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Showing 22 results for Raii
Volume 3, Issue 2 (6-2014)
Abstract
Among the recently collected chalcidoid wasps in a rice field of eastern Guilan province (coast of Caspian Sea), in July 2012, there was a specimen of Pteromalidae belonging to the genus Callitula. It was identified as Callitula ferrierei (Bouček, 1964). Both genus and species are new record for Iranian fauna. Morphological characters and geographical distribution of the newly recorded species are given.
Volume 4, Issue 2 (spring 2022 2022)
Abstract
Although European integration was aimed at expanding regional co-operation and greater integration between member states, but the Corona Virus has threatened its main objectives. The purpose of this inquiry is to analyze the potential consequences of the spread of the Corona Virus on European co-operation and European strategic co-operation to manage this crisis. The present study was based on the hypothesis that weaknesses and failure of the EU members in the face of Corona Virus has intensified unilateralism among members of the European Union. The author using descriptive- analytic method looks consequences of Corona Virus in European countries. The research findings indicated that the Corona Virus triggered cracking of the gap between the states of the north and south and the emergence of populist movements. Also, hopelessness and mistrust, unemployment and poverty have been increased among EU members. In response to the crisis, the European Union has begun to strengthen its governance by looking at the previous experience and with investments in the health sector as a way to enhance the swing, flexibility and stability of the member countries economy.
Volume 4, Issue 4 (Fall 2019)
Abstract
Aim: Musculoskeletal pain refers to pain in the muscles, bones, ligaments, tendons, and nerves. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between factors affecting musculoskeletal pain and demographic variables of nursing and midwifery students. studying
in Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS)
Method and Instrument: The method of this cross-sectional study was descriptive– correlational through which 120 nursing and midwifery students of Tehran University of medical sciences aged between 18-22 years were studied. The sample was selected by simple random sampling and standard Nordic pain questionnaire was used to measure the prevalence of pain. To test the hypotheses, in addition to descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation, chi-square test was used. Data were analyzed by SPSS-25 software. Findings: Totally, 120 nursing and midwifery students including 55.8% of nursing students (N=67) and 44.2% midwifery students (N=53) were studied. The results showed that nursing students more than midwifery students were suffering from at least one more musculoskeletal pain. This study showed that there is statistically significant difference
between nursing and midwifery students in terms of foot pain (P <0.01) that means the rate of foot pain in nursing students was higher than midwifery students.
Conclusion: Findings from this study showed that there was a relationship between demographic variables, field of study and musculoskeletal pain. Therefore, nursing students might suffer from more musculoskeletal pain.
in Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS)
Method and Instrument: The method of this cross-sectional study was descriptive– correlational through which 120 nursing and midwifery students of Tehran University of medical sciences aged between 18-22 years were studied. The sample was selected by simple random sampling and standard Nordic pain questionnaire was used to measure the prevalence of pain. To test the hypotheses, in addition to descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation, chi-square test was used. Data were analyzed by SPSS-25 software. Findings: Totally, 120 nursing and midwifery students including 55.8% of nursing students (N=67) and 44.2% midwifery students (N=53) were studied. The results showed that nursing students more than midwifery students were suffering from at least one more musculoskeletal pain. This study showed that there is statistically significant difference
between nursing and midwifery students in terms of foot pain (P <0.01) that means the rate of foot pain in nursing students was higher than midwifery students.
Conclusion: Findings from this study showed that there was a relationship between demographic variables, field of study and musculoskeletal pain. Therefore, nursing students might suffer from more musculoskeletal pain.
Volume 5, Issue 2 (Spring 2020)
Abstract
Aims: Quality of Life (QOL)is a basic and pervasive term for the quality of the various domains in human life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of skeletal-muscular pains on the quality of life in nursing and midwifery students.
Method and Instruments: This cross-sectional study was done in 120 nursing and midwifery students of Tehran University of Medical sciences (TUMS) aged between 18-22 years old. The students were selected by simple random sampling. They standard Nordic pain questionnaire and WHO-quality of life scales were applied to collect data. Mean / standard Deviation (SD) and T test were used to analyze data through SPSS-25 software.
