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Among the lexical units of a language, all of which can be subjected to semantic expansion according to selection and combination, verbs are quite susceptible to radial and semantic expansion due to their nature. This article tries to use the cognitive approach to investigate the semantic expansion of the simple triad form of the event "Zarb" in the Arabic language. And in a descriptive-analytical way, while enumerating the marginal expansions of this verb, explain how they are produced and also the semantic sharing relationship between the derivatives of the same root. About 80 usages were extracted from the most advanced to the latest Arabic dictionaries for the event "Zarb", which, excluding similar usages, resulted in 32 radial meanings for this event. The result showed that the existence of a semantic relationship between the derivatives of a word can be confirmed in the light of the derivational property of the Arabic language. Therefore, from the most unmarked meaning of "stroke" to its metaphorical expansions, each of them conveys the concept of "pressure and force" in a way. Therefore, the claim that the meaning of "beating" is late in this event is questionable. Also, most of the marginal expansions of the verb "to multiply" are the product of the change in the most frequently used elements accompanying this event, i.e. space scenes. In addition, in the virtual expansion of the event "hit", the necessary-necessary interest and the cause-cause have more frequency in producing the radial meanings of this event.
 

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Twenty five individuals of Javelin grunter, Pomadasys kaakan, collected from Abadan (29° N and 48° E) and Bandar Abbas (27° N and 56° E) stations along the Persian Gulf, was analyzed for relationship between two populations of this species, using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP). A total of 410 putative loci were detected by six primer combinations, 88 of which were polymorphic (21.46%). The proportion of polymorphic loci in the Abadan and Bandar Abbas stations was calculated 88.64 and 68.18%, respectively. Average of heterozygosity in the Abadan (0.330) was higher than Bandar Abbas (0.222), which may be correlated with the environmental and ecological conditions of these stations. Nei’s genetic distance for the two populations was estimated 0.112. The phylogenetic tree revealed a clear distinction line between the two populations, supporting that dispersal of eggs and larvae in the Persian Gulf is spatially restricted. Pattern of isolation by distance was observed in this species, indicating that the gene pool of P. kaakan in the Persian Gulf was not homogeneous. The results also showed that AFLP is a potent technique for genetic fingerprinting and species identification.

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Introduction: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the major cause of acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. Because of increasing number of infected patients throughout the world, various studies are concentrated on development of high quality diagnostic tests and genotyping in various regions of the world. Methods: In this study, we used RT-PCR to isolate and amplify the core gene sequence of the hepatitis C virus that is very conserved among various genotypes, from an isolate derived from an Iranian patient with chronic hepatitis. Then it was cloned in pUC18 vector and sequenced with universal primers. In order to produce recombinant core protein, the core gene was cloned in PET28A expression vector and the recombinant plasmid was transformed into BL21 (DE3) bacteria. Results and Discussion: The results of sequencing showed that the core gene of the hepatitis C virus from an isolate derived from an Iranian patient with chronic hepatitis has a higher similarity with 1a (96%) and 1b (95%) strains of the virus. This result is similar to those obtained by previous studies. The presence of a 23.5 KD band in SDS-PAGE and Western blot using monoclonal antibody, proved the expression of Core protein in PET28A vector. Mass production of this protein could lead to its use in detection of anti-HCV antibodies in infected patients by immunoassays.

