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In order to understand the importance of particle size and agglomeration for nano-eco-toxicological studies in aquatic environments, the acute toxicity of two different types (suspended powder and colloidal) of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were studied in alevin and juvenilerainbow trout. Fish were exposed to each type of AgNPs at nominal concentrations of 0.032, 0.1, 0.32, 1, 3.2, 10, 32, and 100 mg/L. Lethal concentrations (LC) were calculated using a Probit analysis. Some physical and chemical characteristics of silver nanoparticles were determined. In the case of colloidal form, particles were well dispersed in the water column and retained their size; but in the case of suspended powder, particles were agglomerated to large clumps and precipitated on the bottom. In alevins, the calculated 96 h LC50 values were 0.25 and 28.25mg/L for colloidal and suspended powder AgNPs respectively. In the case of juveniles, the 96h LC50 of colloidal form was 2.16mg/L, but suspended powder did not caused mortality in fish even after 21 days. The results showed that both in alevin and juvenile stages, colloidal form is much toxic than suspended powder; this shows increase of nanoparticles size due to agglomeration, will reduce the toxicity. Silver nanoparticles are toxic materials and their release into the water environment should be avoided.

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Aims: Metacognitive processes are an aspect, through which students can significantly affect their learning process, allowing them to engage in multiple tasks simultaneously. This research was done to investigate the effectiveness of the metacognitive knowledge and skills program on visual and auditory dyslexia in students with learning disabilities.
Materials & Methods: This study employed a semi-experimental design with a pre-test-post-test approach and a control group. The study population consisted of all second- and third-grade elementary school students with learning disabilities in Tehran who were supervised in educational centers. The research sample consisted of 30 students with dyslexia (15 participants in the experimental group and 15 in the control group). The Wechsler Intelligence Scale was used to measure dyslexia. Descriptive analysis was employed to calculate means and standard deviations, while inferential analysis using analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data at an inferential level. Data were analyzed by SPSS 23.
Findings: The results showed the effectiveness of the Jager metacognitive knowledge and skills program in visual and auditory dyslexia in students with learning disabilities (p<0.001).
Conclusion: It can be generally concluded that the Jager metacognitive knowledge and skills program can mitigate the challenges of visual and auditory dyslexia in students with learning disabilities. It is recommended that this program be implemented for students with learning disabilities.
 

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In Economics literature many studies tried to examine whether stocks are perfect hedge against inflation. The answer is not conclusive. In this paper, using data from Tehran stock market, the relationship between inflation and stock returns during April 1991 till March 2009 is reexamined. The empirical results have shown that Fisher Hypothesis, which asserts that stocks are perfect hedge against inflation, has been rejected and also it is revealed that stocks are a weak hedge against inflation in Tehran stock market. Fama has already tried to explain why Fisher hypothesis did not hold in some situations. In this paper Fama hypothesis is examined and it is found out that Fama explanation for the rejection of the Fisher hypothesis is hardly acceptable and the negative relationship between inflation and real rate of return of the stocks in Tehran stock market can be attributed to temporary part of the inflation.

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Aims: This review aimed at identifying the risk factors for scabies among schoolchildren, with a particular emphasis on those in low- and middle-income countries.
Information & Methods: This review assessed the literature on risk factors for scabies among schoolchildren published in databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, JSTOR, and ProQuest from 2000 to 2023. Case studies, narrative reports, review articles, or any studies primarily concerned with skin-related outcomes were not considered.
Findings: The initial search identified 448 studies across the databases. After screening, only 13 studies were included. The most commonly observed risk factors for scabies in lower-middle-income countries included age, gender, educational level, personal hygiene habits, frequency of changing bed linens, and family economic status. The statistical data for these factors indicated a significant correlation with the occurrence of scabies.
Conclusion: Gender, age, family economic status, and personal hygiene are risk factors for scabies in schoolchildren in low- and middle-income countries.
 