Findings: The findings of tis study showed that midwifery students were better than nursing students in social health and environmental health, but in other quality of life dimensions, both students were almost similar (P>0.05). Moreover, the rate of musculoskeletal pain in nursing and midwifery students was almost the same. There was no significant difference between students` quality of life dimensions based on having or not having musculoskeletal pain (P>0.05).
Conclusion: To conclude, it seems that Skeletal-muscular pains do not have a significant effect on students’ quality of life due to their youth.
Method and Instruments: This cross-sectional study was done in 120 nursing and midwifery students of Tehran University of Medical sciences (TUMS) aged between 18-22 years old. The students were selected by simple random sampling. They standard Nordic pain questionnaire and WHO-quality of life scales were applied to collect data. Mean / standard Deviation (SD) and T test were used to analyze data through SPSS-25 software.
Findings: The findings of tis study showed that midwifery students were better than nursing students in social health and environmental health, but in other quality of life dimensions, both students were almost similar (P>0.05). Moreover, the rate of musculoskeletal pain in nursing and midwifery students was almost the same. There was no significant difference between students` quality of life dimensions based on having or not having musculoskeletal pain (P>0.05).
Conclusion: To conclude, it seems that Skeletal-muscular pains do not have a significant effect on students’ quality of life due to their youth.
Volume 5, Issue 2 (Spring 2020)
Abstract
Aim: Pain in addicts is a physiological and psychological variable that can affect Quality of Life (QOL). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between pain perception and (QOL) in addicts.
Method and Instrument: This study has a descriptive – correlational method. In this cross-sectional study 100 addicts who were referred to addiction treatment centers and aged between 20 and 55 years old were studied. The sample was selected by purposive sampling method. They completed the WHO-QOL scale and McGill pain questionnaire. To test the hypotheses, Pearson correlation & multiple regression tests were used. Data were analyzed by SPSS-22.
Findings: The results of this study showed that there is a significant relationship between pain and QOL in addicts. According to the results of this study, 18.1% of the variance in QOL variables were explained by pain.
Conclusion: To conclude, it seems that addicts who percept more severe pain percept lower QOL. Therefore, it is possible to predict the QOL of addicts through their pain severity perception.
Method and Instrument: This study has a descriptive – correlational method. In this cross-sectional study 100 addicts who were referred to addiction treatment centers and aged between 20 and 55 years old were studied. The sample was selected by purposive sampling method. They completed the WHO-QOL scale and McGill pain questionnaire. To test the hypotheses, Pearson correlation & multiple regression tests were used. Data were analyzed by SPSS-22.
Findings: The results of this study showed that there is a significant relationship between pain and QOL in addicts. According to the results of this study, 18.1% of the variance in QOL variables were explained by pain.
Conclusion: To conclude, it seems that addicts who percept more severe pain percept lower QOL. Therefore, it is possible to predict the QOL of addicts through their pain severity perception.
Volume 5, Issue 3 (summer 2020)
Abstract
Aim: Chronic pain may be related to a set of biological-psychological-social factors.The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships betweendepression, pain self-efficacy ,physical disability andchronic pain.
Method and Instruments: This study hada descriptive – correlational method. In this study 100 patient with chronic pain who were referred to pain clinics in Tehran (2018) were studied.The sample was selected by purposive sampling method. The participants completed the physical disability questionnaire, pain self-efficacy questionnaire, Beck depression inventory and pain history questionnaire. To test the hypotheses,Pearson correlation and multiple regression tests were used. Data were analyzed by SPSS-25.
Findings: Depression, pain self-efficacy and physical disability inpatient with chronic pain were assessed. According to the results of this study, 9.6% of the variance in chronic pain in patient with chronic painwere explained by depression, pain self-efficacy and physical disability.
Conclusion:To conclude, it seems that chronic pain is affected by some psychological and physiological factors as depression and self-efficacy and physical disabilities.
Method and Instruments: This study hada descriptive – correlational method. In this study 100 patient with chronic pain who were referred to pain clinics in Tehran (2018) were studied.The sample was selected by purposive sampling method. The participants completed the physical disability questionnaire, pain self-efficacy questionnaire, Beck depression inventory and pain history questionnaire. To test the hypotheses,Pearson correlation and multiple regression tests were used. Data were analyzed by SPSS-25.
