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در این مقاله برآن شدم که پدیده بذله گویی و تمسخر را در شعر سه شاعر یعنی بشاربن برد ، ابن الرومی و ابوالعلاء المعری با دقت و ظرافت مورد بررسی قرار دهم . با این توضیح که بذله گویی و تمسخر ، نوعی نقد و آگاه سازی و عاملی از عوامل ایجاد انگیزه و دلجویی است که با ورود در زندگی عامه مردم ، اشراف و بزرگان ، اخلاق و رفتار انسانها با یکدیگر را تبیین می نماید . این پدیده در انجام یک وظیفه اجتماعی بسیار موثر ، موضوعات مردمی معمول و مرسوم را با شیوه ای مردم پسند و آسان به خدمت گرفته و بی پیرایه و صادقانه از نا هماهنگی و ناسازگاری گسترده بین قدرتمندان ، صاحبان مقام و فقیران پرده بر می دارد و نقش بسیار مهمی را در اصلاح اجتماعی ایفا می کند . بذله گویی و تمسخر سلاحی است که شاعران و ادیبان به وسیله آن طبقه های ستمگر و بورژواز را با تمسخر عادتها، خود پسندیها و آزمندیشان در استفاده نابجا و نامطلوب ( از قدرت ، منصب و ثروت ) مورد طعن و کنایه قرار می دهند .

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1. Introduction

 
The usefulness of error correction in improving students’ grammatical accuracy has been the focus of attention in the past decades, and hot debates have raged on over this issue. There is yet no clear answer, to date, as to the efficacy of feedback and its various types. The aim of this study is, thus, to shed more light on the relative effectiveness of feedback per se and also the efficiency of some types of grammatical feedback, delivered electronically through MS Word software, over the others in improving students’ written accuracy.
 
 

2. Research questions

 

1. Is there any effect, whatsoever, for different types of feedback (i.e. direct, indication only & indication plus location) when delivered electronically in improving students’ level of grammatical accuracy?
2. Is there any priority for each of the above feedback types over the others?

 
 

3. Method

 
Participants
 
The participants of this study included 85 Iranian English majors. Of the total participants, 53 were female and 32 were male. The number of females and males were 15 and 11, 13 and 6, 12 and 8 and, 13 and 7 for control group, direct feedback group, indication group and indication and location group respectively.
Design and procedure
This study employed a pretest-treatment-posttest format. Of the four groups involved in the study, three were treatment groups and one was the control group. In the first treatment group, direct feedback group, the correct form of the students’ grammatical errors was provided. The two other treatment groups were, however, both provided with indirect feedback. In one of them, the indication-only group, the students were provided with an indication in the margin of the line in which the error was committed to show that an error or errors have occurred. The indication and location group was provided with feedback as to the exact word or phrase in the text that included a grammatical error.
Analysis
To answer the first research question (i.e. its three sub-questions), three paired sample T-test were used. The second research question (i.e. its three sub-questions) was answered using one-way ANOVA.

4. Results

Significant difference was found between the pretest and the posttest of the direct feedback group in the mean rate of errors (t=3.475; p‹.05). It means that the provision of direct written corrective feedback has been effective in improving students’ level of accuracy to a statistically significant level. However, the second group of the study, the indication only group, did not show any significant improvement in accuracy from the pretest to the posttest (t=1.627; p›.05). No significant improvement in grammatical accuracy was also observed for the indication and location group.
The primary result of the analysis indicated that there was a significant difference between the four groups with respect to their improvement from the pretest to the posttest (F=6.771; p‹.001). To further investigate the details of this comparison Tukey’s post hoc measure was used. Tukey’s index indicated that there were significant differences between direct feedback group on the one hand and control group (p‹.001), indication only group (p‹.05) and indication and location group (p‹.05). It was, in fact, the direct corrective feedback group whose improvement in accuracy was statistically significantly higher than the other groups. No other significant difference was found between other pairs of the groups with respect to accuracy improvement.
 

