---

Aims: The assessment of threats and vulnerabilities of critical infrastructure such as urban water infrastructure can, in many cases, significantly reduce vulnerabilities or minimize the consequences of a threat. The aim of this research was to evaluate the components of the contingency and impact severity of human-oriented and natural-based threats in urban water infrastructure.
Instrument and Methods: In this analytical-descriptive study, a library collection method, including the study of books, research, and domestic and International articles of researchers as well as Internet search was used. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by Hazop model and Friedman test, using SPSS 21 software.
Findings: According to the experts, the highest scores were assigned to terrorism acts and suppression, and, ultimately, human error. The most critical type of threat was recognized as chemical attack, military attack, and drought by the Hazop model. The second threat was rocket attacks, earthquakes, and terrorism. The human error ranked next in critical threats. The military attack and drought were recognized as an unacceptable crisis and the probability of a flood, a military attack (ground) and human error were ranked one to three. The impact severity (damage) of the military attack (ground), earthquake, and chemical pollution were ranked one to three, respectively.
Conclusion: The most critical types of threats are chemical pollution in urban water infrastructure, military attack, and drought and are recognized as unacceptable crisis. The probability of flood, military attack (ground), and human error are ranked one to three, and the impact severity (damage) of the military attack (ground), earthquake, and chemical pollution are ranked one to three, respectively.
 

---

The spatial boundaries are not just important in the macro and international levels, but also are significant at the local, regional and national levels. They are significant in areas such as Mamasani County in which the social structure has the tribal nature. The spatial-identity boundaries are appeared due to the dominant tribal atmosphere. On this basis, the areas of culture, society and politics are overshadowed. Tribalism and socio-political boundaries in these areas consolidate each other through factors such as identity, geographic space; the creation of symbols and values; the emphasis on the notions of one's self and others; friendship, hostility and competition and the elections in local level (city council and village or parliament). This kind of solidarity plays an important role in stabilizing local- tribal and traditional political behavior on the one hand and perceptual and spatial boundaries on the other. This situation has consequences such as tribal divergence, cultural introspection and border demarcation. The current research is based on the question of what is the relationship between tribalism and socio-political boundaries in Mamasani. In explaining the research hypothesis, it seems that tribalism and socio-political boundaries mutually reinforce each other. The research is conducted using the descriptive-analytical method and the required data have been collected through library, documentary and field (observation) methods. The findings show that tribalism and socio-political boundaries had mutual effects on each other so that tribes were socialized and politicized during the reign of the Khans and after the fall of the Khans, tribal boundaries have also been influential in intensifying clannish attitudes.
 


 

---

Prelude: Due to the special characteristics and conditions of Security of the border, deployment of security in such areas is important.any form of insecurity in a border zone can seriously threaten different aspects of security in the country. Deployment of security along the border and in the border zone requires in the first place, investigation, and identification of natural and human-made features within the border zone. identification of natural and geographic features of a border zone is of paramount importance owing to the crucial role played by such bio-foundations in the social life and development of the border zone. They further contribute largely to borderline monitoring, management, and control systems.
Goal: The present research seeks to investigate the states of natural features, including the border stream, topography, and vegetation, in the Iran-Afghanistan border zone in Khorasan Razavi and further evaluates their impact on borderline and border zone security. materials and ways: the required data was extracted from the OLI sensor on the Landsat Satellite(2018), with the data then analyzed using GIS and remote sensing techniques in the ENVI )5.3(.
Conclusion: The findings showed that water scarcity and insufficient depth of Harirood River in most parts of the year set the scene for illegal trafficking of goods and drugs across the border, negatively impacting the border zone security. This further holds true for the seasonal lake of Namakar in the border zone between the two countries. Considering the topography, existing maps indicate that the presence of highlands in the vicinity of the Iran-Afghanistan borderline and extension of particular highlands into the mainland of Afghanistan have negatively influenced the border security.

---

In order to identify the species of the family Lauxaniidae, a study was conducted in Horand region located in Northern part of East Azerbaijan province, Iran, during 2011-2013. A total of six species belonging to three genera were identified, including Calliopum caucasicum (Shatalkin, 1995) and Minettia lupulina (Fabricius, 1787) newly reported from Iran. The diagnostic characters, geographical distribution and photos of the studied species are given.

---

The effect of salicylic acid (SA) on induction of resistance against root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) and the effect of M. javanica to induce biochemical defense responses in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) roots at six-leaf stage were investigated. Meanwhile, the effect of different concentrations of SA on mortality of second stage juveniles of M. javanica was examined. Changes in the activity of cytoplasmic peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) enzymes in the roots of tomato seedlings were measured during seven successive days after inoculation with M. javanica in greenhouse. SA was used as soil drench and leaf spray. The efficiency of treatments were evaluated by measuring diameter of galls, number of galls per plant, number of egg masses per plant, number of eggs per individual egg mass, root and foliage fresh weights. The results showed that use of SA as soil drench and leaf spray significantly reduce diameter of galls 28% and 32%, number of galls per plant 40% and 44%, number of egg masses per plant 45% and 49% and number of eggs per individual egg mass 53% and 55% compared to control (inoculated with nematode only). The activity of the enzymes (POX, CAT and PAL) increased in comparison with plants treated with distilled water. The maximum level of larva mortality was observed at 7 mM SA with no significant difference at concentration of 6 mM. SA caused 21.2% mortality of larvae at concentration of 5 mM.    

