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We present a list of 25 Chrysididae species mainly captured at high altitudeson mountains of the Kerman province, Iran. Thenumerous records evidences the rich biodiversity present at high altitudes in Iranian mountainsup to an elevation of about 3000 m.The largest richness was observed in the 2100-2300m range. Elampus kashmirensis Nurse, 1902, Holopyga chrysonota appliata Linsenmaier, 1959, Chrysis quadrispina Buysson, 1887 and Chrysis sacrata Buysson, 1898 are new records for Iranian fauna.

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The studies that was accomplished on 200 Sudanean rainy systems during the period of 20 years (1969-1989) showed that according to the synoptical patterns, sudanean systems are arrived to Iran from five important directions and they cause rainfall. The two first directions are arrived in a compo way with Mediterranean cyclones and the three other directions are arrived independently. In the first direction, Sudanean systems compound with Mediterranean cyclones over cyprus and east of Mediterranean and then move to the west side. In the second direction, Sudanean and Mediterraneans systems over Eraq compound together and then they influence Iran from west and south west. In the thee remainder directions in which Sudanean systems act independently, in the A direction, the Sudanean systems enter to Iran form the north of Arabiean Peninsula, Kuwit and Khooozestan. In the B direction, the systems influence Iran fron the north of Arabiean Peninsula and Boshear country. In the C directions , Sudanean systems are arrived to Iran form the center of Arabiean Peninsula and and Hormozgan county.

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The common pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is a key pest of pistachio trees in Iran. Both psyllid nymphs and adults directly damage pistachio; they extract large quantities of sap from tree and produce honeydew and cause deformation of leaves resulting in great economic damage. Little is known about the intraspecific variation of common pistachio psyllid in regions with stressed conditions, such as areas under high levels of pesticide application. Therefore, this study using geometric morphometrics was designed to 1) evaluate morphological differences in wing shape in populations under different levels of pesticide application in Kerman province as the main pistachio producer in the world, and 2) search for a link between the morphological data and previously studied molecular data. The populations were collected from regions with high and low pesticide applications. The results showed that wing shape (P< 0.01) and size (P< 0.01) are different between populations exposed to different chemical control programs. Based on the results, narrower wing shape was found in psyllid population in stressed environment (population with extreme chemical control programs). In spite of allometric growth, significant shape differences still remain when the data are adjusted to constant size, which showed the important role of genetic changes in the observed morphological changes. Moreover, links between morphologic and previously studied molecular data were revealed. Based on the results, it appears that an evolutionary resistance process is developing, therefore insecticide resistance management programs, in the regions under investigation, is recommended.

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During a faunistic survey of the jumping plant-lice in the Tehran province of Iran in spring 2016, the blackberry psyllid, Phylloplecta trisignata (Löw, 1886), was collected on Rubus sp. (Rosales: Rosaceae). This is the first record of the species and the genus Phylloplecta for Iran, expanding the known distributional range of the species considerably eastwards.

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Although winter precipitation in south-east of Iran is a random phenomena, but in particular synoptic conditions, heavy precipitation occur in this area. This type of precipitation are very valuable for local people. Studies of eight precipitation systems during 1380-1382 indicate that there are two general precipitation patterns in South-east of Iran. In pattern type A, two anticyclone centers, one over north of Black Sea and east of Europe and the other in east of Aral lake are present; troughs of which combined together and its southern trough is spread over east of Mediterranean to North Africa. In pattern type B, one anticyclone occurs over Aral lake and another occurs over Atlantic ocean and west of Mediterranean and its trough covers all over Mediterranean and north Africa up to Egypt. In both cases, and with regards to weather conditions in upper atmosphere, low – pressure system over Sudan turns towards east and from south-east enters to Iran.

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More than 104 aphid species are living on Rosa spp. in the world. So far, only 14 of them were reported from Iran. In this study, besides the species already living on Rosa in Iran, two aphid taxa, i.e., Maculolachnus sijpkensi Hille Ris Lambers, 1962, and M. submacula (Walker, 1848) (Hem.: Aphididae) living on Rosa beggeriana are reported for the first time from Iran. Biometric data and biological characteristics of these two aphid species are given. An identification key to the apterous viviparous female aphids living on Rosa in Iran is provided.

