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Background: Acne vulgaris is an inflammatory chronic disease of pilosebaceous unit. One of the most important factors playing a role in occurrence of acne is presence of Propionibacterium acnes. With the aim of molecular identification of the P. acnes from the acne vulgaris lesions, current research was carried out. Methods: In this study, contents within the lesions was collected from 70 patients. The presence of the P. acnes was examined by a specific PCR technique. Results: Of 70 samples, 58 samples (82.85%) were determined to be positive in terms of presence of P. acnes. No significant relationship was observed between presence of P. acnes and each one of the studied demographic factors, including gender, age, disease period, family background and treatment background. Conclusions: The adopted molecular technique has obviated the limitations associated with the culture method for identification of the bacteria. To overcome the problems with conventional culture techniques for P. acne, this PCR method is promising for better identification of this bacterium.

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Directional felling of trees plays a key role in reducing of damages to forest residual trees and can also facilitate skidding. The aim of this study was presents a practical linear model for estimation of tree falling direction error in an uneven-aged mixed stand in northern forests of Iran. To conduct the study a number of 95 trees of four species Fagus Orientalis Lipsky, Carpinus Betulus L., Alnus Subcordata C.A. May and Acer Platanoides were randomly selected,and assumed felling direction were  marked on the trunk of these trees. The trees felled by experienced chainsaw operators, and the differences between the assumed and actual direction were measured as the felling error. The results showed that among the 12 effective factors, the elements of foot slope, diameter at the breast height (DBH), horizontal and vertical angles and area of the backcut surface (HABS, VABS, BA),vertical angle and area of undercut surface (VAUS, UA) significantly correlated with the felling error, and the determination coefficient (R²) of presented linear model was 52.0 % (P < 0.01). Among the model factors, DBH, VABS, and HABS had the three most pronounce impact on felling error.

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Aim: The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of various extraction techniques, namely supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂), ultrasound, and enzymatic methods, in comparison to the conventional wet reduction method, in terms of oil yield, quality attributes, and fatty acid composition in common kilka oil.
Materials & Methods: Mentioned methods were used to extract fish oil. Then, their quality oxidation, including PV, TBA, FFA, and CD, and fatty acid composition were evaluated.
Findings: The study's findings revealed that the SC-CO₂ extraction method exhibited the most favorable outcome in terms of extraction yield, achieving a remarkable rate of 89.6%. The lowest oxidation indexes including PV (1.78 ± 0.19 mmol.kg^-1), TBA (0.54 ± 0.03 mg MA.kg^-1), FFA (35.49 ± 0.52 mg FFA.g TAG^-1), and CD (7.61 ± 0.34 %) was found in oil extracted with SC-CO₂ method. The fatty acid profile of oil extracted by SC-CO₂ exhibited higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (29.81 ± 0.27) and lower saturated fatty acid (SFA) (27.64 ± 0.20) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) (34.78 ± 0.67) than those obtained by the other extraction methods (p > 0.05). The n-3/n-6, PUFA/SFA, and EPA + DHA/C16 ratios were higher for oil extracted by SC-CO₂ than the other three methods. Conclusion: The common kilka oil, extracted through supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂), can be regarded as an abundant source of crucial polyunsaturated fatty acids belonging to the n-3 series.
 

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In this study, the effect of different hydrolysis times (45, 90, 135, 180, and 225 minutes) by alcalase enzyme on the yield and quality of oil extracted from common kilka fish (Clupeonella cultriventris caspia) was investigated. The results showed that the highest extraction yield (40.41%) was in the hydrolyzed treatment for 135 minutes, which was not significantly different from other treatments. The qualitative indices of TBA, FFA, and CD of the extracted oils increased by increasing hydrolysis time, so the highest value of the mentioned indices was at 225 minutes, while the highest value of the PV index was at 180 minutes. Because the treatment of oil extracted in 45 minutes had lower values in the investigated oxidative spoilage indicators, it was selected as the treatment. The composition of its fatty acids was investigated, and it was found that monounsaturated fatty acids were the predominant fatty acids. Also, the amounts of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids did not show significant differences (p < 0.05). According to the obtained results, it was found that different hydrolysis times have different effects on the yield and quality of the obtained oil. Therefore, more research and studies are needed to fully investigate the effect of hydrolysis time on the quality characteristics of the oil extracted from Kilka fish.
 

