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A bench scale aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was evaluated in terms of its potential to treat synthetic dairy wastewater. The 2-l plexiglass bioreactor was supplied with oxygen via a fine bubble air diffuser, fed with synthetic dairy wastewater under various operational conditions. To analyze the process, three significant independent variables — influent chemical oxygen demand (COD), mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS), and aeration time — were assessed. Three dependent process and quality parameters (as process responses) were also evaluated: total COD removal efficiency, sludge volume index (SVI) and final pH. The experiments were based on a central composite design (CCD) and analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM). The treatment was limited to the following concentration regimes: COD (1000, 3000 and 5000 mg/l), MLVSS (3000, 5000 and 7000 mg/l) and aeration time (2, 10 and 18 h). Maximum COD removal efficiency (of 96.5%) was obtained for an influent with the following characteristics: CODin: 3000 mg/l, MLVSS 5000 mg/l, and aeration time of 18 h. The study demonstrated the capability of aerobic SBRs for high COD removal from dairy industrial wastewater. Easy operation, low cost, and minimal sludge bulking condition were some of advantages of the SBR system as an option for biological treatment of medium-strength industrial wastewater. The present study provides valuable information about relationships between quality and process parameters for different values of operating variables.

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In the present study, the effect of phytohormone gibberellin on some physiological parameters of Tetraselmis suecica microalgae was investigated. Algae culture was performed under standard conditions with Gillard culture medium, temperature 25 ± 2 C°, light intensity 16: 8 (light/dark), salinity 25 ± 2 mg / l, and 24-hour aeration for ten days. Concentrations of 10, 20, 40, and 60 mg / l were added to the algae culture medium. Growth factors, pigments, photosynthetic factors, and biochemical composition were measured in the log phase. Based on results,  the highest rate of cell growth was observed in the treatment of 60 mg / l, although in other treatments there was a significant difference with the control (P <0.05). The highest amount of protein and carbohydrates was observed in the treatment of 60 mg / l (P <0.05). ). Total lipid content increased from 15.23 in control to 18.53 in 60 mg / l (P <0.05). Antioxidant potential, pigments, photosynthetic factors, and dry weight also showed a significant difference in the concentration of 60 mg / l compared to the control (P <0.05). The highest amount of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b was observed at concentrations of 60 mg / l (P <0.05). Based on the results, gibberellin has a high potential for cell division, final density, antioxidant potential, cell size, and biochemical composition of Tetraselmis suecica. Also, Tetraselmis suecica can be a good candidate for marine aquatic larvae, drugs, antioxidants, and a rich source of compounds in biofuels.

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A polypyrrole (PPy) coated polyester fiber was provided by chemically-deposition of PPy on the surface of polyester fiber in the electrolyte of FeCl₃ (as an oxidant) and pyrrole as a monomer. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used for characterization of morphology, size and porosity of synthesized polymer. The seed like PPy particles (50-150 nanometers) are observed according to the SEM results. The PPy fiber was employed to extraction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in sesame samples as an extraction agent. An experimental design was utilized to optimize operational parameters that affect the analysis of VOCs in sesame samples using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) in the pre-concentration step. Some parameters including, extraction time and temperature were optimized. Gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) was used for separation, detection and quantitation of VOCs. Results show that PPy modified polyester fiber is provided fast and easy by chemical method and is suitable for the successful extraction of the VOCs from sesame samples.