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For studying the heavy rain fall in southeast of the Caspian Sea, the Meteorology Organization,s daily synoptic maps on four surfaces (the earth, 850, 700 and 500 HPA) from 1992 to 2002 were used. The results showed that five kinds of air mass and pressure systems influence heavy rain fall in southeast of the Caspian Sea; European migrant high-pressure, Siberian high-pressure, Subtropical high-pressure, Moonson low-pressure and Sudan low-pressure. Therefore, necessary synoptic conditions for heavy rain fall in warm season in Golestan province consisted of cold air advection on the surface of the Caspian Sea by European migrant high-pressure and warm and wet convection from the east and southeast by Moonson low-pressure on the earth level. Descending cold air in divergence zones of north Russian trough in upper layers of atmosphere on the surface of the Caspian Sea. Penetration of European migrant high-pressure from northwest and descending of subpolar cold air and penetration of Sudan low-pressure tongues from south and southwest of the earth and penetration of subtropical high-pressure to central part of the Caspian Sea in middle atmosphere layers and to settle the Caspian sea in divergence zones of north Russian trough.

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The aim of this study is to identify the tracking and origin of the arriving precipitation systems to the region under study and to count the frequencies of these systems. For this purpose, the rainfall data of seven stations of two provinces (Kermanshah and Ilam) were investigated during a 10 years period (1990-99). Therefore, 80 systems were selected. Then, surface level maps and 500Hp of 68 available systems were studied. The analysis was carried out over the central cyclonic of the surface level maps in the 6 hour cycles and upper-level low trough axis level of 500Hp in the 12 hour cycles. The results of indicated that majority of the systems with precipitation for the region were Sudanese systems. Moreover, only the Sudanese systems had more than 300mm precipitation. On the second level of significance were the compo (Mediterranean-Sudanese) systems. The most important compound area of compo systems is the east Mediterranean at the longitude of 33°-36° Eastern and the latitude of 30°-35° Northern. The Mediterranean systems mostly originate from the Adriatic Sea and the central Mediterranean and normally move towards east along the latitude of 35°. So, Monsoon systems bring about precipitation for the target areas at the end of spring and summer during their intensification. Normally, in most of the rainy days, positions of the Mediterranean long wave axis locate at the east of the Mediterranean to the north of the Red Sea (longitude 30°E-40°E). Morever, there is no direct relation between the deepening, of the end of the trough axis and the rate of precipitation.

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In this research, regarding the young structure of people in Sanandaj, high rate of immigration of villagers, the need to urban buildings and optimal use of the sources especially saving in buildings, in accordance with the existing climate parameters and position of the studied area, a monthly standard was used to study the situation of climate-environment and climate harmony of the old and new contexts of Sanandaj and to offer architectural proposals to utilize more natural energy (sun, wind) and saving in fossil fuels. After calculating the situation of the climate environment of Sanandaj, the present buildings, were divided into three groups of new context, old context and eroded context according to age and architectural properties and,142 samples of architectural contexts from different parts of Sanandaj were selected. Then, using the monthly standards, a question was set and completed according to the architectural properties of the samples. The results of the questioners for every context were extracted separately and analyzed by SPSS software to compare with the monthly standards and to estimate the amount of climate harmony of the buildings. According to the monthly sta€ndards, the old context had the highest harmony with the local climate and the new context had the least. Totally, 50% of the buildings in Sanandaj are in harmony with the local climate.

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The cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is an important pest of canola that can considerably limit crop production through direct or indirect damage. In this study, the effects of Azadirachtin, Tondexir, Palizin, and Thiamethoxam, common insecticides used in managing the cabbage aphid, were investigated on the population growth parameters of this pest. Based on the results, the LC₅₀ values for Thiamethoxam, Palizin, Azadirachtin, and Tondexir were 0.19, 0.63, 1.00, and 3.82 g/L, respectively. Moreover, LC₃₀ concentrations of Thiamethoxam, Palizin, Azadirachtin, and Tondexir were 0.11, 0.10, 0.41, and 1.68 g/L, respectively, applied in the sublethal studies. The cabbage aphids reared on the plants treated with these insecticides had lower longevity, fecundity, and reproductive period than the control treatment. The intrinsic rate of increase (r_m), finite rate of increase (λ), net reproductive rate (R₀), and generation time (T) were lower on Thiamethoxam treatment. Tondexir and Palizin treatments had lower values than Azadirachtin. However, there was no significant difference between the Tondexir and Palizin treatments. The population treated by Azadirachtin had the highest values of growth parameters. According to the results and available information in the context of risk assessment of the studied insecticides, this research recommends the application of Thiamethoxam in the integrated pest management of cabbage aphid.

