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Aims: Most of the world population who is at work and production age does not have appropriate and regular physical activity for various reasons. Accordingly, the researchers tried to evaluate the effect of physical activity predictors of employees through the path analysis based on the Pender's Health Promotion Model (HPM). Methods and Materials: We conducted this study on 359 employees of the milk and milk powder production factories in Mashhad. A questionnaire consisted of items related to the structure of the Pender's Health Promotion Model (Perceived Benefits, Perceived Barriers,  Prior Related Behavior, Perceived Self-Efficacy, Activity Related Affect, Personal Factors, Interpersonal Influences and Situational Influences) and the IPAQ standard questionnaire related to the physical activity were designed and applied in interviews as data collection instruments. Findings: One fourth of the employees had proper physical activity. Generally, structures of the Pender's Health Promotion Model predicted 34.8 % of the physical activity behavior variance. Regression analysis has shown that the predictability of Prior Related Behavior, Perceived Self-Efficacy, Personal Factors, Activity Related Affect and Interpersonal Influences are significant and Situational Influences are nearly significant. Prior Related Behavior (β = 0.45, P < 0.000) and Self-Efficacy (β = 0.17, PConclusions: The findings of the study revealed that HPM is efficient in identifying and predicting the physical activity behavior. This pattern can be used as a framework for planning and implementing educational interventions in order to improve the physical activity of the adult employees.

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Aims: How to design spaces in cities can have different effects on citizens. The objectives of this study can be to examine the impact of biophilic urban space on the stress of people.
Methods: The research method is quasi-experimental. The statistical population of the study consists of 20 bachelor and master students in the field of architecture and urban planning at Tabriz University of Islamic Arts in the academic year 1400. First, students' health was identified using a call announcement and a demographic questionnaire, and these individuals were quantified for stress with the help of a smart wristband while viewing images of biophilic and non-biophilic urban spaces with the help of virtual reality glasses.
Findings: Analysis of the results shows that the average change in stress of individuals while viewing non-biophilic images was approximately 5/2 units higher than biophilic ones in the second minute. p-Value is significant between individuals with education in biophilic state and rest in 1 minute and non-biophilic in 2 minutes. The difference between stress number in non-biophilic state and biophilic in 2 minutes is significant (p-value = 023/0) and shows the positive effect of biophilic approach on reducing stress that this efficiency can be considered in the design of future urban spaces.
Conclusion: Special attention of urban designers on the structure of spaces and the use of extraction measures from the biophilic model in different scales cause the design or organization of spaces that significantly reduce the stress of people living in cities

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The genus Taeniothrips Amyot & Serville is belonging in the subfamily Thripinae with only one species in Iran. Here, the second species, T. eucharii (Whetzel) is newly recorded from the country. Male and female specimens of this species have been collected on the flowers of Ixiolirion tataricum (Amaryllidaceae) from Ilam province (west of Iran).

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The issue of job absenteeism as a critical factor for organizations brings significant financial losses. The absence is one of the all-consuming challenging and time consuming problems organizations could face and in economic point of view, one of the factors increasing the cost of production. These issues are more common in estate owned organizations. Given the need to identify causes of absenteeism and staff desertion, this study, with scientific and realistic analysis on the causes of absenteeism, try to find solutions and ways to overcome these issues. Reviewing experiences of some management scientists and sociologists, Q-methodology used to identify important factors causing employees absenteeism which those factors were finalizing using factor analysis. Statistical population was staff of the case study where three of the specialists interviewed, 40 Q identified and prioritized by the participants. 5 factors were identified, which collectively illustrate the importance of performance-based pay, developing systematic indicators to evaluate performance, enriching jobs by redefining the identity, awareness and transparency in the formulation and implementation of organizational structure.

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The toxicity of garlic is confirmed on some agricultural pests. The aim of this study was to comparatively evaluate the sensitivity of Podisus maculiventris (Say) to garlic extract and two insect pests: Mediterranean flour moth Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) and Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). LC₅₀ was calculated at 8.02% for E. kuehniella. The results showed toxic compounds in garlic extract delayed all developmental stages and reproduction parameters of L. decemlineata. In contrast, there were no considerable negative effects on many of the biological parameters of the predatory insect, P. maculiventris. The results suggest that garlic, as a green pesticide, could be considered an environmentally suitable alternative in pest management programs. 

