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Cell concentrations and growth rate of Dunaliella salina Teodoresco in light intensities e. g. 50 and 150 µmol. photons.m-2.s-1 and temperatures 25 ± 0.5 and 31 ± 0.5 oC (Mean ± SD) were studied. The algae was isolated from the Urumieh Lake and cultured in various treatments (n=12). Algae cells were counted regularly using Thoma counting chamber in 3 replicates on daily basis. The curve of changes in population was plotted. The specific growth rate (SGR; d-1) was calculated and compared within treatments by means of two ways ANOVA Analysis. The highest cell concentration (Mean ± SD) 4.8 ± 0.6 × 10 6 cell.ml-1 was observed in light intensity of 150 µmol. photons.m-2.s-1 and temperature 25 ± 0.5 oC. The minimum cell concentration (2.8 ± 0.3 × 10 6 cell.ml-1) was observed in light intensity of 50 µmol. photons.m-2.s-1 and temperature 31 ± 0.5 oC. Specific growth rate showed significant differences in various treatments (P

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Background: In this study, we investigated the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus agr groups to detect the predominant type according to the source of isolation and assessed the possible relationship between agr groups, types of infection and susceptible or resistance to methicillin. Materials and Methods: DNA of 194 S. aureus isolates were extracted by lysozyme-phenol chloroform method that included 85clinical samples, 58 samples were isolated from nose of health care workers and 51 were obtained from food products in Gorgan, North of Iran. PCR-based assays were used for the identification of agr specificity group and mecA gene. Results: The majority of isolates belonged to agr group I (43.3%), followed by agr group III (28.87%), agr group II (22.68%), agr group IV (5.15%) and 40.7% of strains were MRSA. In our study, the majority of S. aureus isolates recovered from health care workers and food products were agr group I and isolates recovered from patients were agr group III, these differences were statistically significant (P-value <0.05). There was no statistical difference between the agr groups, infection type and susceptibility or resistance to methicillin. However, agr group III was the predominant group in MRSA strains. Conclusion: Theagr group I was predominant among isolates of health care workers and food products specimens in Gorgan, North of Iran, while agr group III was predominant in MRSA strains and the isolates from patients. Investigation of the possible role of agr group III in S.aureus infections in the further studies is recommended.

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Background: Trichomoniasis is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted human disease that is caused by protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. Metronidazole is the selective drug in trichomoniasis treatment. However, the reported cases show an increasing trend of drug resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of mango and blueberry extracts on T. vaginalis.
Materials and Methods: T. vaginalis was cultured axenically in TYM (Trypticase Yeast Extract) medium supplemented with 10% bovine serum. The effect of mango and blueberry extracts at 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1000 μg.mL^-1 on T. vaginalis was studied after 24 and 48 hours. The final numbers of parasite with a hemocytometer and Trypan blue were recorded. Then the value of IC₅₀ [Half maximal inhibitory concentration] and the lethal percent were calculated. In the present study, the metronidazole was used as positive control. The IC₅₀ value of metronidazole and tinidazole were calculated in the concentrations of 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16 and 0.32 μg.mL^-1.
Results: The final results confirmed the significant effect of all mango and blueberry extracts concentrations on the reduction of parasite numbers (P-value<0.05(. The extract concentrations of 1000 μg.mL^-1 had the most significant effect on T. vaginalis growth inhibition after 24 hours. The IC₅₀ values of mango and blueberry extracts, metronidazole, and tinidazole were calculated as 118.3, 60.74, 0.042 and 0.02 μg.ml^-1 respectively.
Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, the different concentrations of mango and blueberry extracts have significant anti  Trichomonas vaginalis activities. It is suggested  carrying out further studies on suitable animal models.