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In this study, the evapotranspiration and water requirement of wheat for the townships Islamabad Gharb, Sarpole Zahab and Ravansar were determiend in 18 years from 1988 to 2005. At first, using the average of long-term, the period climatogical data (temperature and rainfall) of dry and wet period for three stations were determined. The dry period length in this region which lasts from the early spring to the mid fall is coincided with the harvest time and wheat sensitivity to water shortage. Thus there is a need to supplementary irrigation. Hence, a large part of this region that are cultivated by rainfall cultivation, has to be irrigated by underground water. Accordingly, it results in a severe decrease of surface aquifer in the lands of the region. Then, using the CROPWAT model, the real evapotranspiration of wheat and its water and irrigation requirement in the region was studied. The arerage of climate data (maximum and minimum temperature, monthly rainfall, wind speed, relative humidity and dally sunshine) as well as, the cultivation model of the crop (including Kc values, stage days, root depth, depletion fraction) and the area planted (0-100% of the total area), soil type, total available soil moisture, initial soil moisture (% of total available moisture) were entered in to the model and in stage the results were represented as chart and graph. Finally the timetable of irrigation was designed soil moisture deficit in real in the growth period was comparatively obtained. Further, water requirement, irrigation and evapotranspiration rates were depicted in the growing term as a graph. According to results of the irrigation schedule table station and according to severe aridity and moisture deficit in the soil, two or three supplementary irrigations are needed to prepare the crop for harvesting.

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The aim of this research was the recognition of effective dynamic and synoptic factors of freezing in Iran in order to prevent and mitigate this phenomenon. The During the December-January 8-15th 2006-2007 cold wave, there were a larg number of human and animal casualties and decline of gas pressure on vast parts of the country. The intercity and urban traffic was hampered. Between 75 to 80 percent of the whole country was frozen due to penetration of an extensive cold wave. This research shows that the main system that leads to freeze follows the following synoptic conditions: At sea level and 850 h.p., which are similar in terms of synoptic conditions a cold wave is extended from the Pole to Mid- southern Iran, causing the Polar and sub- polar cold transfer to the southern Iran. On the 500 h.p level (meso-troposphere) on the day of starting cold wave, a cyclone center by a curve of 492 dca-meter geo-potential is closed over the north Siberian, which is a rather deep trough spreading with a north- South extension on the south Iran.On continuance, this cyclone center and trough gradually spread to the lower latitudes and at the end of the fourth day of cold way, this trend is continued. The Polar cold trough moves toward the east or west and causes the contionution of downfall polar cold air in the mid layers of the atmosphere over Iran. From the fourth day, Siberian trough begins movement toward the east and makes stable air on the zone till the end of the cold wave.The synoptic conditions on the levels of 300 h.p and 500 h.p. are similar. Thus the cold wave by the penetration from the north with the extention of northern and southern blockage of the system that is continued for 8 days and also by transmitting of the polar cold air brings a severe cold toward Iran.

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Nowadays, extensive investigations have been conducted on developing novel biopolymers from biodegradable sources. In the current study, the active packaging film based on sago starch-containing varying concentrations (1, 1.5 and 2 MIC) of Withania Somnifera L. extract were produced. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericide Concentration (MBC) of extract were measured. Physicochemical (such as thickness, water absorption capacity (WAC), water solubility (WS), water vapor permeability, Oxygen Permeability (OP) and contact angle (CA)), mechanical (tensile strength, elongation to break and modulus of elasticity) and antioxidant properties of the films were evaluated. The antibacterial activity of the films also was tested against two common food-borne pathogens (Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus) by the disc diffusion method. The results showed that increasing concentrations of Withania Somnifera L. extract have a significant effect (p <0.05) to increase the amount of thickness, WS, water vapor permeability, OP, and CA, but was not effective on WAC. Withania Somnifera L. extract increased the absorption of color in the visible region, which in turn led to an increasing of the parameters a^* (index color tends toward green) and b^* (index color tends towards yellow) but reduced L^*. An increase in Withania Somnifera L. extract content resulted in a plasticizing effect, reducing the tensile strength and Young’s modulus but a concurrent increase in elongation at break. Sago films containing higher percentages of Withania Somnifera L. extract were effective against all two tested bacterial strains, and these effects were more significant in the case of the gram-positive bacteria. Sago film containing extract showed a good DPPH radical scavenging activity. These results suggest that the developed sago films containing Withania Somnifera L. extract could be used in various food packaging applications.