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Previous investigations related to tree-fungus beetle, Xylographus bostrichoides (Dufour) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea: Ciidae) have not studied beetle's morphology in detail.  This beetle is associated with tree fungi and collected from Fomes sp (Polyporales: Fomitopsidaceae). Pregenital ring, and the almond-shaped plates of abdominal terminalia, are useful characters for the species identification. Also, frontoclypeal area, first abdominal sternite, and abdominal terminalia are the important characters for the female and male separation. The larvae and adult specimens of X. bostrichoides (Dufour, 1843) studied here were found feeding on the dried fruit body (basidiome) of Fomes sp., which had been stored for a long time as a mushroom stored product. The signs and symptoms of the beetle damage (feeding) on the mushroom are also described.

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To expand study of Iranian Collembola fauna, the present study was conducted to investigate springtails fauna of different ecosystems such as forests, grasslands and gardens in the vicinity of Behshahr in the east of Mazandaran province, during 2020−2021. Several samples of soil and leaf litter were collected and specimens were extracted by Berlese funnel. Collected materials were identified by relevant taxonomic keys. The results indicated 29 species from 21 genera belonging to 10 families. Two species including Sminthurides inaequalis Börner, 1903 (Sminthurididae) and Hypogastrura neglecta Börner, 1901 (Hypogastruridae) were recorded for the first time from Iran. Despite numerous studies to identify Collembola fauna in Iran, many species are still unknown.

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 Genus and species of Dichromothrips smithi (Zimmermann) (Thripidae: Thripinae) is recorded from Iran, Ilam province for the first time. Specimens of this species have been collected on rangeland plants by beating an unknown plant over a white plate. Diagnostic morphological characters and the geographical distribution of the newly recorded thrips are given.

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Objective: Because of the necessity of more effective treatments for the nervous system injuries and considering the role of survivin in cellular proliferation and apoptotic cell death, we have monitored survivin gene expression changes during the course of regeneration in injured sciatic nerves and also L4-L6 segments of spinal cord. Materials and Methods: We used adult male NMRI mice as a model. After anesthetizing the animals, the right sciatic nerve was transected and at the indicated times (3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96 and 144 hours) the animals were sacrificed and both distal and proximal segments of the transected sciatic nerve, intact left sciatic nerve and L4-L6 segments of spinal cord were dissected. The total RNA was extracted from each sample and semi-quantitative RT-PCR with specific primers for survivin and also 2-microglobulin genes, as an internal control, was performed. To determine cellular distribution of survivin protein, 6 days (144 hours) after the axotomy, survivin protein expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry technique. Results: Our results demonstrated the expression of both survivin140 and survivin40 in distal and proximal segments of sciatic nerve with different intensity, where the expression of survivin140 was higher than survivin40. In spinal cord segments, only survivin140 expression was detected. In Immunohistochemistry analysis of spinal cord segments, both the nuclear and cytoplasmic distribution of survivin protein was observed. In contrast, survivin protein has not been detected in either distal or proximal segments of sciatic nerve. Conclusion: Our data suggest that survivin is differentially expressed and spliced during the course of regeneration in damaged nerve and spinal cord. It seems that manipulation of expression and/or splicing of survivin could potentially affect the process of regeneration in nerve and/or spinal cord injuries.

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α-crystallin is a member of small heat shock protein family (sHSP) which shows both structural and chaperone functions. This protein plays important role in eye lens transparency and indicates protective function in the other tissues. The lenticular levels of copper ions significantly enhance in diabetic patients, aged and cataractous lenses. In eye lenses, the free copper ions induce ascorbic acid auto-oxidation, leading to formation of dehydroascorbic acid and other oxidative products as well as reactive oxygen species. The oxidized forms of ascorbic acid along with the reducing sugars enter into pathological reactions with the eye lens proteins, forming toxic advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). As one of the main components of eye lens antioxidant defense mechanism, glutathione could scavenge the copper ions, inhibiting the formation of reactive oxygen species in eye lenses.
In the current study, the structural and functional properties of human αB-crystallin were assessed using different spectroscopic methods. In the presence of copper ions, αB-crystallin exhibited important alterations in both structure and chaperone activity which upturned in the presence of glutathione. Moreover, incubation of human αB-crystallin with copper resulted in significant increase in the protein oligomeric size distribution which largely prevented upon simultaneous incubation with glutathione.
Overall, glutathione may scavenge free copper ions in the lenticular tissue, inhibiting their damaging effects on crystallin proteins and other redox-sensitive molecular targets such as ascorbic acid. Our results may introduce a new protective role for glutathione which is highly important in diabetic and aged lenses showing increased levels of copper ions.  