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In this study surimi was produced from big head (Hypophtalmichthys nobilis) carp and the effects of three independent factors including microbial transglutaminase (0.5%, 0.75% and 1%), salt (0%, 1.25% and 2.5%) and temperature (35 ̊C, 40 ̊C and 45 ̊C), were examined on textural properties and color parameters of produced surimi was examined. The results showed that enzyme concentration of 0.5 % and 1.25 % of salt at 45 ̊C temperature were as optimum treatment, thereby, reducing the salt percentage from 2.5 % to 1.25 % without significant reduction in textural properties such as Hardness (resistance of food at the first bitting of the food), Cohesiveness (maintaining the strength of the food during chewing) and Springiness (ability of foos to recovery of its origin shape and size at the first biting). The increasing of the amount of enzyme also resulted in reduction of WHC, significantly (p<0.05). Moreover, when the enzyme and salt were used at low concentrations, the more whiteness and lightness of surimi gel wre produced. Simultaneous effect of salt increasing and setting temperature reduction, resulted in significant higher redness (a*) (p<0.05). Besides, the effect of enzyme alone on yellow factor (b*) was not significant, whereas the simultaneous effect of increasing in enzyme and temperature resulted higher b* factor (p<0.05). 

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The effect of soil and topographic features on distribution of Amygdalus scoparia in Nehbandan (Iran) was investigated. Slope, aspect and altitudinal maps were overlaid to prepare a working map unit. Quantitative and qualitative traits, including height, number, collar diameter of sprout with the highest diameter, crown diameter and trunk health were recorded in 1000 m² plots (27 plots). In each plot, soil was sampled at depth 0-30 cm. The regression model of the traits with topographical and edaphic factors showed that 70% of variations of A.scoparia sprout height was explained with calcium carbonate, 50% variations of the number of sprouts was explained with clay, and 77% variations of the crown diameter was explained with calcium carbonate. Correlation results revealed that some soil properties such as clay, potassium, organic matter, sand, acidity and lime accounted for A.scoparia distribution. Future work on other indicating factors will help us to determine the optimum range of these factors for this plant species.

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Increasing the city’s population and changing human's life to mechanical style, leads to fading out to pay attention to public life and ultimately degrades the quality of human life. Todays, responding to the material and spiritual needs concurrently, as two important needs, is the main issue in the urban environment management. In this regard, due to the traditional structure of the Islamic cities, which was formed by a number of neighborhoods, tasks of these neighborhoods are such as communication, solidarity creation, and the resident’s needs satisfaction. In this context, this study aimed to extract criteria, in order to environmental response of neighborhoods from the perspective of the Islamic thought, was formulated with the citations to the Islamic reliable sources. This article tries to answer these fundamental questions, including: Fist, from the perspective of the Islamic worldview, the responsive environment in terms of human presence includes what kind of guidelines and criteria? And second, how these principles and criteria in the neighborhoods are defined?
The concept of the responsive environments was proposed by Bentley for the first time in the Western studies. Bently established the specific criteria of the aforementioned concept and finally its related criteria were used widely in their own meaning. In this study, bringing up the mentioned issue and using the particular expression of it, actually does not mean the positive attitude of all the aspects of that completely and by default. Because, if there is a positive view on the environmental responsiveness before expanding it, then all the points of that issue as well as derived theory and expression are accepted. However, the main purpose of this study is to identify and evaluate the Islamic response criteria in the neighborhoods based on the extension and customization of the general criteria of response environment which are proposed by Bently. In addition, the criteria which are derived from the Islamic response were compared comprehensively with the Western ones. The aim is not acceptable in the Islamic Studies. Meanwhile the correct way to enter these issues and present its criteria will be possible only by relying on the original definition of the environmental responsiveness. The definition of environmental responsiveness is as follows: the responsiveness capacity of any environment is in relation with its aspects of its design features. Therefore, the responsiveness condition can affect users’ satisfaction and their quality of life. The main emphasis here is on the quality users’ satisfaction, which can be raised as a main issue of the challenge between considering the Islamic and non-Islamic thoughts. In this study, the main theoretical argument is that the satisfaction of what human aspects should be considered in the Islamic environmental plan. It can be established better and more accurately related to the Bentley theory and can be carried on an issue by focusing on the common and different aspects.