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Aims: Academic research plays a crucial role in managing public health and risks. Dissertations and theses are more advanced than articles in producing new knowledge. A review of these academic works on pedestrian safety can reveal unique findings in this domain and enable cross-country comparisons that can inform the selection of dissertation topics for professors and improve student supervision. This scoping review conducted a comparative analysis of Iranian and international theses/dissertations concerning pedestrian crossing behavior.
Information & Methods: This scoping review adhering to the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines and incorporating Arksey & O’Malley’s framework, examined key aspects of electronic theses and dissertations from Iran and other countries, focusing on the number of electronic theses and dissertations, relevant ministries, temporal trends, departments, academic levels, target demographics, and keywords.
Findings: This study encompassed seven Iranian electronic theses and dissertations and eight international electronic theses and dissertations in English, spanning from 2019 to 2023. A comparative analysis revealed distinct differences. Iranian electronic theses and dissertations lacked contributions from the Information and Communication Technology Innovation and Humanities and Social Sciences, whereas the Health Sciences departments demonstrated notable activity. Internationally, such activity was absent. Additionally, the name of the study location emerged as a prevalent keyword within Iranian electronic theses and dissertations. Most electronic theses and dissertations, regardless of origin, did not specify particular pedestrian target populations.
Conclusion: Given the complexity of pedestrian crossing behavior safety, interdisciplinary collaboration is essential for designing comprehensive studies in the form of theses and dissertations, particularly within the Iranian context.

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The present study explores the chemical constitution and antioxidant activity of the essential oils of the aerial parts of Artemisia dracunculus L. and the flower heads of Matricaria chamomilla L. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of (Z)-anethole (51.72%), (Z)-β-ocimene (8.32%), methyleugenol (8.06%), limonene (4.94%) and linalool (4.41%) in Artemisia dracunculus and (E)-β-farnesene (24.19%), guaiazulene (10.57%), α-bisabolol oxide A (10.21%), α-farnesene (8.7%) and α-bisabolol (7.27%) in M. chamomilla L.. The antioxidant activity (AOA) of the essential oils was investigated using DPPH• (2, 2′-diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging and β-carotene/linoleic acid methods. The essential oil EC50 values were determined as 3.19±0.13 and 5.63±0.20 mg ml-1 for A. dracunculus and M. chamomilla, respectively. Further, the A. dracunculus L. essential oil (ADEO) and M. chamomilla L. essential oil (MCEO) were able to reduce the oxidation rate of soybean oil under accelerated conditions at 60 °C (oven test).

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In recent decades, the aquaculture industry has experienced a growing trend. In this regard, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is known as one of the most popular species in the world and in Iran, with Iran ranking first in the production of this fish with an annual production of about 237,710 tons. After processing this fish, about 30% of it is considered as processing residue, which includes head, bone, viscera, etc. In the present study, a mixture of minced head and backbone waste from this fish was used to extract glycosaminoglycan using the alkaline dissolution method. The results showed that the extraction yield, carbohydrate, sulfate, uronic acid and protein content of the extracted glucosamine-glycan sample were 1.96 ± 0.14, 59.67 ± 3.66, 10.19 ± 0.38, 7.76 ± 0.20 and 11.23 ± 1.43%, respectively. Additionally, the infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of the obtained sample indicated the presence of broad peaks in the range of 3200 to 3600 cm^-1 and 2700 to 3000 cm^-1, corresponding to the functional groups –OH and the stretching band C-H, and the bending band of sulfate S=O at 1245 cm ^-1. Furthermore, the stretching band of the functional group COO-, related to the presence of uronic acid in the extracted sample, was observed in the range of 1480 to 1640 cm ^-1. The peaks appearing at 1385 and 11450 cm ^-1 were related to the stretching band O-C=O and the stretching vibration –CO in the COOH group. 

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This paper tests monetary view of inflation in Iranian economy by a monetary approach within P* model using OLS and ARDL techniques during 1358-1387 (1979-2008). It should be noted that only the standard P* model (domestic price gap) is tested in this study. Regarding that domestic price gap consists of output and velocity gaps, the Hedrick – Prescott filter method is used to estimate the potential production level and the velocity of balanced money. Estimation results of various models show that the standard P* model (domestic price gap), is not able to explain and forecast inflation in Iranian economy and implies that the quantity theory of money is not correct in Iranian economy. Therefore, we investigated monetary theory of inflation using alternative variables including volume of liquidity, real gross domestic product (GDP), informal exchange rate, import price index with using ARDL method. Results show that a 10% growth of liquidity leads to increase general prices by 4.6%. Thus, the monetary hypothesis of inflation is partially confirmed, however concerning that relationship between inflation and liquidity volume is not unique, and other factors affect inflation in Iran, therefore to curb Iranian inflation we cannot adopt only monetary policy as an effective tool.

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Beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua (Hubner)) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is the most economically important sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) pest worldwide. The main control method of this pest is insecticides use. Thus, it is important to develop alternative means of controlling this pest, including host plant resistance using plant lectins. In the current study, the effects of GNA (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin) on the growth and development of beet armyworm were investigated using artificial diet. The presence of GNA in the diet at a level of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0% of the total dietary protein significantly reduced larval and pupal survivability compared with the control insects (P< 0.001). When high doses of GNA (0.5 and 1.0% of dietary protein) were incorporated into the diet, no larvae reached the fourth stadium. Only the lowest dose (0.1% GNA) allowed for larval and pupal development to continue to adult. The lectin retarded larval development in a dose dependent manner. For example, developmental time of the first instar larva in the control was 2.3 days, while in 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0% GNA treatments this value increased to 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, and 2.9 days, respectively. Larval developmental time (time taken from neonate first instar larvae to pupation) in the control and lectin treatment (0.1% GNA) were 14.1 and 17.2 days, respectively. GNA also affected duration of pupal period, adult longevity, and adult emergence. In conclusion, it should be said that GNA has a good potential to be used in IPM program in order to combat this insect species.