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Aims: Professionalism encompasses clinical competence, communication skills, and ethical and legal awareness. The assessment of professional ethics varies among different groups based on their characteristics. This study aimed to develop and validate an ethical behavior intention instrument for medical students, based on the theory of planned behavior.
Instrument & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, an item pool was generated based on an extensive literature review. Then, psychometric features, such as face validity (qualitative and quantitative), content validity (qualitative and quantitative), item analysis, and construct validity (exploratory factor analysis) were evaluated. Finally, the reliability was assessed using internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha).
Findings: A total of 200 medical students filled out the questionnaires, with a mean age of 21.84±4.47 years. In face validity, content validity ratio, and item analysis, six, nine, and three items were removed, respectively. In the exploratory factor analysis, six factors of gaining informed consent, accepting role limitations and collaborating with the treatment team, respect for colleagues and professors, abstract norms, perceived behavior control, and respect for patient values, needs, and culture together explained 51.128% of the total variance. Moreover, seven items were not included in any factor. The internal consistency of the entire questionnaire and its dimensions was acceptable.
Conclusion: The ethical behavior intention scale, which is designed based on the theory of planned behavior, is a valid and reliable scale that covers and measures the standards of professional ethics in medical students.

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In this research, the production of low fat butter, as a novel product, based on full-fat soy flour and sodium caseinate was studied. Water : butter ratio, soy flour : sodium caseinate ratio and emulsifier content were the designed factors and their effects on rheological properties of low-fat butter such as hardness, spreadability, adhesiveness, elasticity and consistency were evaluated. The Central Composite Design (CCD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were employed as experimental design and statistical analysis. By increasing water to butter ratio, as a principal factor affecting on product characteristics, hardness, adhesiveness, elasticity, consistency and spreadability were reduced. The final product was w/o emulsion which was low-calorie, had functional and nutritional effects due to protein components and also its properties could be compared with ordinary butter. Based on final results, the optimum formulation for low-fat butter were: water : butter ratio as 1.03 (50% water and 48.5% butter), soy flour : sodium caseinate as 1.57 (5% soy flour and 3.2% sodium caseinate) and 0.66% emulsifier.  

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Abstract
Introduction: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women. In recent years, attention has increased to natural products such as curcumin with anti-cancer potential as a therapeutic supplement. However, due to its poor solubility, its clinical use is limited. In this regard, in this study, to improve clinical parameters, the effects of nanocurcumin on the angiogenesis inhibition of cervical cancer were investigated and compared with free curcumin.
Materials and Methods: MTT method was used to evaluate the proliferation of the HeLa cell line with free curcumin and nanocurcumin at different doses and time intervals and the rate of apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. Then, the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) gene in HeLa cells was measured by Real-Time PCR and Western blotting, respectively.
Results: According to IC50 for 48 hours in the HeLa cell line, which was 15 μM/ml and 50 μM/ml for nanocurcumin and free curcumin, respectively, the nanocurcumin showed a greater lethal effect. VEGF-A gene expression (p <0.0001) and protein level (p <0.01) were significantly lower following nano-curcumin treatment than free curcumin.
Conclusion: Nanocarrier increased the solubility and further inhibited the proliferation of cervical cancer HeLa cells and was three times more effective than curcumin in inhibiting angiogenesis at the same concentration. Therefore, nanocurcumin can be a good option for drug supplementation along with routine cervical cancer treatment.
Keywords: Cervical cancer, Nanocurcumin, HeLa cell, VEGF-A.