The first step in this research is conducted via using a qualitative approach to the study of descriptive-analytical method, which is based on documentary research, library content analysis of the literature on the responding approach from the perspective of the Western studies and the Islamic thoughts. In order to better understand the Islamic aspects, it is needed to assess the western view similarly. Then, after identifying and defining the criteria, which would base on the Western studies, an extensive interdisciplinary study related to the Islamic thoughts is conducted. In this regard, among the available resources of the Islam religion, the Quran as the encyclopedia of the Islam religion, hadiths, Fiqh, narrations and sayings of great contemporary Islamic scholars interacting with architecture and Urbanism resources are used. In addition, the criteria of the aforementioned approach are extracted and the comprehensive theoretical framework is developed. The introduced criteria among the reliable resources, which are extracted from three main parts, are presented as follows: 1. Referring to the text of the Quran and extracting the verses related to the mentioned issue, 2. Studying hadiths which are directly or indirectly referred to the considered discussion and have offered recommendations or suggestions, and 3. The sayings, the narrations of the Islamic researchers in this field via considering available resources have stated their interpretation and inferred to better represent the issue's literature.
Due to the nature of the fundamental theoretical research, first, the qualitative approach was discussed, using the content analysis of issue's literature on the environmental response approach from the perspectives of the Western and Islamic thoughts. In addition, the criteria of these approaches were extracted, among these criteria which could be referred to linking with nature and the manifestation of heaven on earth, due to the various reasons such as magnitude, geometry, proportions, simplicity, moderation in construction, hierarchy, introspection, social solidarity, compliance with residents’ needs, vitality, vibrancy and dynamism, security, identity and sense of belonging, the basis for the formation of the unified Ummah and holding ceremonies, basis for thinking, and justice in the allocation of facilities from the perspective of the Islamic thought. Then, these criteria are presented into four general categories includes physical, functional, perceptual, and finally spiritual characteristics. Finally, a comparative study was carried out between the responsive environmental criteria from the perspective of Islamic and western thought focuces of neighborhoods design and discussed the way of manifestation. These criteria can be descriptive and prescriptive. Descriptive criteria aim to describe the Islamic environment, which means that there is a criterion and should be displayed. The concluded criteria which were recommended and prescribed for the Muslims, means that there is no criterion and should take steps to create it. The axioms of the Islam thoughts cover both approaches, because the Islam can provide both a worthy description of the humans’ insights and accordingly prescribe. Therefore, the Islamic principles will be responsive, if applied to all of the humans’ needs. The responsiveness will go ahead, in order to satisfy God, which is a main goal in the responsiveness. So even a person may be dissatisfied, apparently of the criteria implementation, but will benefit in practice from the responsiveness of it. Due to the adoption of the Islamic thought in achieving a responsive environment in neighborhoods, all aspects of human life were considered. Extracting the criteria of the environmental responsiveness from the perspective of the Islamic thoughts and comparing them with the criteria of the Western studies show that some of western responsiveness criteria had close links with the Islamic responsiveness criteria.
As in a research category which relates to the physical aspects, it could be seen the mentioned linkage includes: 1. Visual proportions relate to the magnitude, geometry and proportions, and 2. Density of land use with relates to the simplicity and moderation in construction and as the same way in functional and perceptual aspects, which these communications exist. The obtained results show that in contrast to the Western views, which was focused only on the physical and sometimes carnal aspects during the life of humans. The Islamic criteria of the Iranian-islamic neighborhoods have a significant impact on three spheres include physical, carnal and spiritual life of man. In addition, they have a special attention on the spiritual aspect and could be used to better respond to transcendent needs of citizens in the neighborhoods.