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1- Introduction
Prepositions are amongst the multi-meaning and very flexible words in the language of the Quran with extensive concepts. It is clear that God has bestowed on this attribute to convey his purpose. The application of the prototype theory to the analysis of the focal meaning and the radial meanings of these letters can certainly provide a coherent semantic network for each of them. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to explain the focal meaning of the word "on" as one of the most widely used letters in the Quran with a cognitive approach. This will be achieved after identifying the trajectory and the Landmark which proves the existence of a coherent network of concepts that are linked to the prototype.
2. Questions and hypotheses
The most important questions and hypotheses of this research are:
1. What is the focal meaning and radial meanings of On in Quranic discourse?
2. How the relationship between the focal meaning and the radial meanings of “On” in the form of a meaningful network can be explained?
3. How the contrast between traditional and cognitive look at the Prepositions of the story is explained?
The hypotheses are as follows:
- The focal meaning of “On”, as in traditional sources, is "superiority".
- The focal meaning of "superiority" is the core of the semantic network of the word "On". Other distinct meanings of "On" are connected to the central core with the help of two "compromise and contradictory" clusters.
- The semantic network model in the cognitive perspective has confirmed the multidimensional problem of letters in classical sources, but the example template points out that the radial meanings of a letter must be coherent with a focal meaning. According to this model, existence of a letter instead of another letter is rejected because of its lack of semantic communication.
3. Research Innovation
What distinguishes this study from the views of traditional trainers is that modern linguistics for each of the superscripts considers a central or focal meaning that is called the supreme example, and another meaning that is related to this sense, is in fact its expanded or metaphorical meaning. They create a coherent semantic network for each of these letters. However, in the traditional perspective, there is no coherence between the meanings for a term with its initial meaning.
4- Method
Based on the belief that the prepositions are a rich source in the methodological understanding and interpretation of the Quran, the present study seeks to rely on a descriptive-analytical method regarding the multidimensional theory of these letters by considering the basic elements of this approach such image schema, prototype pattern, trajectory and landmark .The semantic network provides a coherent semantic meaning for this letter in the Quranic verses.
5- Results and Discussion
The Quranic data review points out that the focal meaning of the Jar letter 'On', is 'superiority'. This meaning is the central core of a coherent semantic network, consisting of twelve radial meanings in two semantic clusters (compromise and contradictory) based on the first meaning. It should be noted that, using the cognitive model of the prototype, replacement of On into the Prepositions "men", "fi", "baa" and "laam" in the Quranic discourse was distorted.
 

 

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It is possible to increase the efficacy of herbicides by adding vegetable oils to the spray tank. In order to evaluate and study this fact a greenhouse study was conducted. Three vegetable oils (coconut, sesame and almond oils at 0.3% (volume/volume)) were applied to compare their influence on enhancing the efficacy of pinoxaden and haloxyfop-R-methyl in 2012. The experimental design was completely randomized design with six replications in a factorial arrangement for each herbicide. The treatments were two herbicides, three adjuvants + untreated or control. The two herbicides were pinoxaden and haloxyfop-R-methyl that were divided into six doses (0, 6, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 percent of recommended doses) and applied with and without vegetable oils to control littleseed canary grass. Moreover, dose–response experiment was carried out for any applied herbicides. The results of experiment revealed that by adding all vegetable oils haloxyfop-R-methyl ester weed suppressing influence was increased more when it is compared to pinoxaden that was attributed to a positive relationship between oil receptivity and the high octanol–water partition coefficient of haloxyfop-R-methyl ester herbicide. Among evaluated vegetable oils, coconut oil owned highest ability to enhance the efficacy of two herbicides which is probably due to high saturated / unsaturated ratio of fatty acids. In addition to, the comparison of vegetable oils’ effects on efficacy of herbicides demonstrated that better performance of coconut oil is probably related to the existence of short-chain fatty acids in coconut oil particularly, Caprylic, Capric and Lauric.
 

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Efficiency of many herbicides can be increased by adding adjuvants to the spray solution. So, the addition of an appropriate adjuvant to foliar herbicides is important in weed control researches. To identify an appropriate adjuvant for sulfosulfuron and sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron-methyl herbicides against Japanese downy brome Bromus japonicus, two experiments were conducted in randomized complete block design with two factors under field condition separately in Zabol and Zahedan, Iran. Factor A was different doses of herbicide namely 0, 50, 75 and 100% of their recommended dose and factor B was adjuvants including: sweet almond oil, olive oil, sesame seed oil and D-Octil. Results showed that efficiency of sulfosulfuron and sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron-methyl herbicides increased by increasing their doses and adjuvant addition. The addition of sesame seed oil (followed by D-octil) had the highest effect on sulfosulfuron efficacy against Japanese downy brome control. In general, sulfosulfuron at 100% of its recommended dose (26.5 g ha^-1) plus sesame seed oil was the best formulation to control of Japanese downy brome. In addition, this formulation significantly improved wheat grain and biological yield. Adding of D-Octil had the highest influence on sulfosulfuron plus metsulfuron-methyl performance in Japanese downy brome control. The highest wheat grain and biological yield were mainly obtained at 100% recommended dose (40 g ha^-1) of sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron-methyl plus D-Octil followed by sesame oil.
 