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A significant issue in L2 context is the role of class participation structure in the occurrence of incidental form-focused instruction (FFI) for teaching grammar (Lehrer & Palincsar, 2004; Nassaji, 2010 & 2013). This study aimed at investigating the occurrence of FFI in different teacher-student classroom participation structures and its efficacy in the students' learning of the past tense of regular/irregular verbs during dictogloss tasks. To this end, 32 pre-intermediate students from a total of 70 participants ranging in age from 15 to 20 were recruited and subdivided into three groups (i.e., whole class, small group, and individual). Dictogloss tasks were used as the classroom activity. The interactions between teachers and learners lasting for two and a half months were observed, audio-recorded, and coded. Finally, an individualized posttest was employed one week after each classroom observation. The focus on form episode (FFE) was utilized as the unit of analysis. The results indicated that EFE occurrences were not equal across classroom participation structures and that the majority of FFEs took place in individual interactions, which were predominantly teacher-initiated. The group-independence Chi-square showed a significant relationship between the type of participation structure and the occurrence of FFEs. Further analysis indicated that although the majority of FFEs took place in individual interactions, the small-group participation structure benefitted the most and the reactive FFEs and preemptive FFEs were found mostly effective in the small-group and whole class participation structures, respectively.

1. Introduction
Surfing the literature on L2 instruction, Long (1998) has identified three main options for teaching the grammar namely: focus on formS, focus on meaning, and FonF. Focus on formS was a traditional approach in which the teachers draw students’ attention to the grammatical forms and linguistic forms. Focus on meaning emphasized the pure meaning-based activities with no attention to form. But, as the last movement, Focus on form or FonF overtly draws students’ attention to linguistic elements as they arose incidentally in lessons whose overriding focus was on meaning or communication. The present study was prompted to investigate the role of different types of student–teacher participation structure (i.e., whole class, small group, individual) in the effectiveness of incidental FonF instruction on the acquisition of regular and irregular past tense during dictogloss tasks.

Research Question(s)
To address the main concerns of the study, the following research questions were raised:
1. How often does incidental FonF occur in Iranian pre-intermediate EFL classes?
2. Does the occurrence of incidental FonF vary according to the type of student teacher participation structure (i.e., whole class, small group and individual) in the performance of dictogloss tasks in Iranian pre-intermediate EFL classes?
3. Does the effectiveness of incidental FonF on Iranian pre-intermediate EFL classes in using regular and irregular past tense forms vary according to the type of student–teacher participation structure in the performance of dictogloss tasks?

2. Literature Review
Nassaji (2013) examined the relationship between participation structure (i.e., whole class, small group, and individual) and incidental FonF in adult ESL classrooms at three levels of language proficiency, that is, beginner, intermediate, and advanced. The interaction between teacher and students were audio-and video-recorded. The results indicated that both the occurrence and effectiveness of incidental FonF varied according to the three different types of participation structure. Following the model suggested by Nassaji (2013), in this study the researchers intended to know whether the occurrence of incidental FonF varies according to the types of student–teacher participation structure (i.e., whole class, small group and individual) in the performance of dictogloss tasks. In addition, the study investigated the effectiveness of incidental FonF across contexts in using regular and irregular past tense forms.

3. Methodology
A qualitative-quantitative descriptive research design was used to provide answers to the research questions. There were three types of teacher-student participation structure: whole class, small group (three), and individual. The interactions between teachers and students in all three classes were audio-recorded, transcribed, categorized and compared. Finally, an individualized posttest based on each FFE was employed to each student one week after each classroom observation and the target structure was the regular and irregular past tense forms.

4. Results
A total of 1,529 FFEs were identified and coded during the observations. Generally, the reactive FFEs were more frequent than the preemptive FFEs.
Table 1
Frequency and percentage of types of FFEs across participation structures

Types of participation structure	FonF			Types of preemptive FFEs
	Reactive	Preemptive		Teacher-initiated	Student-initiated
Individual (n= 910)	552 (60.7%)	358 (39.3%)		254 (70.9%)	104 (29.1%)
Small-group (n= 443)	278 (62.8%)	165 (37.2%)		119 (72.1%)	46 (27.9%)
Whole class (n= 176)	90 (51.1%)	86 (48.9%)		61 (70.9%)	25 (29.1%)
Total (n= 1,529)	920 (60.2%)	609 (39.8%)		434 (71.3%)	175 (28.7%)

A group-independence Chi-square test was run to see if the occurrence of incidental FonF varied according to the type of student–teacher participation structure (i.e., individual, small-group, and whole class). The results were statistically significant regarding the occurrence of reactive and preemptive FFEs (X²= 7.31, df= 2, p= .026), with an effect size of w= .069, which is a rather small effect size.
To examine the effectiveness of FonF, the individualized posttests were analyzed. A group-independence Chi-square test was run to see if the effectiveness of incidental FonF varied according to the type of student–teacher participation structure.