Findings: Depression, pain self-efficacy and physical disability inpatient with chronic pain were assessed. According to the results of this study, 9.6% of the variance in chronic pain in patient with chronic painwere explained by depression, pain self-efficacy and physical disability.
Conclusion:To conclude, it seems that chronic pain is affected by some psychological and physiological factors as depression and self-efficacy and physical disabilities.
Volume 6, Issue 2 (9-2016)
Abstract
Public policy making process simply includes three main phase: Formulation, implementation and evaluation. Since 1970, the implementation processes have been a center to the research and theory building. The literature review reveals that there exist some barriers and issues in the process of implementation, which this study intends to elaborate on. This study in terms of goal is practical and in terms of data type is descriptive and survey based. To investigate the barriers and issues, the literature was reviewed and the main criteria were identified. Considering availability of the data, the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor and Social Welfare was chosen for case analysis. The field study was performed and based on collected data, the questionnaire was designed and distributed within 306 respondents. The results indicate that the conceptual framework of the research conforms to the collected field data. The issues associated with could state as policy makers, implementation executives, the content of the policies, the executives or all the actions, pressure groups and the context is related to policy implementation. In other words, all the hypotheses are confirmed.
Volume 6, Issue 2 (Spring 2021)
Abstract
Aim: Pain is an abstract concept that can be understood by others through conceptual metaphors. The purpose of this study was cognitive analysis of pain metaphors in Iranian patients.
Method and Materials: This qualitative study has been done among 30 patients with musculoskeletal pain through cognitive analysis. The participants were asked to compare their pain to anything that comes to their minds. In next stage, frequent categories of pain source domains were extracted from 300 statements manually.
Findings: The results of this study showed that there were 9 important pain source domains as object, causation, path and direction, human, place, taste, container, force and circle.
Conclusion: To conclude, it seems that pain as like abstract concepts can be understood as object, causation, path and direction, human, place, taste, container, force and circle among Persian patients.
Method and Materials: This qualitative study has been done among 30 patients with musculoskeletal pain through cognitive analysis. The participants were asked to compare their pain to anything that comes to their minds. In next stage, frequent categories of pain source domains were extracted from 300 statements manually.
Findings: The results of this study showed that there were 9 important pain source domains as object, causation, path and direction, human, place, taste, container, force and circle.
Conclusion: To conclude, it seems that pain as like abstract concepts can be understood as object, causation, path and direction, human, place, taste, container, force and circle among Persian patients.
Volume 7, Issue 2 (Spring 2022)
Abstract
Aims: The purpose of this study is to investigate the prediction of pain anxiety symptoms based on pain perception with the mediating role of mental pain in in patients suffering from musculoskeletal disorders.
Method and Materials: This research is a cross-sectional study in which descriptive– correlational method was applied. The study population was all musculoskeletal patients in Tehran, Iran in 2021. In present study, 300 musculoskeletal patients were selected via candidate sampling method. They completed the Orbach & Mikulincer Mental Pain Scale (2018), Melzack McGill Pain Questionnaire (1975) and Paknejad et al. Pain Anxiety Symptoms (2014). Pearson correlation & bootstrap test were used to analyze data through SPSS-22.
Findings: There was significant negative relationship between pain perception and mental pain and conversely and significant direct positive relationship between pain perception and pain anxiety symptoms (P0.01>). Moreover, itwas shown the mediating role of mental pain in the relationship between pain perception and pain anxiety symptoms in patients with musculoskeletal pain.
Conclusion: To conclude, based on the results, it could be argued that pain is affected by mental components and if the psychological reasons are relieved, the pain will be perceived
less severe.
Method and Materials: This research is a cross-sectional study in which descriptive– correlational method was applied. The study population was all musculoskeletal patients in Tehran, Iran in 2021. In present study, 300 musculoskeletal patients were selected via candidate sampling method. They completed the Orbach & Mikulincer Mental Pain Scale (2018), Melzack McGill Pain Questionnaire (1975) and Paknejad et al. Pain Anxiety Symptoms (2014). Pearson correlation & bootstrap test were used to analyze data through SPSS-22.