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Backgrounds: Trichomoniasis is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in the world. The main aim of the present descriptive study was to determine the prevalence rate and clinical symptoms of trichomoniasis among women referring to the hospital in Mahshahr city in Khuzestan province, southwest of Iran.
Materials & Methods: Urine samples were collected from 2200 women referring to Imam Musa Kazim hospital in Mahshahr city. In addition, 500 Pap smear samples were used for early detection of Trichomonas vaginalis. At first, parasitological tests were performed to detect T. vaginalis in urine and dissolved Pap smear samples using microscopic examination. Finally, DNA extraction was performed on 34 parasites isolated from positive urine and Pap smear samples. Then the 18s rRNA gene of the parasite was amplified by PCR method. The PCR products of the 18s rRNA gene were finally sequenced.
Findings: The prevalence rate of this parasite was determined to be 1.54%. The highest prevalence rate of infection and clinical symptoms were observed in women aged 31-40 years. Totally, clinical symptoms were observed in 64.70% of infected women, including vaginal itching and irritation (64.70%) and abnormal discharge (26.47%).
Conclusion: The prevalence rate of Trichomonas infection was relatively low in women living in Mahshahr. In addition, about 35.29% of infected women were found to be clinically asymptomatic.

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Strategic planning is presently considered as a key managerial process. Despite the abundance of literature on strategic planning, few research projects have focused on the measuring of strategic planning. This paper offers a diagnostic toll and twenty key features for measuring strategic planning effectiveness based on Hoshin Kanri. The model was tested in a large sample of state-owned company in Iran and the results are put to the fore by the author.

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Objective: An entomological survey was carried out for Leishmania vector incrimination of sand flies in northwestern Iran. Materials and Methods: Among other specimens, 358 sand flies belong to the Sergentomyia Genus were tested for leptomonad infection using semi-nested PCR method as well as sequence anlalysis of ITS-rDNA fragment. Results: Results of semi-nested PCR against kietoplast DNA showed reptile leptomonad infection in two specimens of S.dentata. The ITS2 sequence analysis of the specimens revealed 76% identity with those of Leishmania (sauroleishmania) adleri of Genbank. However, further studies need to clarify the species identity of the leptomonads. Interestingly, blood meal analysis of the sand flies determined an S.sintoni specimen with mammalian hemoglobin. Conclusion: This reptile related sauroleishmania parasites lacks the Lipophosphoglican (LPG) necessary for entrance to human phagocytes cells, and hence are not human pathogen. However, the GlycoInositoPhosphoLipid (GIPL) molecules of this parasite reacts with sera of kala-azar patients and may cause false positive scores in sero-epidemiological surveys for kala-azar. Sauroleishmania can be transmitted to human by infected bite of some Sergentomyia subgenera that show intermediate

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Aims: Since 2019, COVID-19 has become a public health emergency and a global threat. Although adolescents are a vulnerable group, they have not received much attention. Accordingly, the present study aimed to explain adolescents' experiences of the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on lifestyle behaviors.
Participant & Methods: This study was conducted as a qualitative study with a qualitative content analysis approach at Zanjan University of Medical Sciences in 1400. Purposeful sampling consisted of 21 adolescents of both sexes. The data collection method was semi-structured and in-depth interviews.
Findings: A total of 112 initial codes were obtained, which after merging similar codes finally extracted 89 semantic units in 12 subcategories and 3 main categories including Physical consequences, Psychological consequences, and Cognitive-emotional consequences from the perspective of adolescents.
Conclusion: Considering the formation of lifestyle behaviors in adolescence and the positive and negative effects of coronary heart disease on various aspects of adolescent lifestyle, it seems that governments should pay special attention to this age group that is the future makers of countries and steps Valuable for this age group to flourish.

