president of the Islamic Republic of Iran, proposed “Dialogue Among Civilizations” as a paradigm in the international relations which was accepted by the 53rd General Assembly of the United Nations on 3 September 1998 and approved a resolution for the purpose of promoting dialogue among cultures and civiliza-tions, and called the year 2001 as “the Year of Dialogue Among Civilizations”. This article based on both mentioned theories, refers to the role of dialogue approach in creation of peaceful relations between nations and states.

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Even though the matter of population usually is discussed in domain of human geography, population geography, and sociology but its political effect in political geography should be considered. In fact human being as one of the major principle in geopolitics (human and geography) is its active essence and dialectic. Basically matter of human always is considered in politic and power discussion .Population as an effective factor in national development, power and country national defense, has its different characteristics from quantitative and qualitative point of view that every case can have negative or positive influence in creation and stabilizing geopolitical Weight of a country. Nowadays IRAN population regarding to past decades changes and in spite of its proper quantitative situation has unsatisfactory qualitative condition .Among all this matter is very noticeable that major changes in quality of IRAN population depends on racial, lingual cultural and religious factors in IRAN society. Entirely this article besides its theoretical discussion, surveys the quality and quantity of IRAN population based on statistics of 1385 enumeration and compares it with past statistics and tries to answer this question that; what is the role of IRAN population in forming its geopolitical Weight.

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Geographical space the product is function of many factors, and in which the functioning of policies an entity official institutions and index of means government and thus state great influence on the quality of its formation from the perspective of spatial justice. This is why that a proper understanding of the field spatial justice depends on understanding the interrelationship between politics and space. geographical or spatial justice is the relative equality of comprehensive development indexes (Economic, Infrastructural, political, cultural, social, security and health care) in the geographical places and spaces (micro and macro) of a country with indexes corresponding with development at the national level. Since the construction affair space requires design a model for sensing the amount it is the realization of years as well as changes, and a review of the literature up to today quantitative model and comprehensive is not designed to measure the spatial justice. Accordingly, the main issue of the study the operational model designed sensing spatial justice that it is a case study in Iran. This paper whit describes and analytically methods and whit practical - developed approach in response to the following question: Is can whit a model was able to achieve, continuously sensing spatial justice in the country? The results shows that whit to consider Positive and negative roles of the eight factors and their related indicators can be achieved on Computer software sensing a continuous spatial justice in countries

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The peace and looking for ways to keep it have been one of the most essential obsessions of the human beings throughout the history. Creation of regional or international organizations is considered as a way to peace building and keeping. In fact, one of the causes of transformation of international organization after the Cold War has been settlement of peace and security. The role of international organizations in order to settle conflicts is more vital and important, because most of these organizations have the ability and legitimacy to play an important role in this regard. In this regard, this article using descriptive- analytic method is intended to investigate the question: “why after the Cold War we have witnessed lower conflicts and tensions in the South East Asia than Middle East, Central Asia, Caucasus and Africa?” Research findings show that ASEAN has had an effective role in peace building and peace keeping through creating norms and regimes of peaceful settlement of disputes and strengthening interdependency, and even it has been successful to make a security community.
 