Findings: There was significant negative relationship between pain perception and mental pain and conversely and significant direct positive relationship between pain perception and pain anxiety symptoms (P0.01>). Moreover, itwas shown the mediating role of mental pain in the relationship between pain perception and pain anxiety symptoms in patients with musculoskeletal pain.
Conclusion: To conclude, based on the results, it could be argued that pain is affected by mental components and if the psychological reasons are relieved, the pain will be perceived
less severe.
Volume 7, Issue 3 (12-2017)
Abstract
Cities play a strategic role in contemporary political-economic space. Despite of global process-based distribution of political and theoretical status of neo-liberalism, it’s geographical and spatial space transformations have never been experienced at determined methods. This paper indicates the question of neoliberal city form. Question in which relies on “actually existing neo-liberalism” as a key character of “neo-liberal restructuring project”. It refers to ways in which different local contexts are embedded within wider dominant global structural grid of neo-liberal discursive command centers. It implies another key attribute, the “path dependent neo-liberalism”, the neo-liberal project defined on contextually embedded bases, elaborately rearranges, replaces and redefines the structures of existing institutional layout and subsequently transforms the shape of the city in two critical moment of neoliberal restructuring project: the “moment of destruction” and the “moment of creation”. Three different layers of neo-liberal process in cities has distinguished by synthesizing two theoretically different but dialectically intertwined methodological foundations: functional layer, structural layer, “common sense revolution” layer. This synthesized theoretical frame work has conceptualized the contemporary neo-liberal city form transformation by emphasizing on distinction between two different mechanisms of neo-liberal project, the glocalization and urbanization stages. In the last part, explanation of an analytic model of neo-liberal city transformation has been emerged from discussed issues. The columns of this table-formatted model, consists of the layers of neo-liberal process and the rows Includes integrated dimensions of city form. This model provides primitive analytic criteria for understanding the overall layers of neo-liberalization process in specific urban contexts. Cities play a strategic role in contemporary political-economic space. Despite of global process-based distribution of political and theoretical status of neo-liberalism, it’s geographical and spatial space transformations have never been experienced at determined methods. This paper indicates the question of neoliberal city form. Question in which relies on “actually existing neo-liberalism” as a key character of “neo-liberal restructuring project”. It refers to ways in which different local contexts are embedded within wider dominant global structural grid of neo-liberal discursive command centers. It implies another key attribute, the “path dependent neo-liberalism”, the neo-liberal project defined on contextually embedded bases, elaborately rearranges, replaces and redefines the structures of existing institutional layout and subsequently transforms the shape of the city in two critical moment of neoliberal restructuring project: the “moment of destruction” and the “moment of creation”. Three different layers of neo-liberal process in cities has distinguished by synthesizing two theoretically different but dialectically intertwined methodological foundations: functional layer, structural layer, “common sense revolution” layer. This synthesized theoretical frame work has conceptualized the contemporary neo-liberal city form transformation by emphasizing on distinction between two different mechanisms of neo-liberal project, the glocalization and urbanization stages. In the last part, explanation of an analytic model of neo-liberal city transformation has been emerged from discussed issues. The columns of this table-formatted model, consists of the layers of neo-liberal process and the rows Includes integrated dimensions of city form. This model provides primitive analytic criteria for understanding the overall layers of neo-liberalization process in specific urban contexts. Cities play a strategic role in contemporary political-economic space. Despite of global process-based distribution of political and theoretical status of neo-liberalism, it’s geographical and spatial space transformations have never been experienced at determined methods. This paper indicates the question of neoliberal city form. Question in which relies on “actually existing neo-liberalism” as a key character of “neo-liberal restructuring project”. It refers to ways in which different local contexts are embedded within wider dominant global structural grid of neo-liberal discursive command centers. It implies another key attribute, the “path dependent neo-liberalism”, the neo-liberal project defined on contextually embedded bases, elaborately rearranges, replaces and redefines the structures of existing institutional layout and subsequently transforms the shape of the city in two critical moment of neoliberal restructuring project: the “moment of destruction” and