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In this study, the effects of powder and leaf extract of Moringa oleifera on hemolymph factors of Litopenaeus vannamei in response to salinity stress were evaluated. After 8 weeks of feeding with powder (25, 50 and 100g / kg) and extract (0.25, 0.5 and 0.1 g/kg) leaves of Moringa and control treatment without Moringa, all treatments were exposed to short-term salinity stress (5 and 55 ppt). There was a statistically significant difference in total and differential count of homocytes in different dietary treatments in all three normal conditions and under salinity stress of 5 and 55 pp (p<0.05). Under normal conditions and high salinity, shrimps fed with Moringa leaf extract showed higher number of homocytes than other treatments. In stress-free conditions, the number of semi-granular cells in powder and extract treatments was higher than the control group. At 5 ppt, Moringa powder treatments had higher semi-granular and at 55 ppt salinity, the leaf powder group (100 g/kg) and the leaf extract (0.25 g/kg) showed the highest values, respectively. Overall, the results of this study showed the positive effects of using Moringa leaf powder and extract on innate immune system function and exposure to salinity stress in shrimp
 

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Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have emerged as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) due to their high porosity and adjustable structure, serving as drug carriers and new contrast agents in biomedicine. Designing efficient nanoplatforms that leverage the combined properties of both MNPs and MOFs is of great importance.
In this study, we introduce a simple in-situ synthesis method for a mesopore core-shell nanocomposite structure of MOF@Cu-ferrite. Initially, Cu-ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized using a hydrothermal method. Subsequently, the addition of fumaric acid to the Cu-ferrite nanoparticles activated the F0 component, inducing MOF nucleation. As a result, the Cu-ferrite core was gradually covered with a crystalline MOF shell, forming the MOF@Cu-ferrite structure. The MOF@Cu-ferrite nanocomposite is characterized by high porosity, numerous accessible surface functional sites, good crystalline stability, low toxicity of copper, excellent water dispersion, high magnetic properties, and cost-effectiveness. This study investigates the effect of the MOF@Cu-ferrite nanocomposite on the MRI signal intensity. T2-weighted images were obtained using MRI scanner at various iron concentrations of the magnetic nanocomposite, showing a significant change in signal intensity with increasing iron concentration. The transverse relaxivity rate (r2) for different iron concentrations was found to be 504.7 mM^-1s^-1. The results showed that Cu-ferrite magnetic nanoparticles coated with MOF have significant potential as negative contrast agents in MRI, reducing T2 relaxation time and improve contrast intensity in MR images.

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The main task in finite volume methods (FVM) is to estimate proper values on the cell faces based on the calculated values on the nodes or cell centers. In this way, upwinding schemes are the most successful schemes for estimation of values on the control volume faces. These schemes have been developed in FVM for various techniques with proper accuracy on different kinds of structured and unstructured grids. In this research, the physical influence scheme (PIS) is developed to the cell-centered FVM in an implicit coupled solver and the results are compared with other two main branches of upwinding methods: exponential differencing scheme (EDS) and skew upwind differencing scheme (SUDS). Accuracy of these schemes is evaluated in lid-driven cavity flow at Re = 400-10000 and backward-facing step flow at Re = 800. Simulations show considerable difference between the of results EDS scheme with benchmarks, especially for lid-driven cavity flow at high Reynolds numbers which occurs due to false diffusion. Comparing SUDS and PIS schemes shows relatively close results in backward-facing step flow and different results in lid-driven cavity flow. The poor results of SUDS in cavity flow can be related to its non-pressure sensitivity between cell face and upwind points which is critical for such vortex dominant flows. Instead, the PIS scheme by applying a momentum equation between the cell face and upwind points, is able to capture flow vortices properly and matching well with benchmarks.

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Vitamin B₃ (Nicotinamide) is involved in many vital reactions in the human body as the precursor of NAD and NADP. NAM deficiency can lead to pellagra thus foods are fortified with this vitamin. On the other hand, high intakes of NAM can cause some symptoms.  Hence, a cheap, rapid, selective and sensitive determination of NAM concentration in foods is crucial. The present study propose a NAM analysis method for beef and wheat flour by employing a molecularly imprinted polymer based solid phase extraction clean-up coupled with HPLC-UV. Precipitating polymerization technique for fabrication of NAM molecularly imprinted microspheres was utilized. The effects of polymer ingredients including functional monomer, cross-linker monomers, template and solvent were investigated on binding characteristics.The binding behaviour of the polymer well modeled through Freundlich equation and the polymer showed high selectivity of NAM over nicotinic acid (NA). In a kinetic study, 79% of NAM binding and 96.5% of NAM release occurred immediately. The NAM imprinted microspheres were packed into SPE for NAM extraction, food samples injected and the output analysed with HPLC-UV. Good linearity was obtained for solid phase extraction of NAM in the range 148–5000 μg L^-1 (R² = 0.999) and high extraction recoveries of 77–102% and 81–87% were obtained for NAM in beef and wheat flour samples, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for nicotinamide  were 44 μg L^-1 and 148 μg L^-1, respectively. The overall inter-day and intra-day relative standard deviations of  2.13% to 5.31% for wheat flour (n=4), and 1.89% to 5.22% for beef samples were obtained, demonstrating good precision of the proposed method in its application for real sample analysis.