---

Introduction
Encouraging political participation through electoral behavior is the most crucial mission for a candidate and their team. In other words, how the political process is initiated and how the game is played effectively to benefit oneself while also deepening competitive democracy requires a nuanced art and comprehensive, professional strategies. Election activists can explore and utilize various aspects of political participation by understanding diverse electoral behaviors, the nature and functionality of these actions, and how to create them. There are numerous factors involved in electoral competitions that, to varying degrees, influence a candidate’s ability to secure a position and achieve political power. These factors range from cultural and social elements to economic and livelihood conditions, as well as communication, networking, and geographic factors, which are fundamental and vital in overcoming political rivals during an electoral campaign.

Methodology
The current article is a research-based study that is dual in nature regarding its objective: both fundamental/theoretical and applied. However, its predominant aspect can be considered applied, specifically problem-solving. It is applied in the sense that the results aim to settle a problem, which is how electoral candidates can achieve victory and attain political power.

Research Findings
This study showed that there is no single factor that can predict how people vote. Instead, a combination of various factors explains voting behavior in electoral contexts. There are diverse and various factors and strategies involved in the success of candidates in electoral campaigns. Political actors cannot effectively influence the voters' perception and play a significant role in elections by relying solely on one or a few components or strategies. The findings indicate that activists who have entered the electoral arena with a well-structured and comprehensive plan have managed the electoral environment more effectively. Therefore, candidates need to develop and articulate well-founded and comprehensive factors and strategies to ensure their strong and stable presence in electoral contests, enabling them to outperform their rivals, attract votes, and ultimately win the election.

Conclusions
Electoral candidates are the central actors in an election, serving as the focal point of the electoral campaign. The following question then arises: What factors contribute to a candidate's success? Various factors influence this outcome, as explained through theories of electoral behavior and political participation approaches. Sociological, social psychological, and political economic theories emphasize social, psychological, and cognitive indicators and components, focusing on subcultures and macro-social cultures (demographic characteristics and membership in institutions and groups) and the individual's loyalty to party’s identity and rational, demand-driven actions. In this context, elitist, political communication, and electoral geography theories place significance on political elites and adherence to directives, media, and interactions among the electorate within geographical spaces of varying scales (states, provinces, counties, districts, neighborhoods, and regions; spatial differences). These theories highlight the importance of active political forces, spatial communication tools, and comprehensive coverage of the electorate within the geographical space. Therefore, it can be said that the factors are diverse and unequal, with each factor and strategy having its own mechanisms and operational contexts. Among these factors and strategies, five strategies (factors) with their respective components—namely, the personal and social personality of candidates, political parties, money and financial resources, media, and geographical perspective—are considered to play the most significant and influential roles in a candidate's electoral success. Actors should primarily focus on these five spatial factors in their electoral campaigns

---

The values and shared characteristics of an independent nation foster a sense of belonging among its people, shaping their national identity. National identity serves political, economic, social, and military functions, and governments aim to leverage these functions to enhance national cohesion and ensure the survival of the political system. This study investigates the role and impact of national identity on the economic dimensions of a nation, employing a descriptive-analytical method based on library resources and field studies. In the field study, a questionnaire was distributed to gather opinions from scholars concerning these impacts. Due to the limited size of the statistical population, sampling was unnecessary; the questionnaire was sent to 200 experts and specialists, resulting in the collection of 96 completed responses after extensive follow-up. The independent t-test was employed for data analysis, confirming the normality of the data. The findings indicate that strengthening national identity enhances the sense of territorial belonging and patriotism among citizens, positively influencing self-confidence, innovation, and economic independence. In the production sector, individuals with a strong national identity are motivated to produce high-quality goods and services using domestic resources. In the consumption sector, there is a notable preference for purchasing and consuming domestic products. Consequently, national identity contributes to the development of high-quality domestic goods, increases domestic consumption, boosts production, strengthens the national currency, and generates employment, ultimately benefiting the national economy. Field findings results supported by descriptive statistics and statistical tests, confirm the theoretical framework, showing that experts strongly believe in the impact of national identity on enhancing various aspects of a country's economic power.