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Abstratct- In this paper, first, a number of emerging technologies for rapid manufacturing of components are introduced and their application in manufacturing aeronautical structural components is discussed. Then, a novel method for generation of sectional contour curves directly from the cloud point data is presented. The proposed method computes contour curves for rapid prototyping model generation through adaptive slicing, data points reducing and B-spline curve fitting. The Proposed procedure was programmed in MATLAB software package to perform all computational effort in a single software system. The method has been applied to a wing-fuselage connector component of an existing fighter aircraft to create its layered model for rapid manufacturing. 3D comparison of the developed model and the digitized cloud point data reveals that 95% of the data points have a maximum deviation of 0.5 mm, which is a reasonable accuracy compared to the component size. The simplicity and effectiveness of the proposed method, as demonestarted by our experiments, confirms that the algorithm can be practically used for rapid prototype manufaturing of aeronautical structural components with an adequate accuracy.

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Objective: Ajowan is an annual herbaceous essential oil of Carum copticom. The main components of the oil are Tymol, β-pinene, γ- terpinene and Sabinene.The fruit oil of Carum copticum has been reported to have several therapeutic effects including anti fungal, anti bacterial and anti viral,... Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungus and transforms into pathogenic form in favorable conditions, causing fungal diseases. Materials and Methods: In this study, essential oil and alcoholic extract of Carum copticum were gained and Microdilution Broth method were used for detection of minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicide concentration (MFC) of 11 clinical isolates of Candida albicans and Standard strain (PTCC50-27). Results: Results show that MIC for essential oil is 0.43 µg/ml, 0.87 µg/ml and for alcoholic extract is 3.51 µg/ml, 7.03 µg/ml, 1/75 µg/ml. Thus, it seems that Carum copticum could inhibit Candida albicans growth by a similar mechanism which occurs by Fluconazole (FLZ). In general, the results obtained in this study indicate that Carum copticum has potential values for growth inhibition of Candida albicans in vitro. Conclution: In recent years, systemic fungal infections due to Candida species have been received major consideration about inducing mortality in nosocomial patients because of increasing in immunocompromised disorders such as AIDS and hematological disorders as well as long term use of Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus sandflies. Conclusion: This is the first report on natural infection of sand flies to L. donovani in the country and since the ecology and biology of L. donovani differs extensively from L. infantum, it is necessary to perform further studies to highlight the role of L. donovani in epidemiology of VL in the region and country.

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 Based on the chemical properties of herbicide and carrier water, water hardness might have different impacts on herbicide performance. A study was conducted in the greenhouse to determine the effect of chloride and bicarbonate forms of Mg⁺² and Na⁺ on the performance of clodinafop-propargyl and sulfosulfuron for littleseed canarygrass control. The concentrations of bicarbonate and chloride forms of Mg⁺² and Na⁺ had no significant effect on the ED₅₀ of clodinafop-propargyl. The relative potency of clodinafop-propargyl, in the presence of all mineral salts, was 1.0 or had no significant difference from 1.0. On the contrary, increasing the mineral salts reduced the ED₅₀ of sulfosulfuron significantly, especially in the presence of bicarbonate forms of Mg⁺² and Na⁺. In this regard, the relative potency of sulfosulfuron as affected by 100 to 800 ppm Mg(HCO₃)₂ was about 0.5 to 0.7 times higher than control. This value was increased from 0.5 to 2.2 at 100 to 800 ppm sodium bicarbonate. Hence, the ranking of the mineral salts on improving sulfosulfuron performance was NaHCO₃ > Mg(HCO₃)₂ > MgCl₂ > NaCl. It is suggested that because of the lipophilic nature of clodinafop-propargyl, the presence of mineral salts did not affect the performance of this herbicide. It is concluded that, in determining the effect of water hardness on herbicide performance, in addition to chemical properties of herbicide, type of mineral salt, and its concentration, it is also essential to know the changes in the pH of the carrier water due to the mineral salts.