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The aim of the study was to determine the Suitable concentration of Arabic gum, sodium caseinate and beta-cyclodextrin to encapsulation of pomegranate seed oil. For this purpos Beta-cyclodextrin, sodium caseinate and Arabic gum as wall covering by Mixture Design for trapping pomegranate seed oil were used and Then optimized samples with the least turbidity to determine viscosity, encapsulation efficiency, SEM, FT-IR and DLS were choiced. Turbidity of treatments increased at high levels of sodium caseinate as well as in the combination of Arabic gum with beta-cyclodextrin in lack of sodium caseinate. Results of Viscosity showed that the sample containing beta-cyclodextrin-sodium caseinate had a high viscosity than the Arabic gum-sodium caseinate. The maximum encapsulation efficiency was observed in sample containing of sodium casheinate (37.1%) and Arabic gum (62.9%), which had the lowest surface oil. According to the results of DLS , the smallest capsule diameter was related to the sample containing of beta-cyclodextrin and sodium caseinate (439 nm), and had an inverse relationship the diameter of the capsules with the polydispersity index, and values of Zeta potential in the sample containing 62.9% Arabic gum + 37.1% Sodium caseinate was maximum (-25.7). FT-IR results showed the electrostatic interactions in the formation of capsules and their stability. According to SEM images, the capsules irregularly and different morphologically were formed. Therefore, according to the results, 37.1% sodium caseinate and 62.9% Arabic gum is suggested for encapsulation of pomegranate seed oil.

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In this research, the Carum copticum essence (0.25, 0.5 %) and beta-carotene (0.015, 0.03 %) in the film containing citric pectin were used to modify and determine the functional properties of the films. The dependent variables included moisture content, thickness, water vapor permeability, antioxidant properties, color indexes and microbial properties. The results showed that adding Carum copticum essence and beta-carotene reduced the amount of moisture significantly, the lowest amount of moisture was in the film contained the highest amount of essence and beta-carotene. The thickness of the films decreased significantly with the addition of essence and beta-carotene. The water vapor permeability increased and decreased by adding essence and beta-carotene, respectively. Addition of Carum copticum essence and beta-carotene increased the antioxidant properties of the films. The lightness parameter increased in films containing Carum copticum essence. Addition of β-carotene to 0.015% reduced the amount of lightness, but at higher concentrations, the lightness increased significantly, in the other hand Yellowness index was increased by adding beta-carotene and whiteness index decreased. In terms of microbial properties of the antimicrobial effect of Carum copticum essence on B. cereus was more than E. coli. Due to the fact that the beta-carotene pigment in different conditions changes the color of food products, the films will be used in intelligent packaging of food products.

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Today, Melissa essential oil has been drawn a lot of attention in food researches. This essential oil has good antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, so it is a good candidate to incorporate in the nutritional and biological systems. The aim of this study was to investigate the release of Melissa essential oil (encapsulated via isolated proteins and sodium caseinate) in yoghurt by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) /gas chromatography technique. In this study, yogurt samples with different percentages of essential oil (0, 0/75, 1/5 g/l) were prepared by sonication method. The effect of two factors, including storage time (1, 11 , 21 days) and the percentage of encapsulated essential oil on the gas chromatography profile were studied based on the central composite design (CCD). 10 grams of yogurt samples containing various percentages of essential oil was centrifuged and the liquid part was passed through a sterilization filter. The released essential in the yogurt was extracted (from the liquid part) by DLLME method and was injected into the gas chromatography and its chromatographic profile (total peak area and total peak height) was investigated. The results show that there is a significant relationship between the total peak area and the amount of essential oil released into the yogurt. By studying total peak area in chromatography, it is possible to estimate the amount of essential oil released into the yogurt sample, and it is possible to study the rate of release.

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Carrot Pomace Powder is one of the wastes that will be obtained during carrot processing so because of desired nutritional composition (especially fiber and salts); it can be used to increase the nutritional value of gluten-free bread. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of CPP­(0-30%) on the physico-chemical, textural and sensory properties of gluten free bread based on the replacement of gluten-free flours­(chickpea flour, Rice flour and corn starch) for celiac diseases. The results showed that the water activity, moisture, ash, a­^* value, fiber, protein and antioxidant capacity of samples containing CPP was significantly higher than the control­ones­(P­<0.05). Increasing of CPP decreased carbohydrate, calorie, L­^* value, specific volume and fat of gluten-free bread samples. With replacement of CPP in bread formulation, cohesiveness increased but firmness, springiness, gumminess, chewiness and resilience of samples decreased. According to the sensory evaluation, substitution of CPP up to 30% increased the overall acceptance of samples. Generally the results showed that the sample containing 30% CPP had better quality than others, and CPP is suitable factor to increase the nutritional value of gluten-free bread.

