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Milad saravi, , , ,
Volume 3, Issue 4 (2-2015)
Volume 3, Issue 4 (2-2015)
Abstract
Based on the macro-invertebrate community and physico-chemical indices, water quality of the Tajan River in 6 stations along 80 km of the river length was assessed. Monthly sampling was conducted for one year (September 2011 to August 2012), using a surber with 30.5 × 30.5 cm dimensions and a 60μ mesh net for the benthic invertebrates sampling. The identified macro-invertebrates belonged to 31 families, 12 orders and 5 classes, the highest and the lowest abundance of which belonged to Psychodidae and Chironomidae, respectively. Based on Hilsenhoff Family Biotic Index, the research stations were classified into 4 qualitative categories, viz. excellent, good, fair, and fairly poor. Stations 1 and 5, respectively, showed the highest and lowest HFBI index. The highest and the lowest values for the Shannon–Weiner index were recorded in station 1 and station 2, respectively. The results of physicochemical parameters indicated reduced dissolved oxygen in the stations 2 and 5, and increased TDS in station 2 and 1 and increased nitrite and ammonium in station 3. Results of Spearman correlation coefficients between biotic indices and physicochemical variables revealed significant relationship between DO, TDS, EC, PO4 and water flow with HFBI and Shannon-Weiner indices. This study showed, generally pollution in stations 2 and 5 has reduced water quality in these station's.
Volume 8, Issue 36 (12-2020)
Abstract
Vegetable elements create symbols that offer a transcendent embodiment of the signifier more prominent than their meanings, and in fact connect the human soul with the transcendental. The symbol is somehow related to the feeling of need in human beings. Popular literature is the field of recognizing the customs and beliefs of the people, which includes myths, beliefs, stories, songs, etc. Folk songs are an important part of the oral literature due to the protection of cultural and national identity and the transmission of feelings and beliefs about our past. In this study, more than a thousand verses of Mazandaranian poetry have been studied. Based on the library and field study findings, it can be said that the violet flower has a high frequency among other flowers in the poems of Mazandaranian people, because it represents the spring season, which is sometimes associated with the social, educational, and romantic themes (sadness of love, and pain of waiting). To the extent that the lover converses with the violet flower, he remembers Yar with his pleasant perfume, and considers the shape of his heart and the color of blue as a symbol of his aching heart. Finally, he sees its tangling and twisting as a symbol of the beloved's hair.
Research background
As far as the author has examined, there has been no independent research on violets in the Persian and oral literature, but some works have been written about flowers and plants.
Rangchi (1994) has investigated the flowers and plants in Persian poetic literature until the beginning of the Mongol period. In this book, the author mentions the names of 170 types of flowers and plants and tries to explain their etymology and cite examples from the Poets' Divan.
Zomordi (2008) studies plant symbols and cods. In this book, the author has analyzed plant symbols and its literary applications.
Research questions
The study pursues the following research questions:
A) How is the violet flower reflected through symbols in the Mazandaranian couplets?
B) What concepts does the structure of violet flower inspire in the Mazandaranian poems?
Research hypotheses
To answer the above-mentioned questions, the following hypotheses were raised:
A) The most important concepts of violet flower in Mazandaran poems are the symbol of Seyed's escape in spring and the face of the beloved.
B) The structure of the violet flower is a symbol of humility, and its bruising is a symbol of the bloody heart of the lover waiting for the beloved.
Discussion
Poetic symbols have always been the representation of the individual and collective unconscious secrets of each nation and civilization. "Anthropological perspective indicate that plant life has endeavored human reason and imagination and has given it a sacred and eternal color" (Mehandost, 2001, p. 166). The symbol shows the depth of the person. A world without a symbol will lead to the spiritual death of the man. The history of symbols shows that any subject can have a symbolic value (Chevalier & Gheerbrant, 2001, vol.1, pp. 49-55). Flowers and plants have become a source of poetic inspiration among poets in literature. Poets took help from nature and expressed the mystical, social, political, and other ideas in the form of poetry. In Mazandaranian poems, more attention has been paid to violet flowers. "Violet flower is called friendship flower; it is a symbol of love and its life is short" (Rangchi, 1994, p. 38). According to the people of Mazandaran, the growth of violets in the last days of winter is a harbinger of spring, the yard of nature, and the beginning of work and effort.
Vanuše dar bemu dase be dasse//bǝhâre jelodâr bayye mevârek
Ârus besâtene bečâ-bečâ -re//masse belbel sar hǝdă še sedâ re
Translation: The violet flower came out in a bunch and announced spring; congratulations. the primrose married and the nightingale is singing intoxicated (Ahmadi Kamarposhti, 2014, p. 17).