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Aims: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of community-based educational interventions in preventing stunting, with a focus on their planning, execution, and effects on growth outcomes and associated behaviors in low- and middle-income countries.
Information & Methods: This systematic review was conducted following PRISMA 2020 criteria, by a comprehensive search of PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and other relevant databases until December 2024. Studies that focused on community-based education for stunting prevention were considered experimental, including randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental research. Changes in height-for-age z-scores were the primary outcome measured, while improvements in maternal and child nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and practices served as secondary objectives. The ROBINS-I and RoB 2 tools were utilized to assess the risk of bias.
Findings: A total of 17 studies from various low- and middle-income countries (Indonesia, Kenya, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, China, and Peru) were included. These studies employed a range of educational strategies, such as home visits, group workshops, mobile health applications, and digital platforms. The duration of interventions varied from two weeks to two years, with many incorporating behavior change communication techniques, practical demonstrations, and culturally tailored content. Significant improvements were observed in height-for-age z-scores, dietary diversity, exclusive breastfeeding, and complementary feeding practices. Programs that were culturally adapted, sustained over longer periods, and integrated multiple delivery methods proved to be the most effective. However, shorter interventions demonstrated limited long-term impact.
Conclusion: Community-based educational interventions effectively reduce stunting and improve nutrition-related behaviors in low- and middle-income countries.
 

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Quercetin is a flavonoid, abundantly present in plants and has gained considerable interest for its antioxidant properties.  The present study was designed to assess and compare the influence of both free and nano-encapsulated quercetin on growth indices and survival in Penaeus vannamei. The ionic gelation method was used to prepare quercetin loaded nanoparticles (Qu-ChiNPs), and their characteristics were determined using DLS method. The finding related to the characterization of Qu-ChiNPs demonstrated that hydrodynamic size and Zeta potential were 160/1 nm and 33/8 mV, respectively, and in vitro release of drug from Qu ChiNPs illustrated burst release in the initial period. For feeding trial, shrimps with an average weight of 2/27 ± 0/18 g with 5 diets including: basic diet without Qu, Qu-Chi and Chitosan nanoparticles supplement (control), supplement with 0.5 g Querectin, 0.25 g Qu-Chi, 0.5 g Qu-Chi and 0.5 g Chitosan nanoparticles per kg of diet were fed. Shrimp were randomly divided into 5 groups, with 3 replicates in each group and 50 shrimp in each replicate. After a 2-month feeding period, results showed that final weight (Wf), weight gain (WG) and mean daily weight gain (ADG) of shrimp fed Qu-Chi 0.5 g were higher than the other treatments (P˂ 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in survival rate (SR) between treatments. The results showed that the use of Qu-Chi 0.5 g in the diet can have a positive effect on growth performance and survival of Penaeus vannamei.

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    Provisional measures such as injunction, securing evidence, freezing injunction and suspension of releas are among the most important legal measures adopted in fair and equitable proceedings related to the intellectual property rights, which have been considered in the third chapter of the World Trade Organization Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) . In the Iranian legal system, this subject is more or less given attention. This study, however, reveals that the new law not only did not put us in a better situation in comparison with the previous law, but also created imperfections and ambiguities that didn’t exist in the previous law. The executive regulations of the new law, sporadically and in a disorderly way have adopted some of the provisions of the previous regulations as part of efforts to remove the existing imperfections and flaws. Actually, it has exceeded the legal limits in some cases. In this research, the author draws a comparison between the new law and the TRIPs Agreement while challenging the new law and its executive regulations. Finally, it sets forth some proposals for amending the existing law.      