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In this research, response surface based on central composite design (3-factor 5-level) was applied to estimate the efficacy of independed variables on quality indexes (depended variables) of raw beet juice. Hence, the effect of different durations (20-100 min), temperatures (40-55 °C), and at various concentration level of pectinase (0.001-0.02 % v/v) on viscosity, color, turbidity and purity of sugar beet juice were investigated and successfully coordinated by a second-order polynomial model (R² > 0. 85). The experiments indicated that the temperature was the most important variable affecting the characteristics of the raw juice as it exposes a significant effect on the responses. The optimum enzymatic treatment condition from the study was at 0.012 % enzyme concentration at 49 ֯C for 65 min.

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 In thisresearch, for the first time, the replacement of valerian extract with chemical preservatives in orange
juice has been investigated. Whey Permeate Powder is also used as a source of minerals and vitamins in orange
juice. In this experimental study, an antioxidant effect of valerian extract was determined and its
compounds were determined. Then, the effect of juice extract on three levels of 1.25, 0.63 and 0.13 ml
and 1.5, 1 and 0.5 percent of whey permeate powder on the chemical properties of orange juice during the
storage period in three intervals. The period of 1, 14 and 30 days was studied. The tests performed on
prepared samples including: formalin index, acidity, vitamin C, pH and antioxidant properties, and the
results obtained by Expert design-7 software are analyzed and shown in the diagram. The results indicated that the pH increased at high levels of whey permeate powder and extract during the period of 1, 14 and 30 days. Also, the decreasing in acidity with increasing whey permeate powder percent is probably due to the low acidity of whey permeate powder to the extract and the sample of orange juice's control (is a witness). By adding single levels of whey permeate powder and extract, the vitamin C increased and then decreased with increase of during maintenance. Also, the effect of valerian extract was greater than whey permeate powder in vitamin reduction over a period of time. 

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In this research, response surface methodology based on 3-factor 5-level central composite design was used to determine the effect of refining pretreatment variables on quality indexes of beet molasses. Hence, the effect of bentonite concentration (2-10 g/L), gelatin concentration (0.01-0.1 g/L) and pH (3-7) on turbidity, color, concentration of colloids (CCs) and ash of beet molasses were studied and well fitted by a quadratic polynomial model (R² > 0. 85). The results showed that the pH was the main factor affecting the purification indexes as it had a significant effect on all responses. Bentonite and gelatin as two common clarifying agents improved the quality of molasses, although the ability of bentonite was much higher. The optimum condition for purification pretreatment was found as 8.3 g/L for bentonite, 0.08 g/L for gelatin and 4.03 for pH which were determined on minimization of the turbidity, color, concentration of colloids (CCs) and ash. At this condition, the turbidity, color, ash and concentration of colloids were calculated as 12.1 NTU, 2573 IU, 2.7, 0.9 g/L respectively.
 

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Due to the use of organic solvents is associated with environmental pollution, toxicological and safety concerns, alternative extraction methods have been investigated. In this study, the efficacy of application of β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) as an eco-friendly, cost-effective and safe method for extraction of bioactive compounds from pomegranate peel compared to the aqueous extraction method was studied. The response surface method (RSM) was used to optimize extraction conditions. Designed experiments were done based on the Box-Behnken design with three independent variables, including temperature (30, 50 and 70 °C), time (10, 25 and 40 min) and concentration of β-CD solution (0, 0.9 and 1.8 %). The optimum extracting temperature and time and β-CD concentration were 55.7°C, 15.38 min, 1.8% respectively. In the optimum condition, the following characteristics of extracted bioactive compounds were obtained: Non-flavonoid phenols 75.77 (mgGAE/gDW( and extraction efficiency was 42.81%. Inclusion complex formation was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and SEM. As a result of this study, aqueous β-CD and UAE as a safe method can be replaced with other extraction methods to extract compounds with high nutritional value.