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 Based on the chemical properties of herbicide and carrier water, water hardness might have different impacts on herbicide performance. A study was conducted in the greenhouse to determine the effect of chloride and bicarbonate forms of Mg⁺² and Na⁺ on the performance of clodinafop-propargyl and sulfosulfuron for littleseed canarygrass control. The concentrations of bicarbonate and chloride forms of Mg⁺² and Na⁺ had no significant effect on the ED₅₀ of clodinafop-propargyl. The relative potency of clodinafop-propargyl, in the presence of all mineral salts, was 1.0 or had no significant difference from 1.0. On the contrary, increasing the mineral salts reduced the ED₅₀ of sulfosulfuron significantly, especially in the presence of bicarbonate forms of Mg⁺² and Na⁺. In this regard, the relative potency of sulfosulfuron as affected by 100 to 800 ppm Mg(HCO₃)₂ was about 0.5 to 0.7 times higher than control. This value was increased from 0.5 to 2.2 at 100 to 800 ppm sodium bicarbonate. Hence, the ranking of the mineral salts on improving sulfosulfuron performance was NaHCO₃ > Mg(HCO₃)₂ > MgCl₂ > NaCl. It is suggested that because of the lipophilic nature of clodinafop-propargyl, the presence of mineral salts did not affect the performance of this herbicide. It is concluded that, in determining the effect of water hardness on herbicide performance, in addition to chemical properties of herbicide, type of mineral salt, and its concentration, it is also essential to know the changes in the pH of the carrier water due to the mineral salts.

 

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Egyptian broomrape Phelipanche aegyptiaca is a parasitic weed that infests its hosts and feeds on the sap, significantly impacting crop yields. This experiment aims to control the Egyptian broomrape in its seed germination stage and reduce the damage to tomatoes. Fertilizer treatments included urea, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium nitrate at the rate of 150, 250, and 300 kg h^-1 respectively, which were applied in three divided stages. Organic herbicide, before transplanting at the rate of six per thousand, and the humic acid plus phosphorus at the rate of two and 60 kg ha^-1 in two stages were used in wet soil using calibrated backpack sprayers equipped with a nozzle. Also, four applications of sulfosulfuron (Apiros^®, 75% WG) at the rate of 35 g ha^-1 at intervals of 30, 40, 50, and 60 days after planting seedlings, and not weeding the Egyptian broomrape (broomrape-infested tomato) were among the other treatments in the experiment. The results revealed that the effect of experimental treatments on the studied traits of tomato and Egyptian broomrape was significant. Application of four stages of sulfosulfuron increased fruit number per plant and yield by 41% and 77%, respectively, compared to the weed-infested control. Herbicide application reduced Egyptian broomrape density by 89% per tomato plant compared to the weed-infested control. Applying sulfosulfuron and humic acid plus phosphorus reduced the dry weight of Egyptian broomrape by 78% and 69%, respectively, compared to the weed-infested control. Also, the relationship between the studied traits in Egyptian broomrape and tomatoes was inconsistent and significant. Based on our results, four applications of sulfosulfuron was recognized as the most effective in reducing the morphological characteristics of Egyptian broomrape and increasing tomato yield in the field. Also, applying two stages of humic acid plus phosphorus effectively reduced broomrape’s adverse effects and increased tomato yield.

 

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The high frequency of the linguistic tools of the anthropomorphic metaphor in the Qur'an not only provides the ground for the deviation of monotheism and monotheistic truths, but also it can pave the way to the facts of the spiritual world, the mysteries of the unseen world, and the intellectual and spiritual truths clarify in the light of conceptual theory. The most important goals of this study are to elucidate the types of Qur'anic anthropomorphism, to explain their mechanism of formation, to analyze the specific conceptualizations behind each of these metaphors and their semantic motivations for their application. The result showed that the application of anthropomorphic metaphors, in addition to reducing complex intellectual and abstract / immanent affairs to the human scale, they reinforce the vital and abstracted relations of deconstruction, more than any other text that expresses the movement from plurality to the spiritual unity beyond nature and devoid of exaggeration, degradation or exaggeration in praising or blaming. The discovery of attention in these metaphors, which are often one of the most prominent human traits, confirms the necessity of applying the mixed model.
 