 

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In a controversial decision, Louis Althusser classifies literature as the apparatuses through which the dominant ideology is disseminated. Yet, is it possible to place the works that explicitly expose State Apparatuses in such classification? Bozorg Alavi’s “Gileh Mard” uncovers power exertion of the dominant system on a character who has ignored and challenged class coalition. The powerful presence of Repressive State Apparatus, and to some extent Ideological Apparatuses, indicate the writer’s awareness of the functions of apparatuses in changing individuals into the system’s desired subject, and this portrayal is probably an indication of his inclination to dissect such power functions for his readers. This claim is supported by the fact that Alavi was self-consciously leftist in politics and realism in depicting social disorders was one of his writing styles. The question that arises is whether Alavi’s “Gileh Mard” is a literary product that shakes the pillars of ideology, or the short story itself becomes finally an Ideological State Apparatus, serving the dominant system? While the present research provides an Althusserian answer to this question through referring to Lenin and Philosophy and “A Letter on Art”, it explores the shortcomings of the Althusserian approach through the “aesthetic of reception”.

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NIR Laser application in bacteria is often focused on mortality and antibiotic efficacy. The literature records on this point are absolutely diverse from mortality in different degrees to immortality and even viability enhancement. The aim of this study is to investigate 808 nm laser effects on E.coli-DH5α viability and Growth with CFU, MTT and FCM assays. To obtain the purpose, bacteria in LB media put on with 808nm laser on 100 and 200 J/cm² dosages and were investigated and compared by CFU, MTT and FCM assay. CFU assay results after 24 hours incubation were not significantly different between laser treatments and control. (P=0.06). In contrast, MTT assay results after 1 hours from laser treatment indicated significant deleterious effects in 200 J/cm² laser treatment compared with control(P=0.006). On the other hand, FCM assay results of laser treatments with using of PI and Triton X100 not only approved MTT assay results but also revealed some dose dependent changes on bacteria ranging from increase membrane permeability to lethal damages. As a conclusion of the results in these method assays, we can state that these different laser doses produce diverse effects on viability and growth in E.coli-DH5α. Consequently the laser treatments could be planned for antibiotic purposes or enhancing gene transformation process.

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In recent years, many large ground motions occurred very close to modern cities and caused severe damage to buildings. Damage to modern engineering structures is beyond engineers’ expectation, because the structures are thought to have been designed according to proper ground motion-resistant design standards. In these buildings, although the distribution of strength for all stories of designed structures was considered uniform, but the distribution of overall damage of stories was non-uniform and considerable damage for some stories was observed. In this study, 8, 12 and 15-story dual steel moment-resisting frames with concrete shear wall were designed as a residential building that was located in seismic zone 4 (very high relative seismic risk region). These structures were designed with uniform strength ratio for all elements according to the modal response spectra analysis and static equivalent lateral seismic load pattern that were typically recommended by most building codes. Then six severe ground motions recorded in soil type III with magnitude greater than 6.2 on the Richter scale, without forward directivity, were selected. Finally, all structures subjected to these six severe ground motions and distribution of damage was examined by using nonlinear dynamic analysis. According to the results, despite uniform distribution of strength for all elements, element types and stories in each structure, the distribution of overall damage for element types (e.g. beams, columns and shear wall) and stories and the distribution of local damage for elements are non-uniform and among different stories, first and last stories have minimum overall damage and among different elements types, the damage of the beams is more than columns and shear wall and increasing the number of stories has not been effected on the distribution of damage of elements, and for 8, 12 and 15-story distribution of damage of elements is similar. Evaluation of distribution of damage on elements illustrate that the beams and columns near the shear wall have been damaged more than the beams and columns that are located far from the shear wall. On some stories, the beams and columns near the shear wall have been damaged considerably, but the beams and columns that are located far from the shear wall have been remained elastic. Also, these results conclude that the distribution of overall damage on stories and element types are not adequate for evaluation of seismic damage and the local damage of each element should be examined separately, because from distortion of the results caused by the temperature effect. As the complexity of equipment and speed of testing for the RCPT and RCMT tests are similar, the RCMT test can be recommended for more realistic appraisal of concrete. There was good correlation between the results of the RCMT and electrical resistance test which shows a good potential for utilization of the electrical resistivity methods for appraisal of chloride resistivity of concrete.