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There is a growing demand to produce high quality-meat analog based on plant-based protein.. producing meat analog which is rich in tenderness and juiciness is one of the recent challenges in this field. In this survey, flaxseed protein concentrate was used at levels (0, 1, 2, 4, and 5%) as a novel ingredient to develop plant-based meat during the high moisture extrusion in combination with pea protein isolate and the physicochemical properties, The functional, textural, and sensory characteristic of the produced meat analogs were investigated. The results showed that the addition of flaxseed protein concentrate had a significant effect on the amount of protein, carbohydrate, fat, and pH in the samples (p˂0.05) and improved the functional properties such as increasing cooking yield(%) and reducing expressible moisture(%). textural parameters and brightness and redness parameters of the sample were significantly reduced by the addition of flaxseed protein concentrate (p˂0.05). The use of flaxseed protein concentrate significantly increased (p˂0.05).the taste and overall acceptance of the control sample(T1) respectively from 3 and 3, 4 to 4.8 and 4.6 in T5 sample.
 

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More than 30% of adults suffer from sleep deprivation (SD). SD has adverse effects on cognitive functions such as attention. In psychology, attention is defined as the concentration of awareness on some events to exclude other stimuli. It has a very important role in regulating the human behavior. Although several studies have investigated the alteration in activity of different attention supporting brain regions following SD, however, these effects are not still fully addressed. Considering the significance of attention in learning and directing the human behavior and regarding the high prevalence of SD, here we review the consequences of acute SD on activity and connectivity of different regions involved in the attention processing by focusing on neuroimaging studies.

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Introduction: Having a good quality sleep is essential for college students to support their academic success, physical health, mental well-being, and overall productivity. In this study, we evaluated the sleep quality among graduate students studying medical physiology at Tarbiat Modares University.
Materials and Methods: 46 students including 11 master's and 31 doctoral students, and also 4 postdoctoral researchers participated in this study. Sleep quality was evaluated using the Pittsburgh sleep quality questionnaire.
Results: The overall sleep quality score of participants was 6.8±0.49, indicating that the students faced poor sleep quality. Sleep disturbance was significantly higher in female than male students (p<0.05). Moreover, students with higher age, married or engaged in carrying out the practical experiments related to their thesis had a lower score (p<0.05) (i.e. better performance) in the daily functioning component compared to other students.
Conclusion: This study showed that medical physiology students have poor sleep quality. This undesirable sleep quality can impair the students learning and research skills. It is recommended that appropriate plans be made and necessary training be provided to students to improve their sleep quality.

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While the exact functions of sleep are not completely understood, it is a crucial part of daily life and comprises series of events that follows a consistent nightly cycle, enabling the human body to function at its best. More than 30% of adults suffer from sleep deprivation (SD). SD can lead to negative effects on cognitive performance including learning and memories. Here we review the consequences of acute SD on hippocampus- dependent memories, and activity and connectivity of different brain regions involved in the memory processing by focusing on neuroimaging studies.

 

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Introduction: Poor sleep quality can lead to negative effects on cognitive performance. However, the association between sleep quality and person's ability to inhibit a habitual response has not been investigated yet. In this study, the relationship between sleep quality and cognitive function with subjects’ performance in numerical Stroop test (NST) was investigated.
Methods: 21 male and female volunteers underwent NST. Sleep quality and cognitive function were evaluated using Pittsburgh sleep quality and cognitive disabilities index questionnaires, respectively. Finally, the correlation between sleep quality and cognitive disability indices with NST parameters was measured.
 Results: Unfavorable sleep quality and cognitive disability were significantly correlated with decreased the reaction time of subjects in NST. In addition, a significant correlation was observed between lower sleep quality and cognitive disability.
Conclusion: It is concluded that poor sleep quality reduces the ability to inhibit a habitual response. In addition, poor sleep quality increases individuals' impulsive decisions. Furthermore, cognitive performance is negatively influenced by poor sleep quality.

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While the precise functions of sleep are not fully understood, it is an important part of daily life and involves a series of events that follow a consistent night-time cycle and enable the human body to function at its best. More than 30% of adults suffer from sleep deprivation (SD). SD can lead to negative effects on cognitive function, including reward and emotional processing. Here, we review the consequences of acute SD on reward network and emotional processing, and the activity and connectivity of different brain regions involved in reward network and emotional processing, with a focus on neuroimaging studies.