1. Introduction
The language of the Qur'an, like the language of other religious and literary texts, contains natural phenomena and high-frequency and abstract concepts, the various tools have been used, such as metaphor to facilitate the transmission of these phenomena and concepts to the audience and the perception of these phenomena and concepts. In the Romantic view, metaphor is a testament to the role of imagination in conceptualization and reasoning, and it is not limited to the language of literature. This view has found a special place in the research of cognitive linguists such as Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner, the perception of imagination role in language and the process of meaning-making especially the "creative" aspects of meaning construction, such as an innovative metaphor, meta-normality (deviated from the principle), eventually led to the emergence of conceptual blending theory.
In this regard, anthropomorphism or anthropomorphic metaphor can be considered as a cognitive practice, more than any kind of metaphor that is actually the result of human mental imagination and the induction into anything; because in the light of the theory of integration, on the one hand, two seemingly alien elements are intertwined and create ambiguity, and on the other hand, the unfamiliar element is represented in the new perspective with the help of the familiar element. In other words, this theory shows the mechanism of the formation meaning in the mind.
 
2. The Statement of Problem
Anthropology is derived from the Greek root anthropus "human" and the logos link "speech, cognition" (Panoff and Pern, 1973, translated by Askari Khaneghah, 1369: 22) According to this definition in the field of art and literature, to anything other than existence and human nature (living and inanimate), such as animals, plants, inanimate objects and even natural phenomena and changes (day, night, wind, rain and storm, etc.), human characteristics such as body shape, appearance, feelings, sounds, accents, etc. are induced (Asnaashari and Sadeghian, Hakak, 1398: 258-287).
This type of metaphor can be studied and analyzed with the help of the conceptual theory of " Conceptual Blending Theory ". According to the conceptual cognitive process, human beings can subconsciously take the structures from one domain or input, integrating it into a kind of coherent information construction with the elements of another domain / input in "generic space". In such an approach, a new mental space is created in which one domain is merged with another domain based on imagination or in other words, through "conceptual projection" (Moazani and Khanjari, 2014: 4-5; Ardabili et al., 2015: 36; Geertz, 2009, Safavid translation, 1393: 432). Thus, the unusual concepts that violate the general and real logic of human beings they use a mixed process to give birth to new meanings (Moazani and Khanjari, 2014: 4-5).
Anger is a natural reaction of an organism to a situation in which a person fails, which in verse 154 of Surah A'raf, "But you are silent about Moses of anger," is interpreted in a human way.
In this verse, the verb "silent", which is a human act, is attributed to one of the inner states of man, namely "anger". According to Ghaeminia (1396: 319), anger seems to be assumed as a minor human being within the Prophet Moses (pbuh). When a person becomes angry, it is as if someone appears inside him who commands him to do things.
According to the mixed theory, the above documents show two domains of origin; The first realm is human and the second realm is the inner state of internal anger. As a result of the fusion of two realms, a mixed realm is obtained in which anger is portrayed as a human being who can speak and remain silent. Undoubtedly, the use of anthropomorphism in this verse and the personification of anger have beautifully illustrated human’s control when he is angry. When a person becomes upset, he loses control, so it is his anger that manages his behavior and forces him to engage in an inappropriate, emotional, and unconventional behaviors. This is an important psychological principle that the glorious Word refers to by applying the concept of personification.
 
