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If a language makes use of a case marker to indicate the role of the object in a sentence, that marker is called “object case marker”. In some languages, only a subset of objects is marked with a case marker, which is called “differential object marking” (DOM). Definiteness and animacy of the object are among the factors for an object to be accompanied with a case marker. This article studies the effect of definiteness and animacy on the use of the object marker in Mâzandarâni, a modern North-Western Iranian language of the Southern Caspian subgroup. Studying DOM in a Mâzandarâni corpus, 148 noun-phrases as direct object of the verb were recognized, and animacy and definiteness were the influential factors on the use of object marker with an object in this corpus.

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Tâti is one of the languages, which besides applying other means such as agreement and word order, uses case marking of dependents to show the grammatical relations in a sentence. Tâti is among the North-west Iranian languages. Tâti dialects are dispersed in some cities and villages in Ardebil, Qazvin, Zanjan and Gilan provinces. The Tâti variety studied in this article is the Dəravi variety, which is spoken in Khalkhâl. This article intends to study the case system of Dəravi.  Although this variety of Tâti has retained some ancient characteristics, its case system has not been studied yet. This variety is highly endangered as its young speakers immigrate to neighboring cities in search of work, and they no longer transmit their mother language to the next generations.   

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The morphometric and meristic traits of the dominant demersal flathead fish P.indicus, G.suppositus, and G.scaber which were caught as by-catch of shrimp (bottom trawl) and also in coastal stake net (moshta), During the period from April 2022 to October 2023, it was evaluated comparative in different age groups. A total 19 morphometric and six meristic characteristics were recorded. The average total length and weight of the fish in P.indicus (23.2 ± 6.9) cm, (99.9 ± 78.4) gr and in G.suppositus species (20.6 ± 4.7) cm, (67.4±33.7) gr and also in G.scaber (18.5±2.9) cm, (31.0±17.2) gr. In the studied species, among all the measured morphometric traits (except head hight, body hight and Eye part head higth), the rest of the traits in P.indicus species have the highest and lowest (except head length and Anal fin hight ) has been observed in G.scaber. In the investigation of meristic traits, the highest and lowest number of gill rakers in G.suppositus and G.scaber, respectively. The number of rays Pectoral fin was the highest in G.suppositus and the lowest in P.indicus.  species.the three studied species in different age groups, showed significant differences in various morphometric and meristic parameters (except for the number of rays of the first dorsal fin) (P<0.05). The three studied species clearly distinguished themselves in the present research. The results of this research showed that the analysis of morphometric and meristic traits is a useful tool for the separation of flatheads species studied in this research.

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In human history, if a detection or revolutionary idea has emerged, once cause anger Palladian system of its age. The question of human cloning is analogical with such statues. Perspective of making human by cloning technology has caused widespread solicitude among religious, ethic and law thinkers. Cloning is the birth of chrysalis homogeneous with original by non- sexual way. The main subject of this paper is the argument of parentage in human cloning. Yet two view points have been proposed about parentage in human cloning by current jurists. The first view point states that there is no parentage in human cloning because of non-normal zygosis. The second view point confirms the existence of parentage in human cloning, because of traditional understanding. They believe that if cell padrone was male, it is the father of the cloned child and if cell padrone was female, it is the mother. Our point in this paper is the firstly there is parentage in human cloning and secondly the father and mother of cell padrone are the father and mother of the cloned child. In other word, cell padrone and child are twins.