---

---

---

Potato is one of the most important crops produced in Kurdistan province, western Iran. Although several species of plant-parasitic nematodes have been reported in association with these potato fields, no comprehensive nematode community structure has been investigated. The present study reports the frequency, abundance and prominence value of all nematode groups from 40 potato fields across Ghurveh and Dehgolan regions. Bacterivorous nematodes showed the highest frequency, abundance and predominance in the region, followed by herbivorous (plant-parasitic nematodes), fungivorous and omnivorous nematodes. Predatory nematodes (carnivores) were not recovered probably because field soils were highly disturbed. Root-lesion nematodes were the most predominant among the identified plant-parasitic nematodes. The calculation of the indices of ecosystem function, as well as the plotting colonizer-persister (c-p) triangle, food web faunal analysis and metabolic footprint of the potato fields revealed that most of the studied fields had high proportions of c-p1 and c-p2 nematodes, but nematode individuals of c-p3-5 counted fewer in the population. According to the present study, 50% of the sampled fields represent either stressed and enriched, 30% could be considered as stable and enriched, and 20% may be described as stressed and depleted in terms of their soil nematode food webs. The current study provides the first known study in Iran on nematode assemblages and their implication in soil health.

---

The performance of different yield loss models from an exponential family was evaluated in safflower-redroot pigweed systems in two field experiments conducted during 2007 and 2008 growing seasons at the research field of Agricultural College of Shiraz University, Iran. The yield loss of safflower was recorded as relative yield loss in experimental plots laid out in split plot design with three replicates. Three different irrigation treatments were allocated to the main plots and consisted of full irrigation or 100% field capacity (FC), 75% FC, and 50% FC, while five weed densities (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeds m-2) were assigned to the sub-plots The Logistic and Gompertz models and a user defined Power-Exponential model were fitted to the data to relate crop yield loss to the weed densities under different water stress conditions. The Power-Exponential model was chosen as the best fit to the data with statistically acceptable model diagnostics. Logistic and Gompertz models showed good fit to the observed data, but underestimated the yield loss under three levels of irrigation. Model performance in all cases was influenced by water stress as models generally showed greater constant and systematic biases under severe water stress (50% FC). Model parameters were used to explain the impact of water stress in crop/weed system. The exponential family models globally performed better over common empirical models such as Spitters, Kropff and Lotz and Cousens models.

---

The geography of elections is one of the branches of the political geography, which studies the aspects of the geography of elections such as spatial organization of elections, spatial diversity in voting patterns and the impact of spatial and environmental factors in the voters’ decisions. The factors that influence elective decision making conditionally, geographically and spatially are extensive. One of the factors that is able to influence the extent of voting of the people in many countries is the types of the people's ethnicity. The neighborhood phenomenon is a significant factor in the political behavior of citizens and also in creation of the spatial patterns of elections. It means that the residents of a particular place (local area, town, city, and province) make sympathy with the candidate who was born in that place, so people think that this candidate can understand their problems well. Therefore, people vote in favor of him. This survey examines the role of neighborhood ness in the voting patterns of Iran’s tenth presidential elections. The method of this research is descriptive-analytic. In order to explain the subject, the GIS software was used for drawing the elective maps. The results of this study showed that neighborhood need had a significant impact in the 10^th presidential elections’ voting patterns.    

---

Majalis al-Nafais is a biography in Turkish that was translated into Persian five times after its publication. Most subsequen bioghrafies are influenced by its style. As far as possible, the tradition of writing biography in Iran can be divided into two periods before and after Majalis al-Nafais. The main question of the article is formed at this point: What is the distinguishing feature of this biography? The answer must be found in the structural features of the work. To find the answer, after a brief review of the author's personality dimensions, we analyze the effect structurally and then explore the discourse order of the world outside and inside the text To show what is the discourse basis of this different structure. Examining the methods and techniques of classifying poets, the method of introducing figures and the problem of criticizing poetry and poets are the other three central issues with the help of which we explain the methodological pillars of Majlis al-Nafais. The structure of this biography has a direct or indirect effect on the Persian biography tradition of the tenth to fourteenth centuries in different ways.

---

In this research, extrusion technology was used to produce high-fiber snacks made from fresh cauliflower, corn starch, and corn flour. For this purpose, a central composite design and the response surface method (RSM) effects of various factors, including screw speed (120 to 180 rpm), cauliflower percentage (15%, 20%, 25%), and their impact on macrostructural, functional and color characteristics, such as expansion ratio, porosity, water solubility, water absorption index, and color changes of the snacks were investigated. The results demonstrated increasing the percentage of cauliflower increased the water absorption index (P<0.05) and whiteness index (P<0.0001) and also decreased the expansion ratio (P<0.0001) and porosity (P<0.0001) of the snack. It had no significant effect on the water solubility index. Increasing the screw speed led to an increase in the expansion ratio (P<0.0001), porosity (P<0.0001), solubility index in water(P<0.0001), and decreased whiteness index(P<0.0001) and water absorption index (P<0.05). The optimal sample was obtained by considering the maximum amount of cauliflower, the maximum water absorption index and the expansion ratio equivalent to the amount of cauliflower of 25% and the screw speed of 180 revolutions per minute with a desirability of 0.81 And after performing the test on the predicted values of the software, the non-significance of the average difference between the actual sample analysis results and the predicted sample values was observed, and The observations of the study indicate the promising potential of extruded snacks for enrichment purposes.