In addition to being the symbol of spring, the violet flower is also used for the lost concepts that are more associated with the grief of losing a loved one. Sometimes, with the change of the year, there is a talk of grief, and the lover remembers his memories with his beloved in the last spring. Another point to consider about violet flowers is its fragrance that the lover remembers as spring comes, and inhales the scent of the violets. On the other hand, the heart-shaped leaves of the violet flowers in purple and blue pushes the poets to direct their imagination towards considering them as a symbol of the lover's sadness. The realities of society such as poverty, social distance, sorrow and pain, etc., force the poet to speak and bring these silent elements into life with a simple description. The conversation with the violet flower in Mazandaranian songs is in fact a reflection of the poets' feelings and their living environment as well as a reflection of their suffering.
Conclusion
From the perspective of poets in Mazandaran, besides being the symbol of a promising spring and new year was well as dynamism and movement, the violet flower has a variety of concepts, including: attention to complexity and social unrest. The realities of the society in which they live indicate the educational attitude in the form of advice, the discredit of the world, indigenous beliefs and separation, and the expectation of the beloved's return. The beloved, which has a special place in Mazandaranian poems, has been re-mentioned in a significant part of the verses related to the violets. Where they speak with fervor of the beloved and affection, love falls from the margins of their couplets and accompanies the audience, and thus the presence of the violet flower indicates a reciprocal and practical confrontation between nature and the man. The poet approaches the violet flower so much that he sees it as a friend who is in pain with him. The fragrant scent is a reminiscent of sweet memories. He considers the lover of the blue color and the appearance of the heart as the shape of the violet flower. His embarrassed heart is caught in the twist of a lot of violet, and this is how the violet flower is tied to the life of the people of Mazandaran.
References
Ahmadi Kamarposhti, K. (2014). Tabari poems (in Farsi). Rasanesh Novin Publisher.
Chevalier, J., & Gheerbrant, A. (2001). Dictionnaire des symbols (Vol. 5) (translated into Farsi by Soodabeh Fazaeli) Jayhoon Publisher.
Mehandoost, M. (2001). General research in popular culture (in Farsi). Tous Publisher.
Rangchi, G. (1994). Flowers and plants in Persian poetic literature (in Farsi). Institute of Research and Study Publication.
Research background
As far as the author has examined, there has been no independent research on violets in the Persian and oral literature, but some works have been written about flowers and plants.
Rangchi (1994) has investigated the flowers and plants in Persian poetic literature until the beginning of the Mongol period. In this book, the author mentions the names of 170 types of flowers and plants and tries to explain their etymology and cite examples from the Poets' Divan.
Zomordi (2008) studies plant symbols and cods. In this book, the author has analyzed plant symbols and its literary applications.
Research questions
The study pursues the following research questions:
A) How is the violet flower reflected through symbols in the Mazandaranian couplets?
B) What concepts does the structure of violet flower inspire in the Mazandaranian poems?
Research hypotheses
To answer the above-mentioned questions, the following hypotheses were raised:
A) The most important concepts of violet flower in Mazandaran poems are the symbol of Seyed's escape in spring and the face of the beloved.
B) The structure of the violet flower is a symbol of humility, and its bruising is a symbol of the bloody heart of the lover waiting for the beloved.
Discussion
Poetic symbols have always been the representation of the individual and collective unconscious secrets of each nation and civilization. "Anthropological perspective indicate that plant life has endeavored human reason and imagination and has given it a sacred and eternal color" (Mehandost, 2001, p. 166). The symbol shows the depth of the person. A world without a symbol will lead to the spiritual death of the man. The history of symbols shows that any subject can have a symbolic value (Chevalier & Gheerbrant, 2001, vol.1, pp. 49-55). Flowers and plants have become a source of poetic inspiration among poets in literature. Poets took help from nature and expressed the mystical, social, political, and other ideas in the form of poetry. In Mazandaranian poems, more attention has been paid to violet flowers. "Violet flower is called friendship flower; it is a symbol of love and its life is short" (Rangchi, 1994, p. 38). According to the people of Mazandaran, the growth of violets in the last days of winter is a harbinger of spring, the yard of nature, and the beginning of work and effort.
Vanuše dar bemu dase be dasse//bǝhâre jelodâr bayye mevârek
Ârus besâtene bečâ-bečâ -re//masse belbel sar hǝdă še sedâ re
Translation: The violet flower came out in a bunch and announced spring; congratulations. the primrose married and the nightingale is singing intoxicated (Ahmadi Kamarposhti, 2014, p. 17).