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In this study, omega-3 fatty acid nanoemulsions were prepared by spontaneous emulsification using Iranian shallot essential oil. The aim of this study was to investigate the optimum conditions for the production of probiotic yogurt enriched with nanoemulsions of essential oil of omega3 fatty acids by using a D-optmal design. Nanoemulsions containing omega3 fatty acids were first produced by Iranian shallot essential oil (25% omega3, 35-day storage time, SOR (263/39) % and surfactant type of tween80), then the probiotic yogurt enrichment with the produced nanoemulsions, the effect of two independent variables of nanoemulsion concentration and storage time on physicochemical characteristics, population growth Probiotics and sensory properties of yogurt were investigated.the results showed that droplet size was highly influenced by surfactant concentration and surfactant type and increasing surfactant content, mean droplet diameter decreased significantly. In fact, increasing surfactant concentration coused to increased surfactant adsorption to W / O level and due to further reduction in surface tension and ultimately reduced the particle size, turbidity index, creaming index and increase coating efficiency, as well as the addition of nanoemulsions in probiotic yogurt on properties such as peroxide index, synersis rate, Population of probiotics and Sensory evaluation were significant, population growth of probiotic microorganisms in yogurt increased in the presence of vegetable nanoemulsions of essential oil due to nutrient availability. Finally, 15 days storage time and 1.4% nanoemulsions were determined as an optimum formulation by  numerical optimization.

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Hen aging is accompanied by a disruption of productive performance, namely, egg production. The current study was carried out to investigate how exogenous Growth Hormone (GH) and Testosterone (Ts) change diameters of hierarchal follicles, egg weight, and egg production performance of old laying hens in the late phase of production. To this end, 160 HyLine W-36 laying hens (aged 73 weeks), were injected (single injection) with GH and Ts as follows: Treatment 1: 100 µL distilled water (control group); Treatment 2: 500 µg Ts kg^-1 Body-Weight (BW)+50 µg GH kg^-1 body-weight; Treatment 3: 500 µg Ts kg^-1 BW+100 µg GH kg^-1 BW, and Treatment 4: 500 µg Ts kg^-1 BW+150 µg GH kg^-1 BW. The experiment had four replicates and 10 birds in each replicate in a completely randomized design. The diameters of Small White Follicle (SWF), Large White Follicle (LWF), the First (F₁), Second (F₂) and Third (F₃) largest yellow follicles in treatment 3 were significantly larger than in the control group, in the second week after the injection. Hen-Day Egg Production percent (HDEP), egg mass, and Feed Intake (FI) of treatment 3 were significantly higher than all other groups, during the second week after the injection; besides, HDEP and FI in treatment 4 were significantly more than in the control group. These results suggest that in old laying hen, GH and Ts may positively influence follicular diameters and egg production performance.

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Our objective in this study was to consider the effect of service numbers on the percentage of lactating cows that responded to the resynchronization and fertility during warm season. Lactating dairy cows (n= 750) in five groups of 150 with different service numbers according to the last service (AI1= First service, AI2= 2nd, AI3= 3rd, AI4= 4th, AI≥ 5) were assigned to receive Ovsynch56 starting on day 28 after fixed time AI (TAI). Ultrasonography was done during Ovsynch56 injections and also for confirmation of pregnancy in all cows at 32 and 60±4 days after fixed timed AI. Results showed proportion of cows that ovulated in response to the first GnRH injection of Ovsynch was greatest (P= 0.01) in the first service cows compared with other services. In addition, cows that ovulated in response to the first GnRH of Ovsynch had greater response to PGF2α of Ovsynch (91.8 vs. 74.2%, respectively) and finally greater conception rate (CR) at 32 d after AI (32.1 vs. 24.6%, respectively) than those that did not ovulate. Conception rate at 32 and 60 days after AI was similar up to the third service (29.1 and 21.8% at days 32 and 60, respectively), but decreased after that (19.75 and 10.4% at days 32 and 60, respectively, P= 0.02). In conclusion, results of this study showed service numbersaffected the proportion of cows that responded to resynchronization protocol. Conception rate was reasonable up to the third service, but, after the third breeding, proportion of cows that responded to resynchronization decreased and CR dropped below 20%.