3. Purpose, Questions and Hypotheses
The language of the Qur'an is full of unique and abstract concepts that have been presented to the audience using the anthropomorphic metaphors comparing to the human language. The nature, abstractions, and natural reactions of the organism are some of these concepts. It seems necessary to study these concepts in order to explain the mechanism of their metaphors and to discover the specific conceptualization behind each of these concepts in order to reveal another part of the expressive miracle of the Qur'an. Accordingly, the present study tries to examine those Qur'anic evidences in which inhuman concepts have been conceptualized with the help of human semantic components to answer the following questions:
1. What is the purpose of applying the mixed theory to the meaning of anthropomorphic metaphors in Qur'an?
2. What are the semantic motives for using anthropomorphism in Qur'an?
The hypotheses considered are as follows:
-The application of this theory in Qur'an, like other texts, clarifies the existence of the human features in metaphors. It also shows the importance of compounds in the discovery of focus.
-Anthropomorphism in Qur'an is often done to show the spiritual dimension of nature and transcendental phenomena, as well as the movement from plurality to unity.
 
4. Methodology
The present study seeks to determine the mechanism of formation of Qur'anic anthropomorphic metaphors in expressing abstract concepts in a scientific and methodical manners by using the interdisciplinary method of "conceptual compounds" in Qur'anic studies. Regarding the fact that one of the important tools of researchers in the field of humanities is books, the tools of this article are shaped by the glorious words and Quranic data and dictionaries and commentary books.
 
5- Results
In this study, the concept of anthropomorphism as one of the linguistic domains of the discourse of the Holy Quran was studied and analyzed according to the theory of " Conceptual Blending Theory " and while showing some verses that:
The theory of "blending" is a new and wonderful tool for analyzing the linguistic interpretations of Qur'an, including similes, allegories, metaphors, anthropomorphisms, allusions, and so on. This theory, in addition to explaining the mechanism of origin of these meanings, enhances the power of cognitive analysis, and opens the new perspectives in the mind of the interpreter and reveals the hidden dimensions of the linguistic interpretations of the Qur'an in the better way.
-The theory of "blending" pursues several goals, but the common goal of all blends and compounds are to achieve a human features. This goal is very important in the analysis of Qur'anic integrations, because the Holy Qur'an has explained many intellectual truths, divinity, occult unknowns and abstract concepts using the tangible human experiences appropriate to the audience. Another purpose of applying the conceptual blending theory is that it is importance in discovering the center of metaphorical meanings and strengthening the vital and abstract relations.
-Anthropomorphism in the Qur'an is often done to show the spiritual dimension of nature and transcendental phenomena, as well as to move from plurality to unity away from excesses in magnification, degradation or exaggeration in praise or condemnation, and so on

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Temperature and water potential are the main determinants of the seed germination of plant species. Experiments were conducted to quantify the seed germination response of two sterile oat Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana (Durieu) Nyman biotypes susceptible and resistant to acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitor herbicides under six temperature regimes (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C), and five levels of drought stress (0.0,-0.3, -0.6, -0.9, and -1.2 MPa). The base temperature of seed germination in both biotypes was affected by drought stress. The base temperature changed from no stress to maximum stress in the susceptible biotype from 3.24 to 7.15 °C and in the resistant biotype from 3.12 to 7.43 °C. Thermal times required for 50% germination of the seed population at sub-optimal temperatures was increased from 26.2 to 87.8 °C day in the susceptible biotype and from 28.8 to 90.6 °C day in the resistant biotype. Increasing the temperature from 5 to 30 °C decreased the constant hydrotime from 10.92 to 1.66 MPa in the susceptible biotype and 11.52 to 1.98 MPa in the resistant biotype. The hydrothermal time constant for susceptible and resistant biotypes was 28.6 and 31.1 MPa. According to the hydrothermal time model, the herbicide-resistant biotype (-0.858 MPa) seeds require more water potential than the susceptible biotype (-0.905 MPa) to germinate at higher temperatures. Based on the parameters of the models, the germination response to temperature and water potential was similar in both susceptible and resistant biotypes. Consequently, maximum emergence of both biotypes is possible at 15 °C and without water stress conditions.