Table 2.
Chi-square results comparing the correct test scores on individualized posttests across participation structures

	Groups	Pearson Chi-Square		Continuity Correction		Likelihood Ratio		Phi
		Val.	Sig. (2-tailed)	Val.	Sig. (2-tailed)	Val.	Sig.(2-tailed)
Correct answer	Individual/small-group	25.29	.000	24.67	.000	25.28	.000	-.153
	Individual/whole class	.159	.690	.115	.735	.159	.690	.012
	Small-group/whole class	35.28	.000	34.61	.000	35.52	.000	.165

The results were statistically significant between the individual and small-group interaction regarding the number of the correct answers brought by FFEs (X²= 24.67, df= 1, p= .000), with an effect size of phi= -.153, which is a rather small effect size. The results were also statistically significant between the small-group and whole-class interactions regarding the number of the correct answers brought by FFEs (X²= 34.61, df= 1, p= .000), with an effect size of phi= .165, which is a rather small effect size. The results, however, were not statistically significant between the individual and whole-class interactions regarding the number of the correct answers brought by FFEs (X²= .115, df= 1, p= .735), with an effect size of phi= .012, which is a very small effect size

5. Discussion
The first research question dealt with the frequency of types of incidental FFEs in Iranian EFL pre-intermediate classes. The results of the study confirmed that incidental FonF took place quite frequently in all the three participation structure. The second research question dealt with the relationship between the frequency of types of incidental FFEs and participation structure in using dictogloss tasks. The results showed that the majority of incidental FFEs occurred in individual interactions. The final research question dealt with the relationship between participation structures and the effectiveness of incidental FonF dealing with dictogloss tasks. The target feature was regular and irregular past tense forms. The findings indicated that incidental FonF helps students develop their grammatical accuracy.

6. Conclusion
The study showd that incidental FonF and student–teacher participation structures had a significant effect on students’ use of regular and irregular past tense forms during the performance of dictogloss tasks. The results demonstrated that the majority of FFEs took place in individual interactions and the proportions of different types of incidental FonF were not equal across student-teacher participation structures. Moreover, the findings indicated that the effectiveness of incidental FonF would vary across classroom participation structures in terms of students’ use of regular and irregular past tense during dictogloss tasks. Although the majority of FFEs took place in individual interactions, students responded correctly to the higher rate of individualized posttest items that occurred in small-group interaction. In sum, a relationship was found between incidental FonF and different types of student-teacher participation structures in using dictogloss tasks in Iranian pre-intermediate EFL classes.



 

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Objective: Evaluation of the effects of Toxoplasma gondii infection on spermatogenesis in male rats. Materials and Methods: The RH strain of T. gondii tachyzoites were injected interaperitoneally in an infected group of 35 rats, while 21 rats were used as controls. Each ten days from 10- 70 days of post-infection (PI), 5 rats from infected group and 3 rats from control group were scarified. The percentage of body weight to testis weight ratio (BTR) as well as sperm parameters and fructose levels in seminal vesicles and coagulating glands (SVCG) were investigated. An IgG ELISA kit was designed for serologic diagnosis of infection in the rats. Results: All rats injected with T. gondii tachyzoites were infected from 10-70 PI. Sperm motility from 10-70 PI, sperm viability from 10-60 PI and sperm concentration from 20-60 PI were significantly decreased in the infected group (P<0.05); sperm abnormality was significantly increased in the infected group on days 30, 40 and 50 PI (P < 0.05). BTR in the infected group was not significantly changed compared to control group (P>0.05). Fructose level in SVCG in the infected group was significantly decreased on days 10-50 PI (P < 0.05) compared to control. Conclusion: According to the results, toxoplasmosis can cause impermanent impairment on the spermatogenesis in the male rats.