the “moment of creation”. Three different layers of neo-liberal process in cities has distinguished by synthesizing two theoretically different but dialectically intertwined methodological foundations: functional layer, structural layer, “common sense revolution” layer. This synthesized theoretical frame work has conceptualized the contemporary neo-liberal city form transformation by emphasizing on distinction between two different mechanisms of neo-liberal project, the glocalization and urbanization stages. In the last part, explanation of an analytic model of neo-liberal city transformation has been emerged from discussed issues. The columns of this table-formatted model, consists of the layers of neo-liberal process and the rows Includes integrated dimensions of city form. This model provides primitive analytic criteria for understanding the overall layers of neo-liberalization process in specific urban contexts. Cities play a strategic role in contemporary political-economic space. Despite of global process-based distribution of political and theoretical status of neo-liberalism, it’s geographical and spatial space transformations have never been experienced at determined methods. This paper indicates the question of neoliberal city form. Question in which relies on “actually existing neo-liberalism” as a key character of “neo-liberal restructuring project”. It refers to ways in which different local contexts are embedded within wider dominant global structural grid of neo-liberal discursive command centers. It implies another key attribute, the “path dependent neo-liberalism”, the neo-liberal project defined on contextually embedded bases, elaborately rearranges, replaces and redefines the structures of existing institutional layout and subsequently transforms the shape of the city in two critical moment of neoliberal restructuring project: the “moment of destruction” and the “moment of creation”. Three different layers of neo-liberal process in cities has distinguished by synthesizing two theoretically different but dialectically intertwined methodological foundations: functional layer, structural layer, “common sense revolution” layer. This synthesized theoretical frame work has conceptualized the contemporary neo-liberal city form transformation by emphasizing on distinction between two different mechanisms of neo-liberal project, the glocalization and urbanization stages. In the last part, explanation of an analytic model of neo-liberal city transformation has been emerged from discussed issues. The columns of this table-formatted model, consists of the layers of neo-liberal process and the rows Includes integrated dimensions of city form. This model provides primitive analytic criteria for understanding the overall layers of neo-liberalization process in specific urban contexts.
Volume 7, Issue 3 (Summer 2022)
Abstract
Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the lived experience of pain metaphors in cancer patients.
Method and Materials: The method of this study was qualitative with hermeneutic phenomenological approach. The study population included all cancer patients in Tehran in 2021-2022 who experienced pain from cancer and its treatment. According to the theoretical saturation rule, 20 cancer patients in stages 2 and 3 of the cancer were selected by purposive method and interviewed in-depth and semi-structured manner. The interview lasted from 40 to 90 minutes. The time and place of the interviews were determined by the participants. Questions with a general question as to what you analogized your experience with cancer and its treatments. After each interview and recording it, the content of the interview was written in fully. The extracted data were analyzed using the method of hermeneutic analysis of Diekelmann et al. (1989).
Findings: According to interpretive hermeneutic analysis; lived experiences of pain in cancer patients are 4 main themes including; the metaphor of lived war, the metaphor of lived scheduled pain cage, the metaphor of living in dark future with pain and the metaphor of lived with overload pain.
Conclusion: To conclude, metaphors have important role in pain expressions. Researchers suggest cognitive therapies to change metaphors of pain.
Method and Materials: The method of this study was qualitative with hermeneutic phenomenological approach. The study population included all cancer patients in Tehran in 2021-2022 who experienced pain from cancer and its treatment. According to the theoretical saturation rule, 20 cancer patients in stages 2 and 3 of the cancer were selected by purposive method and interviewed in-depth and semi-structured manner. The interview lasted from 40 to 90 minutes. The time and place of the interviews were determined by the participants. Questions with a general question as to what you analogized your experience with cancer and its treatments. After each interview and recording it, the content of the interview was written in fully. The extracted data were analyzed using the method of hermeneutic analysis of Diekelmann et al. (1989).
Findings: According to interpretive hermeneutic analysis; lived experiences of pain in cancer patients are 4 main themes including; the metaphor of lived war, the metaphor of lived scheduled pain cage, the metaphor of living in dark future with pain and the metaphor of lived with overload pain.
