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Ebne Khaldon has discussed about one of the most important linguistic subjects, that is “the ability of language”. He emphasizes on linguistic creativity as an opportunity to achieve the meaning of linguistic competence and says that lingual talent is related to human’s natural ability. On the one hand, he expresses that non-Arabic people profit from Arabic language because the first language takes precedence over their second language, and on the other side, remembers some famous persons like “Siboie” “Pharsi” and “Zomokhshari”; although they are Iranians, but their life between Arabic families made them to achieve Arabic language queen depth. Ebne Khaldon believes that there is an inseparable relationship between language and society and that the sovereignty language is ideology language that governs the society, so he is going to survey linguistic changes in terms of “time” and “place”. The results of this study showed that Ebne Khaldon thoughts are modern and that he is the originator of “linguistic competence”, not “Chamsy”.        

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The study of Persian storyteller's scrolls (Tumārs) as written documents of Iranian epic tradition, is sometimes difficult due to their massive volumes and intricate stories. However, dividing these texts into their elements facilitates inter-textual analyses. With the use of the global motif-index of folk literature, a framework will be shaped to index motifs for Tumārs. This motif-index enables easier access to each motif in different narratives, rooting the motifs and analysis of development, evolution, influences and survival of each motif in different eras as well as comparative studies of narratives. This index also will facilitate a basis for analytical and stylistic study of Tumārs according to their motifs. The purpose of this article is to show the consistency of global motif-index with Persian folk tales especially epic tales and a kind of text analysis with this pattern. By indexing motifs of Rostam's seven labors in Haft lashkar, this paper aims to show that the framework of motif-index is consistent with Persian folk narratives and by analyzing the motifs of this tale, some little characteristics of Persian Tumārs are shown. Hence, it highlights the richness of Iranian folk literature and tradition by adding new motifs to the global index. This kind of indexing can be used as a framework for all Persian folktales to manage all those massive stories and for easier access to their contents.

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The effect of edible whey protein coating and dill (Anethum graveolens) essential oil on the quality and shelf-life of silver carp’s fillets, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix,during refrigeration storage was evaluated. Fillets were immersed in whey protein solution (10%), dill essential oil (5%) and a mixture of whey protein (10%) and dill essential oil (5%), then packed and stored in refrigerator (4˚C). Chemical (PV, TBA and TVB-N) and microbial (TVC and PTC) parameters were measured at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 days. The amount of peroxide value and thiobarbitoric acid significantly increased (P < 0.05) in all treatments, but this increace was lower in whey protein coating with dill essential oil fillets. Total volatile basic nitrogen of dill essential oil, whey protein and whey protein with dill essential oil treatments in the first and last phase of storage were 7.55, 7.60, and 7.51- 24.11, 25.84 and 15.55 mgN₂/100 g fillet, respectively. The TVC and PTC amount for whey protein with dill essential oil was lower in comparsion with other treatments. Thus, whey protein coating with dill essential oil increased the shelf-life ofsilver carp’s fillets during refrigerated storage. 

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Aims: This study was carried out to determine the prevalence rate of academic burnout and its related factors among the students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences in 2017.
Materials & Methods: The method of the present study was a descriptive survey method. The statistical community of this study included all students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences among whom 382 students. Maslach questionnaire of academic burnout (1999) was employed for data collection and data analysis was performed using SPSS 16 software, descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Mann Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis).
Findings: The average age of the students under study was 21.51±2.08. Two hundred and sixteen participants (56.5%) were male and 166 (43.5%) were female. 22 participants (5.8%) had associate's degrees, 315 participants (82.5%) were undergraduate and 45 participants (11.8%) were studying in Master and higher levels. 357 students (93.5%) were single and 25 (6.5%) were married. Mean score of the academic burnout of students who participated in the study was 60.88±9.98. The results of data analysis showed that there has been a significant relationship between gender and place of university in one hand and academic burn out in another hand (p≤0.01) as well as between major of study and academic burnout (p≤0.05).
Conclusion: A significant percentage of students are suffering from academic burnout. Also, students with different majors of study may experience a different academic burnouts.
 

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Iran plans to export natural gas (NG) to Western Europe using a system of pipelines running through Iran, Turkey, and Western Europe. International gas pricing is usually undertaken through negotiations between buyers and sellers on a bilateral basis. Currently, Russia is the only exporter of gas from the Former Soviet region. So, Russia competes strongly with Iran to export NG to Western Europe. This paper develops a bargaining model to study natural gas pricing and analyze competition between Iran and Russia as gas suppliers to Western Europe. In this model, it is assumed that NG pricing is usually linked to the prices of alternative fuels as competing energy sources. Therefore, in light of previous evidence, it is reasonable to consider that there is a long-run relationship between NG price and price of alternative fuels. Initially, a regression model is specified to investigate unlagged relationship among variables. This relationship is estimated using the Johansen cointegration technique and then we forecast margins of the Iranian NG price. Finally, a VECM model is identified and used to forecast the lower and upper bounds of future NG price.