In addition to being the symbol of spring, the violet flower is also used for the lost concepts that are more associated with the grief of losing a loved one. Sometimes, with the change of the year, there is a talk of grief, and the lover remembers his memories with his beloved in the last spring. Another point to consider about violet flowers is its fragrance that the lover remembers as spring comes, and inhales the scent of the violets. On the other hand, the heart-shaped leaves of the violet flowers in purple and blue pushes the poets to direct their imagination towards considering them as a symbol of the lover's sadness. The realities of society such as poverty, social distance, sorrow and pain, etc., force the poet to speak and bring these silent elements into life with a simple description. The conversation with the violet flower in Mazandaranian songs is in fact a reflection of the poets' feelings and their living environment as well as a reflection of their suffering.
Conclusion
From the perspective of poets in Mazandaran, besides being the symbol of a promising spring and new year was well as dynamism and movement, the violet flower has a variety of concepts, including: attention to complexity and social unrest. The realities of the society in which they live indicate the educational attitude in the form of advice, the discredit of the world, indigenous beliefs and separation, and the expectation of the beloved's return. The beloved, which has a special place in Mazandaranian poems, has been re-mentioned in a significant part of the verses related to the violets. Where they speak with fervor of the beloved and affection, love falls from the margins of their couplets and accompanies the audience, and thus the presence of the violet flower indicates a reciprocal and practical confrontation between nature and the man. The poet approaches the violet flower so much that he sees it as a friend who is in pain with him. The fragrant scent is a reminiscent of sweet memories. He considers the lover of the blue color and the appearance of the heart as the shape of the violet flower. His embarrassed heart is caught in the twist of a lot of violet, and this is how the violet flower is tied to the life of the people of Mazandaran.
References
Ahmadi Kamarposhti, K. (2014). Tabari poems (in Farsi). Rasanesh Novin Publisher.
Chevalier, J., & Gheerbrant, A. (2001). Dictionnaire des symbols (Vol. 5) (translated into Farsi by Soodabeh Fazaeli) Jayhoon Publisher.
Mehandoost, M. (2001). General research in popular culture (in Farsi). Tous Publisher.
Rangchi, G. (1994). Flowers and plants in Persian poetic literature (in Farsi). Institute of Research and Study Publication.
Volume 11, Issue 54 (January and February 2023)
Abstract
Expectation is one of the most important themes of strange songs. These songs include important themes of human life, work and suffering, and at the same time, they have a long-standing connection with love and enamored of love. Popular literature is a science for recognizing people's conventions and beliefs, which includes myth, beliefs, tales, and songs. Folk songs are considered an important part of oral literature due to the protection of the cultural-national identity and the transmission of the feelings and opinions of our ancestors. In Mazandarani's poems, there are themes such as hidden expectation, which is rooted in the culture and daily life of the people of this country, but it has not been addressed so far. This research, with a descriptive-analytical method, aims to investigate the concept of expectation in Mazandaran popular literature couplets. By studying more than 1000 couplets of Mazandarani, 310 couplets, i.e. about 31%, have been seen within the expectation. Based on the library and field research findings, it can be said that songs with the concept of waiting in general, and waiting for the lover to return in particular have the highest frequency. Besides, the lover waits for spring to come and the flowers to bloom in order to see the lover, however, the lover waits for the return of the beloved from military service, while the family members wait for their loved ones to return to the city and the country. Finally, the hardworking farmer waits for the harvest and also the end of grief. In such a context, stories, the suffering of exile and reaching peace and freedom have a special place.
Volume 12, Issue 2 (Summer 2022)
Abstract
Aims: The purpose of this study is to develop strategies for sustainable tourism development in the kavir of northeastern Kerman province.
Methods: The documentation and survey adopted to collect data, and 30 questionnaires collected by the Kerman Province Tourism Organization based on the snowball method. Data analysis was analyzed by SWOT matrix and QSPM matrix.
Findings: Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that among the importance of internal factors, among the strengths, the highest priority is related to the indicators of "regional road safety" with a score of 19.33; And the index of "having unique natural landscapes" with a score of 10.93 is less important in the eyes of experts among the strengths. Among the weaknesses of the index "low quality of service facilities" with a score of 18 is the most important internal weaknesses. Further analysis of external factors scores showed that among the opportunities, the highest priority is related to the index "growing trend of desert tourism activities" with a score of 18.40. The "lack of attention to tourism development in desert areas in policy-making" index with a score of 19.20 is the most important environmental threat.
Conclusion: The situation of sustainable tourism development in the northeast of Kerman province is in an aggressive state and this situation is due to the dominance of internal strengths over internal weaknesses and environmental opportunities over environmental threats. The conclusion highlights the role of green tourism in achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs).