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Terrorist attacks and explosions in the vicinity of buildings and vital areas are happening in different countries repetitively. Most of these incidents lead to global and local failure in the main elements of the buildings and in some cases due to intensity of explosions can occur entire structure collapses. Columns are the key bearing elements in the building, and between all columns, the exterior of them are more vulnerable to terrorist attacks. Usually blast resistant design of structure is carried out by simplifying the models and considering a single column with nonlinear behavior under blast loading. Explosion is a complex phenomenon with high strain rate, which affects strongly on behavior and material property of structural elements. Operation of experimental test on structures under blast load is very expensive, difficult and dangerous. Hence, simulation of experimental models using nonlinear finite element software is very useful. In this paper, to achieve better performance of columns under blast loading, the response of steel columns with different cross-sections has been investigated. In addition, effects of blast wave incidence angle, blast distance and different boundary conditions are considered. For this purpose, wide flange steel column of experimental test has been simulated under axial force and blast load using LS-DYNA software. Numerical model is simulated using shell elements and its result has been validated with the full scale blast experimental data. In the finite element analysis the effects of high strain rate and material nonlinearity are considered. The columns with different cross sections of wide flange, cross-IPE and box sections are simulated under two angles of blast waves extensive, zero and 45 degree. Also, two support conditions of fixed-fixed end and pinned-pinned end have been considered. The results show in the both boundary conditions for blast with zero angle, the dynamic response of column with wide flange section subject to blast load has been less than the other cross sections. Also, the box section has better performance than cross-IPE. In 45 degree blast angle and fixed end boundary conditions, the displacement time history of box column is less than two other sections and it shows better performance respect to other sections. But, under pined end boundary conditions, cross-IPE section has better and stronger behavior respect to wide flange and box sections. In addition, the displacement of wide flange section (section with non-identical strong axes) in 45 degree blast angle has more than zero degree. However, in the columns of box and cross-IPE section under the same explosion situation in 45 degree blast angle, the dynamic response is less than zero degree, because they have two identical strong axes. Then for corner columns of buildings that direction of blast wave propagation may be 45 degree the best section (based on minimum deflection criteria) is column section with two strong axes such as box and cross-IPE, however for peripheral middle column of building that bending moment of explosion may be accrued about strong axis, the wide flange section with only one strong axis is better. Various distances of explosion from column cause different nonlinear behavior, therefore investigation of optimum column cross section under blast loading depends to distance of explosion from the column. Then displacement criteria may be not enough and use of additional criteria such as residual load bearing capacity can be appropriate.

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The main purpose of this paper is to the distributed formation tracking for fractional order multi agent systems with the leader-follower approach. First, it discusses the Lyapunov candidate function used to check the stability of the controlled system. The introduced candidate function is based on the properties of the matrix representing the desired system graph of the system. In this phase, the Lyapunov direct method is used to determine the stability of fractional order systems. Then, using sliding mode control, a decentralized controller design for tracking in fractional multi agent systems is presented in which it introduces and verifies the introduced control inputs. In the model, the input system is also considered as a disturbance type, and the control efficiency designed in turbulence mode is shown. In this section, it is shown that the controller introduced in the previous section has a desirable efficiency due to the sliding mode control. In the second section, the stability of the system, such as the first section, is investigated. at the end of this paper, several simulation examples are developed for controlling the performance of the controller.

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Yogurt is popular because of its high levels of calcium, vitamins, minerals and low levels of fat, as well as its health-promoting effects and inhibiting harmful bacteria and helping to prolong life. Pumpkin is a good source of β-carotene, water-soluble vitamins and amino acids. In this study, syneresis, pH, acidity and rheological properties of yogurt (1.5% fat) containing 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5% pumpkin powder were investigated. The results showed that the highest amount of acidity (74° Dornic) was related to the control sample. The results showed that by adding 2.5% pumpkin powder to the control sample, the strength of the formed gel decreased and with increasing concentration up to 7.5%, this property was increased. In the study of the viscoelastic behavior of the samples, it was found that by adding a concentration of 2.5% powder to the control sample, the ratio of viscous to elastic component increases, but with further increase in concentration, this ratio remains almost the same and therefore the viscoelastic behavior remains balanced. The values of loss tangent in the viscoelastic region for the control sample, 2.5%, 5% and 7.5%, were 0.173, 0.308, 0.317 and 0.319, respectively. Therefore, with greater structural cohesion, the consumer feels the same flexibility of the gel regardless of the gel concentration. Also, in all samples, in the whole frequency range, the elastic behavior prevailed over the viscous behavior, which increased by adding 2.5% powder to the control sample, the type of gel structure (b) increased, and the strength of the structure (a) decreased. This means that the yogurt gel becomes weaker and with increasing concentration of the powder, b decreases and a increases; Therefore, the strength of our structure increases.

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