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Nowadays, one of the most fundamental and controversial theoretical discussions in literary criticism is to evade meta-theory in literary practices. The prominent thinkers in this area, known as neo-pragmatists, include Terry Eagleton, Stanley Fish, Steven Knapp, and Walter Benn Michaels who emphasize that the course of theory and criticism has now been diverted from its original aim of advancing social justice in the early eighteenth century and has now become a fetish that solidifies and reproduces the hierarchical society. In 1980s, we witnessed the acme of theoretical discussions and practices in literary studies; yet, in this decade, anti-theory and anti-theoretical discussions come to their acme, knowing Knapp and Michaels’ ideas as one of their key manifestos. Knapp and Michaels believe that theoretical discussions have been the result of the separation of such inseparable terms as meaning-intention, language-speech acts, and theory-practice, leading to “theoretical enterprise.” These two critics argue that since authorial discussions are “empirical” issues, theoretical responses to them do not solve the problem; rather, they are merely a “theoretical temptation.” In this article, following a concise survey of thinkers in the realm of theory and related concepts, in particular anti-theory, meta-theory, and post-theory, we have attempted to explore the two’s ideas, review reactions to them and the errors in their argument, and finally investigate what message Knapp and Michaels’ article can have for our country’s literary society.

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Objective: Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic disease that is causing small protozoan genus Cryptosporidum and transmission take place through fecal- oral by direct contact or indirectly through food or drink. The aim of this study was detection of anti-Cryptosporidum parvum Immunoglobulin IgG, in newborn BALB/c infected with C. parvum. Materials and Methods: Oocysts of C. parvum were obtained from the feces of diarrheic lambs and following purification they were suspended in 2.5% aqueous potassium dichromate solution and stored at 4°C. Forty suckling BALB/c (3–4 days old) were divided in 8 groups (4 case groups and 4 control groups) each group consist of 5 suckling BALB/c. The mice in case groups were infected oraly with 105 C. parvum oocysts, and the mice in control groups served as non-infected. Blood samples were collected at 6, 9, 12 and 16 days post-infection (pi). Immunoglobulin IgG were extracted by salting out method and confirmed with SDS-PAGE. Results: Antibodies were analyzed by western blot and increased secretion of IgG was confirmed in neonatal mice infected with Cryptosporidum oocysts. Mean OD of Immunoglobulin IgG increased from 0.350 ± 0.099 to 0.6776 ± 0.099 in case groups but in control groups the increase was from 0.244 ± 0.016 to 0.322 ± 0.16 (P<0.05). Conclusion: The type of antibody in neonetal mice infected with Cryptosporidum oocysts was IgG which is secreted against external memberane of oocysts. Significant differences in neonatal mice case groups as compared with the control groups were observed.

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Objective: Toxoplasmosis infection has spread throughout the world, it is created by the intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. Toxoplasma cause changes in the behavior of the rodents. Rodents play an important role in the life cycle of the Toxoplasma gondii, they are the main infection reservoir of the domestic cats. The purpose of this study was to investigation Toxoplasma infection in the Tehran's Rats. Materials and Methods: In this study, 150 mice were collected from all 5 regions of Tehran (North, South, East, West, Center) by live traps over 8-months period. For infection detection, anti-rat conjugate was used in ELISA method. Results: The results showed that 36/7 percent of rats in Tehran have Toxoplasma infection. Maximum number of infected rats were found in the South and Central parts of Tehran with 11.7 percent and with minimum of 1.47 percent in the West of Tehran. Conclusion: The extent of infection indicates the importance of these wild rats in the persistence and life cycle this parasite.