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Cheese is a dairy product that is susceptible to contamination by pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. Microbial contamination can reduce its shelf life and Cause serious health risks to consumers. Thymus vulgaris essential oil has high antioxidant and antimicrobial activity and can improve and enhance the storage time of food systems. In order to evaluate the effect of thymus vulgaris essential oil on physicochemical, microbial and sensory properties of cream cheese, different percentages of thymus essential oil (0, 0.005, 0.01% and 0.015%) were added to cream cheese. Cheese sample were analyzed in the first, fourth and seventh weeks of storage. The results showed that Changes in essential oil percentage had significant effect (P<0.05) on acidity, dry matter, adhesiveness, IC50 and peroxide. With increasing essential oil percentage, a decrease in the level of acidity, adhesiveness, peroxide and IC50 was observed. Changes in essential oil percentage had no significant effect (P<0.05) on pH, fat, hardness and protein content of cheese. The results showed that storage period had a significant effect (p<0.05) on acidity, pH, dry matter, IC50, peroxide, adhesiveness, but had no significant effect (P<0.05) on protein, fat and hardness. During the storage time, Acidity, dry matter, protein and IC50 increased and pH and adhesiveness decreased. The addition of thymus essential oil did not have a significant effect (P<0.05) on coliforms but significantly decreased (P<0.05) mold and yeast and total count. The results showed that the addition of essential oil to cheese did not have a significant effect on color and texture but had a significant effect on taste and acceptance of cheese and improved the taste and acceptance. High percentage of essential oils reduced the sensory characteristics of cheese. In general, the treatment containing 0.005% essential oil was the best treatment for the sensory properties.

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In the present study, the effect of chemical refining process on the oxidative stability of Bene kernel oil during 32 hours of thermal process at 170 ° C was investigated. Examination of fatty acid structure showed that the amount of trans fatty acid was very small after the thermal process. The trend of changes in tocopherol and polyphenolic compounds during the heating process was different from other studies. The rate of tocopherol changes increased at the end of the thermal process in crude, degummed and neutralized oils and decreased in bleached and deodorized oils. The reason for the increase in tocopherols was related to their regeneration process. Also, the amount of polyphenolic compounds after the thermal process compared to the zero moment was largely in line with tocopherol changes. The reason for the increase in phenolic compounds was related to the breakdown of these compounds and their becoming simpler compounds. Examination of oxidation stability tests (conjugated diene vlue and p-anisidine value) also showed that crude kernel oil was the most stable sample, followed by degummed, neutralized, deodorized and bleached oils, respectively. The reason that the decolorization step caused the lowest oxidative stability in Bene kernel oil can be attributed to the greatest reduction in the amount of tocopherol compounds in this oil sample compared to the zero moment. Also, the trend of changes in antioxidant activity was largely consistent with changes in antioxidant compounds.

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The aim of this study was to investigate crocin encapsulation in liposome and niosome systems and their characteristics such as particle size, stability, encapsulation efficiency, viscosity, antioxidant properties, gastrointestinal release, resistance to acidic conditions and resistance to high temperatures. The results showed that the samples encapsulated in the noisome (76.45 nm) had smaller particle size and better dispersion than the liposome (103.35 nm). Also, the encapsulation efficiency of the noisome (88.08 %) was higher than that of the liposome (80.59 %). No significant difference was observed between the antioxidant properties of liposome and niosome samples. But gastrointestinal release was higher for niosomic samples. Examination of the results of resistance to acidic conditions and high temperature showed that the samples covered in the niosome showed better resistance. In general, it can be concluded that niosome system is a more suitable system for crocin encapsulation and its use in increasing the efficiency of food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic systems.
 

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In this study, an edible film based on gelatin-Persian gum was prepared and optimization of the edible film was done using Design Expert and Mixture Design. The resulting films were subjected to various physicochemical tests, including pH, total solid, heat seal ability, tensile strength, contact angle, calorimetric and moisture absorption. At first, modeling of responses was done using data regression analysis, and then 3D charts were drawn to show the effects of gelatin (0.5 -1), Persian gum (0.5 -1), and Glycerol (0-0.5) on the film characteristics. Finally, Numerical optimization based on optimization goals was performed and the optimal point with the highest desirability (0.78) was obtained. The ratio of each of the independent variables in the optimal formula was 0.5. Various properties of the optimal film including pH, total solid, heat seal ability, tensile strength, contact angle, moisture absorption, L*, a* and b* were obtained at 6.66, 95.61%, 84.45 N/M, 64.5 N, 77.34°, 4.5%, 70.98, 0.97 and 0.66 respectively. Generally, the findings proposed that the gelatin-persian gum-based edible film can be used as a food packaging material.