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Expounding the Relation between Rapid Urbanization and Economic Ideology of the State in Political Management of National Space[1]
Abstract
Introduction
One of the most important issues in the political management of national space in any country is distribution of population based on the settlement system dominant on the country (urban and rural) and the level of concentration and distribution of population in them. Urbanization is a rapid phenomenon during this half century and 55 percent of the world population lives in the cities. In 1960, urban population of the world shared 33.8 of the world population, which reached to 39.3, 46.7 and 56 percent in 1980, 2000 and 2020, respectively; and it is forecasted to reach to 62.5 percent in 2035. This means population changes along with increase in population rate which has resulted in urbanization rate. The most changes have occurred in Asian and African countries. The states’ strategy is urbanization of social life. The comparison of the changes among the countries shows huge differences. For example, in Iran urban population shared to 33.7, 49.7, 64, 75.9 percent of the total population in 1960, 1980, 2000 and 75.9, respectively. It is also forecasted to reach to more than 80 percent in 2035. Iran is one of the countries which has higher urbanization rate than the world average. In this article, beside historical trend of the growth in urban population of the world, the causes and contexts of the issue will be investigated. In fact, in this article the strategy of the states and in particular Iran in management system of the settlements will be investigated from view point of political geography and political management of the space with emphasis on development of urbanization. The other issue is understating the strategy of the states in development of small or big cities based on balanced or imbalanced distribution of the population in cities’ network. Based on the UN divisions, the urban population number is a criterion for classification. So, the strategy of the states in creation and development of urban areas with more than 300 thousand people will be investigated.
Methodology
The research method is based on descriptive-analytics method and the data gathering procedure is based on library findings. Some of the data are urban population data in four period of times including 1960, 1980, 2000 and 2020 which is compared with each other. The data resource is the UN department of economic and social affairs. Excel software is used to calculate the growth rate, ranking and calculation of formula. Regarding the data volume, after classification, the results of the calculation are showed by map and table using descriptive statistics. After calculation of population changes in four periods of times and investigation of strategies of states in management of urban system, the causes of growth in urbanization are investigated using library findings. 180 independent countries are investigated in this article. 
Results and discussion
Growth in urbanization is a process which would be investigated in a global context and in particular in the countries, because this phenomenon is resulted from social and economic evolutions of the states and also affects the states. The authors believe that what happened in developing countries were the results of political evolution than social and economic evolutions in order to urbanize the population to reach their governmental goals. The research with emphasis on Iran  considers the factors such as globalization, economic growth, education, concentration of facilities, ignoring rural and state policies as the most important factors in urbanization process and by proposing the theory of “government, centralized urbanization and survival”,  considers the role of government important due to factors such as ease in providing facilities, increase in government size, creation of core-periphery dependence, national security and survival, lack of planning in political management of national space, economic ideology of the governments in particular capitalist, and liberalist and neo-liberalist economic strategies. So, the governments have pivotal role in urbanization of system of political management of national space, but economic – social evolutions would not be ignored, but this factor is also affected by government strategies. Three strategies can be seen in the development of big and small cities of the countries: population distribution strategy and development of small cities; middle strategy (simultaneous development of metropolitans and small cities) and strategy of population concentration by establishment of metropolitans and low development of small cities.
Conclusion
Some strategies can be proposed from view point of political management of national space in relation with the strategy of settlement system of Iran geographic space, as follows: to control the rapid urbanization and to adapt this issue with local requirements and capacity of geographic space of the cities of the country; promotion of population and urbanized population in small cities and distribution of population of the country in small cities in all around the territory; promotion of urbanization culture and  attemptto promote life standards in small cities, in particular in low-facilitated regions, and emergency attention to rural area and attempt to protect the population who live in rural areas.
Keywords: Urbanization; Political Management of the Space; the World; Iran                   
 

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Development plans define the strategy, framework, and pattern of governance and political management of space. These plans address various dimensions and aspects of governance, one of the most important aspects of which is the environmental dimension. This study, by using grounded theory in the form of a model of core categories, causal categories, context categories, interventionist categories, strategic categories, and consequences, answers the following question: what are the environmental dimensions of development plans in the Islamic Republic of Iran? After studying all development plans, 328 statements have been extracted separately for each plan. In accordance with the statements extracted in the development plans, 404 basic concepts (open coding) were identified. Then, considering content subscriptions of the open coding, 77 sub-categories and 16 main categories were generated. Also, using theoretical foundations, ecology, experts’ opinions, and researcher’s judgment axial coding was done. The results show that the main categories include axial categories ("Environmental Protection and Rehabilitation" and "Climate Change Management"), causal categories ("decentralization" and "institutional fit in accordance with environmental issues"), context categories (“environmental research,” Environmental diplomacy, environmental security, and family planning), interventionist categories (“welfare and social development” and “good governance”), strategic categories (“ecology adaptation,” “consumption pattern improvement,” and “spatial planning”), and consequences (“Green Economy” and “Green Transport”) interconnected in a paradigmatic framework.