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The present study was conducted to investigate the influence of drying methods on the amount of some effective compounds in fruit Ecballium elaterium M. Bieb extract based on a completely randomized statistical design with 15 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments included different drying methods (1- Shade drying at room temperature (25±3°C) with suitable ventilation, 2- Sun drying, 3- Oven drying at 35°C, 4- Oven drying at 45°C, 5- Oven drying at 55°C, 6- Vacuum oven drying at 35°C, 7- Vacuum oven drying at 45°C, 8- Vacuum oven drying at 55°C, 9- Infrared drying at 0.2w, 10- Infrared drying at 0.3w, 11- Infrared drying at 0.4w, 12- Microwave drying at 200w, 13- Microwave drying at 500w, 14- Microwave drying at 800w) which were compared with the fresh fruit of the plant (as a control). The studied traits were total phenols content, total flavonoids content, radical scavenging activity assay, soluble tannin, total amino acids, total soluble protein, total alkaloids, and total cucurbitacin. The results showed that different drying methods had a significant effect on soluble tannin and cucurbitacin content (P≤0.05) and also on other traits (P≤0.01). The highest amount of total phenol and flavonoids was related to fresh plants and then vacuum oven drying at 45 °C, and the highest amount of antioxidant activity and soluble tannin was found in fresh plants and then the vacuum oven drying at 55°C. The highest amount of amino acids was related to fresh plant and then 200 watt microwave treatment and the highest amount of total protein, alkaloids and cucurbitacin was related to fresh plant and then shade treatment.

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The post-harvest techniques of medicinal plants such as drying, is very important in their production cycle. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different drying methods on some phytochemical traits of Chuchak in the spring of 2020 based on the completely randomized design with three replications. The chuchak samples were collected in the vegetative stage from the gardens of Noor city, Iran. The drying treatments were shade-drying at room temperature (25±3 °C), sun-drying, oven-drying (45, 55 and 65 °C), vacuum oven-drying (45, 55 and 65 °C), microwave-drying (200, 500 and 800 watts), and fresh samples. The studied traits were moisture content based on fresh and dry weight, drying time and speed, ascorbic acid content, protein content, total carbohydrate content, total phenol and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity. The results of the variance analysis showed the significant effect of drying methods on all studied properties of the samples (P≤0.01). The mean comparison showed that the minimum drying time and the maximum speed drying were related to the microwave (800 watts). The highest amount of ascorbic acid (385.72 µg/mg), protein (19.72%), total phenol (47.19 mg GA per 1 g dry matter), total flavonoids (50.96 mg quercetin per 1 g dry matter) as well as antioxidant activity (76.02%) was observed in the fresh plant and then in the oven-drying (55 °C).

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In order to evaluate the effect of Artemisia sieberi extract from different habitats on the shelf life of Iranian white cheese, this research was conducted in 2022 in the research laboratory of Qom University, Iran. A factorial experiment was conducted based the completely randomized design, and cheese in terms of chemical and microbial characteristics in the conditions of no extract (control) and the use of extract containing 1% of the weight of the fresh material ofA. sieberi from three habitats of Venan, Tajkhatun and Abbas. Abad was checked on the 1^st, 15^th and 30^th. The results showed that the population of cheese microorganisms increased with the increase of the storage period, and the extract of Venan better controlled the population of microorganisms than other extracts. The amount of pH and protein in the dry matter decreased with the increase of the storage period, and the amount of moisture, salt, fat, dry matter, phenol and antioxidant activity increased. Venan extract increased the quality and shelf life of cheese more than other extracts, which may be due to the higher amount of total phenol in Venan extract compared to other extracts. In general, the extract of Artemisia sieberi significantly increased the shelf life and quality of cheese, and with further studies, the extract of this valuable plant can be used to increase the shelf life and quality of food products, especially dairy products.
 

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Environmental security is one of the most important aspects of human security, which puts emphasis on sustainability of the developmental policies and that they should adjust with the environment as well as rights of future generations. Since threats to the human security mainly occur within environmental issues, this research- highlighting the relationship between human security and environmental security and pointing out the threatening causes and factors to the human security - has replied to the question that how has the environmental degradation endangered human security in Iran? This study shows adoption of policies like 1- Expansion of urbanization, 2- Population growth, 3- Consumerism and stressing the production increase, disregarding its consequences, and 4- Development of environmentally incompatible technologies have led to further utilization of fossil fuels as well as uncontrollable use of various environmental resources, increased pollution, and extensively damaged the environment which consequently endangered human security due to the severe dependence of human being to the environment.