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Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the lethal concentration (LC₅₀ 96h) - Butyl phthalate and Calculate of Low Observable Effect Concentration (LOEC) and Non Observable Effect Concentration (NOEC) on rainbow trout fingerlings.
Materials and Method: Acute static toxicity test was performed based on the standard O.E.C.D. 7.3±1.25g) in 96 hours. Statistical calculation was done with SPSS 21 and probit regression and ANOVA method.
Findings: Mortality was increased with increasing concentrations of - Butyl phthalate Within 24 to 96 hours. Lethal concentrations of 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours were 15.46, 12.96, 11.21 and 9.93mg.L-1, respectively. Observable Effect Concentration (LOEC) of 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours were 3.4, 3.8, 7.2 and 9.95mg.L-1, too. Non Observable Effect Concentration (NOEC) of 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours were 0.78, 0.95, 1.45 and 1.68mg.L-1, respectively.
Conclusion: Toxicological studies are necessary for rainbow trout because of their importance and sensitivity of this species to pollutants). The results of this research can be applied to assess the ecological risks and nutritional risks of this group of pollutants. So, an effective management and control strategy must be executed in order to reduce the problems caused by DnBP in the environment.

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Piscidin has a wide range in killing microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites and has strong anti-tumor activity and plays a role in increasing innate immunity and also does not provide resistance against bacteria; Therefore, it is of great importance in aquaculture. In this study, piscidin gene of Sparus aurata in vector pTZ57R / T was cloned. In this research, ligation product was transferred to component cell of E. coli DH5α strain. Plasmid extraction was performed from single colonies observed in ampicillin plate. Confirmation of the accuracy of single colonies grown in this research was performed by direct PCR and sequencing. The amplified cDNA fragment of the gilthead seabream piscidin gene consists of 310 nucleotides and 57 amino acids. The results of this research show that piscidin gene has been successfully cloned in pTZ57R / T vector. Comparison of nucleotide sequence of piscidin gene in this study showed high similarity with piscidin 5  of Morone chrysops. The comparison of the amino acid sequence of signal peptide piscidin is quite similar to Dicentracin-like of that species registered in the genebank, and mature peptide piscidin sequence is similar in only three amino acids to Pleorocidin-like of Poesila farmosa and Dicentracin-like of Sphaeramia orbicularis. This study could be a step towards further studies of piscidin peptide.

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Long-term application of fertilizers containing P, especially organic fertilizers, usually increases the water soluble and available P of soil and at the same time may result in P accumulation in soil. Organic fertilizers may also increase movement of P in the soil profile that could result in surface and ground water pollution. An experiment was conducted on field plots that received three applications (25, 50 and 100 Mg ha-1) of solid dairy manure, sewage sludge, or urban solid waste compost, and one application of chemical fertilizers (250 kg ha-1 urea plus 250 kg ha-1 mono-ammonium phosphate) for 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 consecutive years in order to investigate the residual and cumulative effects of organic and chemical fertilizers on selected soil properties, water soluble and bioavailable P as well as the P sorption index of the soil. Average organic matter content in the soil increased as a result of organic fertilizer applications. The increase was proportional to the rate of application and was highest for dairy manure and lowest for urban solid compost. Both the water extractable and bioavailable P contents of soil increased with the rate of application, the nature of organic fertilizer and the number (years) of applications, with the rate being the most effective and the nature of fertilizer the least effective. Dairy manure had the largest and solid waste compost the smallest positive impact on both the water soluble and available P content of soil. Effect of sewage sludge application on available P content of the soil was greater than its effect on the water extractable P. The phosphorus sorption index was independent of the source of P (organic or chemical), the nature and the rate of organic fertilizers and was only significantly dependent on the number (years) of fertilizer applications.

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Spaghetti samples were prepared by replacing wheat flour with defatted soy flour (DSF) at 0, 10, and 20% levels (w/w). Each sample had 4% gluten. In addition, xanthan gum was added at three levels (0.0, 0.2, and 0.4%) to spaghetti dough containing 20% soy flour as a modifying agent. Samples were extruded at 35 or 50^oC and dried at, respectively, 52^oC for 21h or 72^oC for 6 hours. The color, protein content, cooking loss, cooked weight, and firmness of all spaghetti samples were measured. A trained sensory group evaluated chewiness, firmness, stickiness, color, and flavor. The overall results showed that increasing protein level in spaghetti caused an increase in the firmness and cooking loss with a decrease in cooked weight and consumer acceptance. However, when xanthan gum was added to spaghetti dough containing 20% DSF, the positive properties of spaghetti, including cooked weight and consumer acceptances, were improved significantly and its negative aspects, including firmness and cooking loss, were reduced noticeably. When xanthan gum and DSF levels reached, respectively, 0.4 and 20%, and the spaghetti dough was extruded at 50^oC followed by drying at average temperature of 72^oC, the best spaghetti in terms of physico-chemical and organoleptic properties was obtained.