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This study investigated how exogenous hormones change ovary and liver IGF-I, IGF-IR and IGFBP-II gene expression and egg production performance of 160 laying hens (HyLine W-36), at 73^rd week of age when subcutaneously injected with different doses of Growth Hormone (GH) and Testosterone (Ts) as follows: Treatment 1 (Tr 1): 100 µL distilled water (control group); Treatment 2 (Tr 2): Ts 500 µg kg^-1+GH 50 µg kg^-1 live weight; Treatment 3 (Tr 3): Ts 500 µg kg^-1+GH 100 µg kg^-1 live weight, and Treatment 4 (Tr 4): Ts 500 µg kg^-1+GH 150 µg kg^-1 live weight. The birds were randomly assigned to the four experimental groups with four replicates of 10 birds each, in a completely randomized design. Fifth-largest-yellow follicle (F₅) and liver samples were taken just 8 hours after hormone injection. Production performance was measured during fourth and fifth weeks after hormone injection. Increase in liver IGF-I mRNA in Tr4 was significantly higher than that in Tr 3 and the control group. The liver IGF-IR gene expressions in all hormone-injected hens were significantly higher than that in the control group. The liver IGFBP-II mRNAs were significantly higher in Tr 2 and 4 compared with the control group and Tr 3. The expressions of IGF-I and IGF-IR mRNAs in F₅ wall of the layers in the control group, Tr 2 and 3, and F₅ IGFBP-II mRNA in Tr 3 were significantly increased compared to the other groups. Ovulation rate in Tr 3 was significantly higher than other groups. Besides, egg mass of Tr 2 and 3 was significantly more than the control group. Feed intake of Tr 3 significantly differed from the other groups. Treatment 4 had significantly higher feed conversion ratio compared with Tr 2. In conclusion, the results show the positive effects of the exogenous Ts and GH through IGF system on reproduction performance in old laying hen.

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In this study, 19 samples of biodegradable films using modified starch (0-2 g), albumin (2-0 g), nanoparticles of magnesium oxide (0-5%), were prepared and physicochemical properties including colorimetric, transparency, mechanical, calorimetry and morphological properties were investigated. Addition of magnesium nanoparticles to modified starch-based nanocomposite films and albumin decreased the transparency and increased the opacity of the films and increased the a, b and YI index, indicating an increase in yellow color in films containing high concentrations of MgO nanoparticles and an increase in E film. The addition of MgO nanoparticles to them also improved the strength and mechanical properties of the films (tensile strength and strain to breaking point). Films containing magnesium oxide nanoparticles showed an increase in glass transition temperature, a melting temperature and a decrease in crystallization temperature; Which confirms the positive effect of MgO nanoparticles on increasing the thermal stability of nanobiocomposite films. SEM images of the produced films showed a heterogeneous level in films containing magnesium oxide nanoparticles compared to films without nanoparticles.