 

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Two independent field experiments were carried out on two sowing dates. The experimental factors included three herbicides (trifluralin, pendimethalin, and linuron) using the method of incorporation by sowing, inter-row cultivation, and control (weed-free and weed-infested). The density of weeds 45 days after sowing, applying pendimethalin, linuron, and inter-row cultivation on the first sowing date (FSD), was 26.5, 31.8, and 45.9% less than the second sowing date (SSD), respectively. On the contrary, at the flowering stage, weeds on the SSD were 59% less than the FSD, and the average weed density in applying pendimethalin and linuron was 78.7% less than their density in the weed-infested. The height of the plant and the height of the first pod from the soil surface on the FSD were 13% and 11% higher, respectively, compared to the SSD. The average number of branches per plant with experimental treatments was 37% more than the weed-infested ones. The maximum biological yield of chickpeas in the FSD and SSD was obtained by inter-row cultivation (760 g m^-2) and pendimethalin (749 g m^-2), respectively. On the FSD, the seed yield in applying pendimethalin was 82.5%, and its average in linuron and inter-row cultivation was 86.4% more than the weed-infested control. Also, on the SSD, the average seed yield in the three mentioned treatments was 73.6% more than the weed-infested control. However, linuron and inter-row cultivation were identified as the most appropriate treatments for weed control in the early stages of both sowing dates.

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Three dose-response experiments were conducted separately to study the effect of several adjuvants on nicosulfuron efficacy for controlling Amaranthus retroflexus L., Chenopodium album L. and Echinochloa crus-galli L. The experiments were arranged in a completely randomized block design with a factorial arrangement of the treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of six doses of nicosulfuron at 0 (control), 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 g a.i.ha^-1 of the recommended dose with and without the adjuvants of cotton oil, rocket oil, soybean oil, maize oil, Adigor®, Volck^®, HydroMax^™ at 0.5% (v/v), Cytogate, Trend^® 90, and D-octil^® at 0.2 % (V/V). The efficacy of nicosulfuron in control of A. retroflexus, C. album, and E. crus-galli increased significantly when the adjuvants were used. HydroMax^™ and Trend^® 90 were the best adjuvants, considering enhanced nicosulfuron efficacy for controlling C. album, E. crus-galli, and A. retroflexus. In the presence of HydroMax^™ nicosulfuron efficacy was raised by a factor of 4.02, 3.45, and 1.65-fold for controlling A. retroflexus, E. crus-galli, and C. album, respectively. In general, the efficacy of nicosulfuron to control A. retroflexus and E. crus-galli was higher than C. album.






 

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This paper presents an elastic parametric analysis for the purpose of investigating the limit angular speed, displacement and stresses in rotating disks made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) based on Tresca yield criterion. The material properties obey the power law in radial direction. The Poisson’s ratio due to slight variations in engineering materials is assumed constant. For different values of inhomogeneity constant, limit angular speed, displacement and stresses in radial direction are plotted and for the commencement of the plastic flow, different states are investigated. state1: onset of plastic flow at the inner radius, state2: onset of plastic flow at the outer radius, state3: onset of plastic flow as the simultaneously at both radii and state4: onset of plastic flow between the inner and outer radii. To the best of the researchers’ knowledge, so far, in the papers which have been dealing with the investigation of onset yield analysis, the density and yield stress has been assumed constant; however, in this paper by assuming varying density and yield stress in rotating disks made of functionally graded materials and comparing results obtained by fixing these parameters, it has been observed that taking the density as a constant value is wrong and varying it has significant effects on the stresses.

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This study examines the dialectical mechanism and absurdity, which have occupied the bulk of concerns of contemporary writers, thinkers and philosophers. Zakaria Tamer, who begins the song "Blue Coarse" with a philosophical vision interspersed with absurdity, realistic black criticism and rhetoric toward those influenced by materialism and machinations in this degenerate world where original values and ideals were lost. As such, the basic problem of the research is to determine the role of the text's semantics and its thresholds which help readers absorb the subject mentioned in "the Blue Coarse" to plot based on the theory of French critic Gerard Genette, who shows his critical experience of relations and transcendental transcripts in different ways. The most important findings of this study are based on the descriptive-analytical approach. The title and effectiveness of color, text, space, time, and the character in the semantic field based on the coding and displacement through metaphors, as receptive mechanisms, illustrates the ability of Tamer in the field of creativity and the reflection of absurdity that makes man depart from humanity and self-purity. Many of them seek to rebel the pressure and change the harsh conditions and others because of their sense of frustration and despair that are subject to surrender from the absurdity of life that is alienating, sinful or suicidal.