Volume 13, Issue 2 (Summer 2023)
Abstract
Aims: The landuse change is one of the most important challenges of urban development in Iran. The purpose of this study is to investigate the trend of agricultural land use change and its impact on sustainable development in Shahriar city.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical research methodology is selected for the investigation during 1996 to 2016. The trends of changes in Shahriar city are studied and analyzed and radiometric correction is performed by using ENVI software. A questionnaire technic was used to assess the effects of landuse change on sustainable development.
Findings: Based on the results during the study period (1996 to 2016), the residential use increased annually with the growth rate of 117 hectares per year. Also, the use of garden and agricultural lands is increasing at an average rate of 200 and 37 hectares per year, respectively. Agricultural lands first experienced a decreasing trend (8%), then increased again (16.7%) and the result was an incremental study period (8.7%). Barren lands also have a 30% reduction rate in the region.
Conclusion: The outcomes emphasize on the importance and significant impact of agricultural and horticultural land use change on the components of sustainable development and well show that land use change has negative economic, social, environmental and spatial physical effects for sustainable development.
Volume 13, Issue 5 (Number 5 - 2011)
Abstract
Land use optimization is one of the appropriate methods for soil conservation programs that allow watershed managers and decision makers to choose the best land use practices. With the objective of optimizing land use to minimize soil erosion, the present research was conducted in one of the Taleghan sub-basins in Iran, namely, Orazan sub-basin, with an area of 2,706 ha. To achieve the objective, the area, the erosion rate, and the net income value of each land use was assessed according to the pertinent standards. Then, limitations and objective functions were determined and the optimization problem was solved by using Steuer method (1995) and ADBASE software. The results revealed that optimizing land use while taking into consideration the legal restrictions (Article 56 of The Forest and Rangeland Nationalization Law) leads to a decrease of 10.29 percent in erosion rate (from 18253.39 t y-1 to 16373.51 t y-1) and 17.71 percent lower net income(from 2,382.12 to 1,960.28 million Rials). In contrast, optimization without consideration to legal restrictions would result in 22.24 percent increase in the net income and 6.93 percent decrease in erosion rate.
Volume 14, Issue 5 (November & December 2023 (Articles in English & French) 2023)
Abstract
Children need to start learning English from a very young age in this fast globalizing world. The knowledge of the English language can assist in providing several opportunities for them in the future. It is also essential to know how very young children acquire a foreign language and which content and activities should be selected for their age. This study aimed to observe and describe the procedure of the language development of very young children. Researchers employed a descriptive case study design to portray and assess foreign language learning of two three-year-old twins’ grammar acquisition, vocabulary gains, and fluency in the early years of life (3-4/5). Besides the methods firmly associated with qualitative study and case studies, there were four sources of data collection: observation, audio-video recordings, and diary records. The central unit of the twins’ language development analysis was their utterances. The findings supported using a naturalistic environment where very young children could be exposed to the English language informally in everyday contexts and activities. This research can share its findings with education communities and very young children’s teachers to promote a new professional development model for fostering language development in very young learners’ classrooms, assessments, and curricula.
Volume 16, Issue 3 (5-2016)
Abstract
In this research, the influence of adding carbon nanotubes on the tensile and the mode I interlaminar fracture of glass-fiber-epoxy laminated composite has been experimentally studied. For this purpose, the hybrid glass-fiber-epoxy-nanotube laminated composites which have 18 fiber-glass plain-weave layers were manufactured by hand lay-up method. The epoxy resin system is made of Epon828 resin with Epikure F205 as the curing agent. The multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs) modified with hydroxide (-COOH) is also dispersed into the epoxy system as a reinforcement in a 0%, 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% ratio in weight with respect to the matrix. In addition, the tensile nano-resin and hybrid nano-composite specimen were produced. The results of the tensile test of nano-matrixes indicate that the maximum change in Young's modulus, ultimate strength and fracture toughness of the samples is in the 0.5% sample, with a 31.2%, 21.4% and 16.66% increase with respect to neat sample, respectively. Moreover, the results of the tensile test of hybrid nano-composites indicate that the maximum change in fracture toughness, ultimate strength and fracture strain and of the samples is in the 0.5% sample, with a 12.6%, 9.8% and 12.6% increase with respect to neat sample, respectively. The result of the mode I interlaminar fracture toughness test of hybrid nano-composites show that the maximum change in value of the force (in force-displacement diagram) and value of the energy (of crack propagation in mode I interlaminar fracture), is in 0.5% sample, with a 24.4% and 24.15% increase respect to neat sample, respectively.
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