Conclusion: To conclude, metaphors have important role in pain expressions. Researchers suggest cognitive therapies to change metaphors of pain.
Volume 7, Issue 3 (Summer 2022)
Abstract
Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prediction of pain catastrophizing based on pain anxiety symptoms and cognitive flexibility in cancer patients
Method and Materials: In this cross-sectional study all cancer patients in Tehran in 2021-22 were the target population. Among this population 250 cancer patients were selected via candidate and at reach sampling method. Then the selected patients completed the Paknejadet al.`s Pain Anxiety Symptoms (2014), Sullivan et al. `s Pain Catastrophizing Pain (1995),and Dennis et al.`s (2010) Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire. For data analysis, Pearson correlation and step by step regression analysis were used. Data were analyzed by SPSS-24.
Findings: There was a relationship between cognitive flexibility and pain anxiety symptoms with pain catastrophizing (P0.01>). The relationship between pain catastrophizing with pain anxiety symptoms was positive. However, there was a negative relationship between pain catastrophizing and cognitive flexibility. Moreover, catastrophizing pain could be predicted based on anxiety symptoms and cognitive flexibility.
Conclusion: To conclude, it seems in cancer patients some cognitive factors have important roles in pain catastrophizing as pain anxiety symptoms and cognitive flexibility.
Method and Materials: In this cross-sectional study all cancer patients in Tehran in 2021-22 were the target population. Among this population 250 cancer patients were selected via candidate and at reach sampling method. Then the selected patients completed the Paknejadet al.`s Pain Anxiety Symptoms (2014), Sullivan et al. `s Pain Catastrophizing Pain (1995),and Dennis et al.`s (2010) Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire. For data analysis, Pearson correlation and step by step regression analysis were used. Data were analyzed by SPSS-24.
Findings: There was a relationship between cognitive flexibility and pain anxiety symptoms with pain catastrophizing (P0.01>). The relationship between pain catastrophizing with pain anxiety symptoms was positive. However, there was a negative relationship between pain catastrophizing and cognitive flexibility. Moreover, catastrophizing pain could be predicted based on anxiety symptoms and cognitive flexibility.
Conclusion: To conclude, it seems in cancer patients some cognitive factors have important roles in pain catastrophizing as pain anxiety symptoms and cognitive flexibility.
Volume 8, Issue 2 (Spring 2023)
Abstract
Two articles published in this journal with the titles of "Conceptual Metaphors of Pain in Persian: A Cognitive Analysis. IJMPP 2021, 6(2):496-501.[1]" and "Understanding Cancer Patients' Lived Experience of Pain through Metaphors: A Qualitative Study. IJMPP 2022;7(3):759-764. [2]". In the first article; the author demonstrated the pain metaphors Persian speakers use for their sorts of pain and its mappings. But in the second-one , the author indicated that dedicated pain mapping that cancer patients are involved with them cognitively and live with them. According to this, they investigated pain metaphors that play an important role between physician and patient. Although these types of metaphors guide diagnosis and treatment, but. in some cases, incorrect pain metaphors distort the diagnosis and the treatment will not be effective. Therefore, more research and investigation are needed in this new interdisciplinary field of study.
Volume 8, Issue 2 (Spring 2023)
Abstract
Aims: This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on pain catastrophizing and resilience in Muscular - Skeletal (MS) patients.
Method and Materials: The method of the study was semi-experimental in nature with a pre-test-post-test design with control group. The studied population was all people with musculoskeletal pain in the first six months of 2022 in Tehran, Iran. According to this, 40 patients with skeletal-muscular pain were selected voluntarily and randomly placed in intervention and control groups (each group n=20). The Questionnaires included Sullivan et al.`s Pain Catastrophizing Pain (1995) and Connor and Davidson `s resilience (2003). The experimental group received eight 90-minute sessions of compassion-focused therapy, but the control group placed at waiting list. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance by SPSS-26.
Findings: The results indicated that the group of compassion-focused therapy significantly decreased components of pain catastrophizing (rumination, magnification, and helplessness) and increased resilience in women with MS (P<0.001).