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The accurate, correct, and quick calculation of vehicle longitudinal velocity during braking plays a vital role in the precise operation of Anti-lock Brake System (ABS). Therefore, different researches have been conducted in the field of vehicle longitudinal velocity estimation. But, most these researches have been faced with a problem so called using braking torque as a known input to an estimator. These researches have addressed the issue while measuring the braking torque is not easy and needs expensive and additional sensors which causes the increase of costs and also requires more attention to maintenance and repair problems. In this paper, two approaches, Unknown Input Iterated Extended Kalman Filter (UIIEKF) and Modified Nonlinear Adaptive Filter (MANF) are proposed in order to estimate vehicle longitudinal velocity so that they do not need a braking torque and both methods have acceptable accuracy. The main difference between these two approaches is that the UIIEKF requires the dynamic model of vehicle motion during the braking process to estimate the longitudinal velocity while the MANF is model-free. Different aspects of both methods are analyzed by experimental tests on the vehicle and finally advantages and disadvantages of the both methods are compared.

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ABCG2 (ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2) gene, located on chromosome 6 encodes the ABCG2 protein that transports various xenobiotics, cytostatic drugs across the plasma membrane as well as cholesterol into milk. A single nucleotide change (A/C) in base 86 of exon 14 is capable of encoding a substitution of tyrosine with serine in the ABCG2 gene and increase milk yield while decreasing milk fat and protein concentrations. The major aim followed in this research was to study Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) of ABCG2 gene and their association with milk production traits in Iranian Holstein bulls. Genomic DNA of 105 ified bulls was extracted from semen samples using highly Pure PCR template preparation kit. Primers were designed through Oligo software (Version 5.0) and utilized in PCR. Then the PCR fragments were sequenced. The A/C substitution in base number 86 of exon 14 was observed with 2% frequency which affected protein percentage (P< 0.05). Some SNPs were detected for the first time in intron 13, exon and intron 14 in comparison with sequences in the NCBI database. A deletion mutation in base number 20 (T/-) and a missense mutation in base number 67 (A/G) of exon 14 that cause the substitution of serine with glycine were discovered which were significantly associated with protein yield and fat percentage, respectively (P< 0.05). Furthermore, significant association was observed between fat percentage and mutations in base numbers 4,133 (T/C) and 4,137 (T/G) of intron 13 (P< 0.05). Substitutions in base numbers 2 (T/C) and 55 (G/C) of intron 14 resulted in a significant effect on fat yield and fat percentage (P< 0.05).

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In recent years, energy harvesting from ambient sources in order to use for low-powered electronics has been considered by many researchers. Wind energy, solar energy, water energy, mechanical energy from vibrations, etc are common sources of ambient energy. In this paper, optimization of energy harvesting from ambient vibration using magnetic shape memory alloy is presented. To this end, a clamped-clamped beam coupled with MSMA units is considered. A shock load is applied to a proof mass which is attached to the middle of the beam. As a result of beam vibration a longitudinal strain is produced in the MSMA. This strain changes magnetic flux inside the coil connected to MSMA and as a result, an AC voltage is induced in the coil. To have a reversible strain in MSMA, a bias magnetic field is applied in the transverse direction of MSMA units. The Euler-Bernoulli model with von Kármán theory and a thermodynamics-based constitutive model are used to predict the non-linear strain and magnetic response .Finally, Faraday's law of induction is used to predict the output voltage. After obtaining the governing equations, a design optimization is performed to find the optimal shape and configuration of the energy harvester together with the effects of proof mass and bias field.

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Agriculture is one of the responsible sectors for adequate food production and contribution to food security. However, due to the rapid population growth and increasing demand for food, this responsibility is becoming more and more challenging. The consequence of this challenge is the excessive exploitation of natural resources and destruction of the environment. This study aimed to investigate the cost structure, economies of scale, and inputs elasticities for the major farm crops of the Qorveh-Dehgolan Plain, in Kurdistan Province, through a translog cost function. The needed data were collected through a multi-stage cluster sampling survey in the 2017-2018 cropping year. The results showed that the average share of water input in the total production cost of the studied products was 12%. Results also showed that all ordinary own-price elasticities of demand for inputs were negative and smaller than one. However, the results of Allen-Uzawa's own price elasticities showed that demands for inputs could be elastic. Ordinary and Allen-Uzawa own price elasticity of water input were -0.76 and -6.7, respectively. The results also showed that wheat, tomato, barley, and alfalfa farms in the area under study were facing economies of scale, on average, while potato, cucumbers, and sugar-beet farms were facing diseconomies of scale.