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Because of antioxidant, antimicrobial, and medical properties, bioactive compounds extracted from plants have grown significantly in the development and trade of functional foods containing food-medicine and dietary supplements.However, the volatility, insolubility in the aqueous matrix, and sensitivity to environmental conditions such as temperature, oxygen, and light limite the use of essential oils. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the encapsulation technique as a suitable method to protect the essential oil and increase its efficiency. The main purpose of this study was to produce alginate hydrogels containing Thymus daenensis essential oil (Td-EO) loaded with beta-cyclodextrin. The structural properties and antimicrobial features of alginate hydrogel beads incorporated with Td-EO active ingredients were evaluated. The results of hydrogel analysis showed that the particle size and particle size distribution were less than 180 nm and 0.31, respectively, and the encapsulation efficiency of Td-EO for the hydrogel beads was about 90%. A maximum swelling capacity of ~610.3 % was obtained for alginate beads. FESEM, showed that the particle sizes were in the nanometer range and the particles were homogeneous and spherical shapes. FTIR analysis indicated no significant interaction between essential oil, beta-cyclodextrin and alginate, so alginate hydrogel is a suitable material for encapsulating active compounds. Hydrogels had an inhibitory effect on the growth of two strains of bacteria, S. aureus and E. coli. The release of Td-EO from alginate beads in two short-term and long-term periods were studied. The release rate of bioactive compounds can be reduced by encapsulating in β-cyclodextrin and producing its alginate hydrogel, and thus can be used as a suitable tool to control release in food and pharmaceutical systems.

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Olive oil due to its unique properties and characteristics in terms of nutrition has a very high and well-known position in various societies, but due to the high price of this product is always threatened by all kinds of fraud. Tocopherols and tocotrienols are present in small amounts (about 0.35%) in fats and oils. In this study, the fraud of adding vegetable oils (palm, soybean and corn) to olive oil was investigated by comparing the profiles of tocopherols and tocotrienols using HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography). The mixture statistical design was used to design experiments related to the measurement of tocopherols. After dissolving in n-hexane, the counterfeit oil samples were injected into HPLC with NH₂ column chromatography and 294 and 320 nm fluorescence detectors, respectively, for stimulation and diffusion to identify and analyze tocopherols and tocotrienols. Among all tocopherols and tocotrienols, alpha-tocopherol was predominant in olive oil. Therefore, if combined with other oils, the initial composition of tocopherols changes. Among the oils added to olive oil, palm oil had a very significant effect on the peak area of the tocotrienols. Palm and corn oil had a significant effect on the beta-tocopherol peak. In the mixture of olive oil with corn and soybean oil, the amount of gamma-tocopherol increased significantly. Soybean oil had a significant effect on the peak of delta-tocopherol. Therefore, it can be concluded that delta-tocopherol is an indicator of fraud in adding soybean oil to olive oil. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the amount of tocopherols and tocotrienols and the fraudulent addition of palm, soybean and corn oils to olive oil. Therefore, the proposed method is a suitable method for identifying and determining fraudulent olive oil.

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Oleaster Powder can be used to enrich and improve the nutritional value of gluten-free baked products, which often have low fiber content, due to their desirable nutritional properties such as minerals, vitamins and rich in dietary fiber; therefore the aim of this study was to enrich gluten-free bread with Oleaster Powder and create a new product with suitable texture and nutritional quality; for this purpose in this study, the effect of replacing of Oleaster Powder at levels 0-30% with gluten-free flours (chickpea flour, Rice flour and corn starch) on physicochemical, textural and sensory properties of gluten-free bread was evaluated based on response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that by increasing the level of Oleaster Powder moisture content, ash, fiber, antioxidant capacity, lightness (L­*)  and yellowness value (b­*) of the samples significantly increased and the amount of fat, protein, carbohydrate, calories and redness (a *) of the samples decreased (P <0.05). Also the water activity was not affected by the factor (P>­0.05).With increasing the level of Oleaster Powder, the firmness and gumminess of breads increased significantly. On the other hand, at levels higher than 7.5% of Oleaster Powder, specific volume, cohesiveness and resilience of samples decreased and the loss weight of samples increased (P <0.05). In spite of increasing springiness and chewiness of samples with addition of Oleaster Powder, they were not statistically significant (P>­0.05). According to sensory evaluation, the sample containing 7.5% Oleaster Powder had a higher overall acceptance. Finally, the results showed that the sample enriched with 7.5% Oleaster Powder had desirable properties compared to other samples and can be used as a pragmatic raw material in the production of gluten-free breads with high and desirable nutritional value.