Conclusion: The findings of this research emphasized the effectiveness of compassion- focused therapy on pain catastrophizing components and resilience in skeletal-muscular patients. Since who experienced many problems with skeletal-muscular pain, it is necessary to measure the improvement of mental and physical health.
Method and Materials: The method of the study was semi-experimental in nature with a pre-test-post-test design with control group. The studied population was all people with musculoskeletal pain in the first six months of 2022 in Tehran, Iran. According to this, 40 patients with skeletal-muscular pain were selected voluntarily and randomly placed in intervention and control groups (each group n=20). The Questionnaires included Sullivan et al.`s Pain Catastrophizing Pain (1995) and Connor and Davidson `s resilience (2003). The experimental group received eight 90-minute sessions of compassion-focused therapy, but the control group placed at waiting list. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance by SPSS-26.
Findings: The results indicated that the group of compassion-focused therapy significantly decreased components of pain catastrophizing (rumination, magnification, and helplessness) and increased resilience in women with MS (P<0.001).
Conclusion: The findings of this research emphasized the effectiveness of compassion- focused therapy on pain catastrophizing components and resilience in skeletal-muscular patients. Since who experienced many problems with skeletal-muscular pain, it is necessary to measure the improvement of mental and physical health.
Volume 8, Issue 3 (Summer 2020)
Abstract
Aims: Quality of life is a variable that can be related to a variety of psychological variables. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between the family communication model and spiritual intelligence and quality of life among addicts, as well as predict their quality of life based on family communication model and spiritual intelligence.
Instruments & Methods: This study is correlational. The study population consisted of all addicts of Tehran. The sample size was 150 addicts who were studying in 2019. They were selected by a purposive sampling method. Data were collected by King's Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire (2008), World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale (WHO) and family communication patterns questionnaire (Fitzpatri & Ritchi, 1994). For data analysis, correlation and regression have been used. Data were analyzed using software SPSS 22.
Findings: The findings indicated that there is a significant relationship between family variables or family patterns, spiritual intelligence, and their components with quality of life and its components. 16.8% of the variance in quality of life variables is explained by two variables of family communication patterns and spiritual intelligence.
Conclusion: It is possible to predict the quality of life of students through two variables of family communication patterns and spiritual intelligence. Many of the psychological, environmental, and family factors are related to the quality of life of students and one of the most important ones, as the results of this study suggest, is family communication patterns and spiritual intelligence.
Instruments & Methods: This study is correlational. The study population consisted of all addicts of Tehran. The sample size was 150 addicts who were studying in 2019. They were selected by a purposive sampling method. Data were collected by King's Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire (2008), World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale (WHO) and family communication patterns questionnaire (Fitzpatri & Ritchi, 1994). For data analysis, correlation and regression have been used. Data were analyzed using software SPSS 22.
Findings: The findings indicated that there is a significant relationship between family variables or family patterns, spiritual intelligence, and their components with quality of life and its components. 16.8% of the variance in quality of life variables is explained by two variables of family communication patterns and spiritual intelligence.
Conclusion: It is possible to predict the quality of life of students through two variables of family communication patterns and spiritual intelligence. Many of the psychological, environmental, and family factors are related to the quality of life of students and one of the most important ones, as the results of this study suggest, is family communication patterns and spiritual intelligence.
Volume 9, Issue 1 (Winter 2021)
Abstract
Aims: Cardiac scan is one of the most accurate cardiovascular tests performed to diagnose coronary artery disease. This study aimed to investigate reducing the anxiety of cardiovascular patients as a result of written-visual training.
Materials & Methods: The method of this study was quasi-experimental and was performed on 100 cardiovascular patients (50 in the control group and 50 in audio-visual training) referred to the nuclear medicine department of Shahid Rajaei Cardiovascular Hospital in Tehran. Before and after training, participants completed the standard Spielberger Anxiety Inventory (1970). To test the hypotheses, one-way covariance was used. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22.
Findings: The study indicated that the mean of anxiety decreased in the experimental group, but the differences between the experimental and control groups were not significant (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Training patients before performing a myocardial perfusion scan has a significant effect on reducing patients' anxiety and leads to better results and less time wasted.
