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Introduction: Spatial planning is a set of measures to organize the distribution of human and activities carried out in the geographical space. Each area should enjoy a range of economic and social activities based on its capabilities, needs, and situation. Spatial planning is the basis of organizing regional development and it is the main instrument for regional and national planning and policy making; it provides the basis for the preparation of socio-economic development plans for each area or country. Since for the fulfillment of development objectives all social resources, including human, economic, spatial, and environmental resources should be used and making use of all these elements needs planning, spatial planning is the basis of comprehensive development plans and projects and connects spatial, social, and economic planning, or as a whole in the form of comprehensive planning, in regional and national scale. Border areas have special characteristics due to their contacts with the external environments. The cross-border exchanges and spatial connections between the adjacent countries as well as the various vulnerabilities and threats posed by this issue necessitate special care to the process of development planning in these areas. The aim of the present research was to investigate the employed strategies for spatial plannig in brder areas in Five-Year economic, social, and cultural development plans of Islamic Republic of Iran (1st to 5th Plan).
Conclusion: In general, and especially in the 3rd and 4th plans, the economic strategy is more important. Also, spatial differences have not been considered in 5-year development plans; strategies ignored the differences in the various border areas of the country and looked at all areas in the same way. In addition, a special type of strategy is focused in each plan.
 

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Human resources in any organization have a significant impact on how one organization excels in competition with others, which in some areas, such as face-to-face sales, this role is more important. The purpose of this study is evaluation of the effect of salesperson gender and age (demographic characteristics), salesperson height and weight on buyer trust to a salesperson, using conjoint analysis approach and Based on Homophily theory. Data were collected from clothing buyers in Tehran through 194 questionnaires using in hand sampling. Results show the main factor affecting buyer’s confidence to a salesperson is his/her weight with the average importance of 28.5%. Salesperson’s age, height, and gender are located in the next priorities with average importance of 27/7, 23/9 and 19/9% respectively. Based on results effect of different surface of salesperson characteristics on buyer’s trust shows the same gender, weight and height of salesperson and buyer led to more confidence of buyer. Also, the difference in age between salesperson and buyer, decrease buyer’s trust. The results of ranking 12 types of salespersons according to the utility average shows the first rank allocates to a salesperson with these characteristics: different gender from a buyer, older than a buyer, similar weight and taller than the buyer. Also, the last rank allocated to a salesperson includes characteristics as the similar gender with the buyer, same age as the buyer, different weight with the buyer and taller than him/her.

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Natural disaster management is a system of proceedings carried out before, during and post outbreak of disasters to reduce damages as much as possible. A review on study of natural disaster management indicates that nowadays the think of reaction to disasters as a command- control structure, concentrated and technology- based has been changed and a new method known as social- based management has appeared which emphasis on local knowledge, capacities and culture. Regarding so, this article is going to answer how is the process of natural disaster management in local and modern methods in villages of studied region? This article with the help of analytic- descriptive research technique and by utilizing surveying method studies the process of natural disasters management, capacities, abilities and knowledges of villagers of khoresh- rostam region in 2 modern and local manners. method of gathering in formation is librarian and free techniques (observation, interview and questionnaire) and paneling. For analysis Friedman test has been applied. Research’s results indicates studied field has a high degree of abilities and capacities such as efficient local knowledge regarding natural disaster management, participation and collaboration of villagers and finally local NGO’s activities which can be considered useful for process of natural disaster management planning.