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Histopathology and Immunology of Rainbow Trout Fed with Levamisole
S.‎ Meshkini, A.a.‎ Tehrani, F. Farhangpajouh , A.a. Tafi,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (Spring 2018)
Abstract
Aims: The use of immune stimulants to prevent diseases and increase the resistance of aquatic animals to stress has been rising. The aim of the present study was examining the histopathology and immunology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fed with Levamisole.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental research, 1000 fish were divided in 5 treatments and fed on diet supplemented with levamisole at 0 (control), 100, 250, 500, and 1000mg/kg-1 diet for 45 days. Then, the fish were fed on a diet without levamisole and increased density twice for the following 15 days. Blood samples were collected from all treatments on days 15, 30, 45 and 60 to evaluate the total immunoglobulin and lysozyme activity of serum. At the end of the trial, 15 fish from each treatment (each replicate 5 fish) were randomly selected and tissue samples of gill, kidney, and liver were evaluated. The data were analyzed by SPSS 15 software, using one way ANOVA and Duncan test.
Findings: Treatment fed with 1000mg levamisole on day 30 and 60 had the highest total serum immunoglobulin and had the highest lysozyme activity in comparison to other treatments on 15, 30, and 60 days. The least amount of tissue damage was observed in gills, kidneys, and liver in 1000mg levamisole.
Conclusion: A total of 1000mg/kg-1 levamisole of rainbow trout diet causes the least amount of damage to the gill, kidneys, and liver tissues, as well as the increase of total immunoglobulin and lysozyme activity of serum.

Long-term modeling of Soil Moisture dynamics in response to land cover changes: a case study in Telo catchment of Tehran, Iran

Volume 13, Issue 2 (Spring 2025)
Abstract
Aims: Soil moisture (SM) dynamics are a crucial factor in water resources management. This is complicated by the variability of land cover (LC) and land use (LU) at the watershed scale, which is the focus of this research.
Materials & Methods: SM was measured at five depths across seven stations within three LU/LC types to calibrate the HYDRUS-1D model. The calibrated model was then used to simulate SM dynamics and investigate the components of the soil water balance in the different LU/LC types from early 2007 to late 2021. To verify the model, R2 are above 0.80 with significance level of 5%.
FINDINGS: The amount of drainage from the lower root zone was 10, 4, and 7.3 cm for rangeland, tree, and bare soils respectively. The results show infiltration was 42, 62, and 41 cm, and evapotranspiration was 317, 574, and 345 mm. this indicate that the highest amount of infiltration and SM storage occurred in tree land, the highest drainage from the root zone in the Rangeland and the highest surface evaporation from the bare soils.
CONCLUSION: The result indicates tree-dominated LU/LC increases infiltration and soil moisture storage capacity compared to other LU/LC types. Evaporation and direct runoff losses from bare soils are greater than those from Rangeland and tree-dominated LU/LC. Furthermore, deep percolation is higher in rangeland than in tree-covered areas and bare land. In conclusion, LU/LC significantly influences water balance components and soil water dynamics, highlighting the importance of considering LU/LC in water resource and consumption management.
 
Mediating Role of Motivation in the Relationships between Awareness, Accessibility, Perceived Organizational Support and Adoption of ICT among Extension Agents in North-East, Nigeria

Volume 24, Issue 6 (11-2022)
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the mediation role of motivation in the relationships between awareness, accessibility, perceived organizational support, and adoption of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). The data was obtained using the multi-stage cluster sampling method with questionnaires administered to 254 respondents. While structural equation modelling was used for the analysis, Constructivism Theory, Digital Divide Theory, as well as Vroom's Expectancy Theory were adopted in the study. The majority of the respondents were males, married, and in their middle age with long years of work experience who had also obtained either high school diploma or Bachelor degree. The direct relationship paths showed that the exogenous construct [awareness, accessibility, Perceived Organizational Support (POS)] had a direct positive effect on the endogenous construct (ICT adoption) with an R2 value of .23 (23%). The final model has an R2 of 0.47 (47%) of the variation in ICT adoption explained by the model with a substantial increase in the direct model, which explains 23% of the variation. The mediation effect of motivation in the relationships between awareness, accessibility, POS, and ICT adoption was also established indicating partial mediation. The study recommends that extension organizations should be mindful of the motivation levels of their employee to facilitate the adoption of ICT in extension work, which will facilitate timely delivery of messages, cover the manpower shortages, reduce cost, as well as a total transformation of agricultural development in the area.
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