Materials & Methods: The method of this study was quasi-experimental and was performed on 100 cardiovascular patients (50 in the control group and 50 in audio-visual training) referred to the nuclear medicine department of Shahid Rajaei Cardiovascular Hospital in Tehran. Before and after training, participants completed the standard Spielberger Anxiety Inventory (1970). To test the hypotheses, one-way covariance was used. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22.
Findings: The study indicated that the mean of anxiety decreased in the experimental group, but the differences between the experimental and control groups were not significant (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Training patients before performing a myocardial perfusion scan has a significant effect on reducing patients' anxiety and leads to better results and less time wasted.
Volume 10, Issue 2 (Spring 2022)
Abstract
Aims: The purpose of this study was the cognitive analysis of quality of life conceptual metaphors from the perspective of health promotion students of Tehran University.
Participant & Methods: This qualitative study was conducted on 35 health promotion students of Tehran Medical University through cognitive analysis in 2021. They were selected by the purposive sampling method. Participants were asked to compare the dimensions of quality of life (WHO-36) to what they perceived. Their conversation was recorded and collected by WhatsApp voice recording. The population of 946 metaphorical phrases was obtained. According to the theoretical saturation rule, 300 phrases were selected purposively. Phrases and sentences in which the quality of life was metaphorically expressed were manually separated and categorized.
Findings: The results showed that there were 8 salient source domains for quality of life. They respectively included object, place or location, path, direction, product, strength and power, human, and money. There were different metaphorical mappings for each source domain. Moving and edible objects were the most mapping for “quality of life is the object”.
Conclusion: It seems that quality of life can be understood and conceptualized as material things according to the embodiment rule. This fact has cultural roots as well. Paying attention to the leads to quality of life promotion.
Volume 12, Issue 1 (Winter 2024)
Abstract
Aims: Many concepts and messages related to health literacy are metaphorical. Conceptual metaphor perception in the field of health literacy can challenge people's minds more cognitively. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the metaphors of health literacy.
Information & Methods: This paper, using a thematic analysis method, reviewed all review articles in the field of health literacy from different perspectives published between 2017 and 2022 in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, ISI, and Persian databases, such as Magiran and SID. Due to the large amount of data and the reduction of qualitative data to the main and fundamental themes, Sterling's method was used. According to the theoretical saturation, ten review articles were purposefully selected. The inclusion criteria were review articles with available full text and peer review, written in English or Farsi.
Findings: Conceptual metaphors were used in four prominent categories as health literacy source domains, including health literacy knowledge, health literacy services, health literacy strategies, and health literacy intervention. The most common source domains in all categories of health literacy were objected as "Health literacy is an object that needs to be worked on more", and force as "Health literacy is a strong determinant of preventive behaviors".
Conclusion: Conceptual metaphors help to understand health and people's perceptions of health messages.
Volume 13, Issue 1 (Winter 2025)
Abstract
Aims: Measuring health literacy through metaphors can enhance the understanding of metaphorical concepts in the health field. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to design, construct, and evaluate the psychometric characteristics of a metaphorical health literacy questionnaire.
Instrument & Methods: This descriptive research used survey and psychometric studies. Based on the four areas of knowledge, services, strategies, and interventions derived from the content analysis of the Metaphorical Health Literacy Questionnaire, 15 Likert items were designed for the most common source domains of object, force, and product. The content validity of the questionnaire was assessed by three cognitive linguists, two health psychologists, two health experts, two physicians, and one psychometric expert. Finally, the questionnaire was completed voluntarily by 150 Persian-speaking university students in Tehran in 2024. The data were analyzed using SPSS 26, and AMOS 14 software was employed for modeling.
Findings: Exploratory factor analysis indicated that four factors (object, force, product, and human) explained 38.21% of the total variance of the questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach’s alpha method, with a value of 0.79, indicating high reliability. Furthermore, confirmatory factor analysis was performed to assess the factorial validity of the questionnaire, which demonstrated an appropriate fit of the model to determine the factors.
Conclusion: The Metaphorical Health Literacy Questionnaire for Persian speakers is both valid and reliable.