5. Conclusion

An explanation for the findings of the first question can be offered with regard to Schmidt (1990) noticing hypothesis. Among the three types of feedback offered to the groups of the study, direct feedback is apparently the most noticeable. This characteristic may lend this type of feedback to longer retention and quicker internalization. Comparison of the means of improvement for the three treatment groups clearly indicates that the direct group made the most substantial improvement of all. The second substantial improvement is made by indication and location group and the lowest improvement was made by the indication only group. This ranking of improvement is in other words a ranking of noticeability of feedback, and although not consistent with many parts of the literature, is totally consistent with some others especially Schmidt’s noticing hypothesis.
 
The findings of the second research question can also be interpreted and justified in light of the noticing hypothesis. This point that the direct feedback turned out to make a significant difference and is significantly different from other types of feedback can be justified in light of the fact that the participants of this study were roughly (and not definitely) of the intermediate level of proficiency. For these students, getting involved in problem solving (as the indirect types of feedback requires) while at the same time involved in the quite demanding task of following the ideas might be rather over-demanding, hence distracting their attention. Also, there are many grammatical points which are yet totally unknown to intermediate students and therefore any involvement in problem solving will lead nowhere, no matter how much effort the student makes. This point is also well recognized by Ferris and Roberts (2001) who suggest that direct feedback is perhaps more efficient than indirect corrective feedback with writers of low levels of proficiency.
 

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- In this paper, an analytical formulation of FGM axisymmetric thick-walled cylinders, based on the plane elasticity theory is presented. The stress and displacements in thick cylindrical shell are calculated using the real, double and complex roots of characteristic equation. Solutions are obtained under generalized plane stress, plane strain and closed-ends cylinder assumptions. It is assumed that the material is isotropic and heterogeneous with constant Poissn's ratio and radially varying elastic modulu. The results have been compared with findings of the researcher (2001) [hoop stress is incorrect], and we have present corrected version as well as supplementary findings. Keywords: Thick-Walled Cylinder, FGM, Plane Elasticity

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Nowadays, New Institutional Economics (NIE), as the most important heterodox school of thought in Economics, is not only against mainstream, but also supplement. Therefore, due to the lake of adequate representation, the neoclassical economics is sever to explain issues in developing countries, recognition and the use of institutional analysis in solving development problems. Amongst NIE’s, three theorists and Nobel laureates are prominent. They are Ronal Coase, Douglas North and Oliver Williamson. In this article, the most prominent theories of Williamson, Nobel laureate in 2009 for Governance, are discussed. According to his articles, the most important contribution of Williamson to NIE can be summarized in four categories as follows: • Transaction cost economics • Bottom up approach in analyzing development issues • Four levels of social analysis as a starting point in development reform and • Economics of governance. These theories and more specifically, bottom up approach and four level social analysis have a good power in explaining development issues in Iran.

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Verb valency is central to dependency grammar, but its role in generative grammar is ambiguous. The first theory gives a central role to verbs, determines certain groups of relations among the components of a sentence, and assumes free valence around key elements of a sentence, especially for verbs. The second theory is based on formal and relational structures of subject and predicate and assumes the generation of grammatical layers. The main objective of this study is to compare the two grammars to find out if Chomsky's sentential transformations are controlled by the concept of valency or not, and to discover how verbal valency affects the basic structure of a sentence and determines the surface structure. In order to answer these questions, the authors have first taken a look at new analytical and developmental views on Tesnière's theory through examples. Then, by an analytical approach, the authors have provided a comparative study of Tesnière and Chomsky's views. According to Tesnière, speech acts like the translation of a “linear system” into a “syntactic system”. Conversely, the action of understanding in its turn acts like the translation of a syntactic system into a linear one. He differentiates between both and believes that the syntactic system is not necessarily linear. Moreover, by defining a concept of zero (free) valency, Tesnière’s approach is better able to explain the transformations and permutations in the sentences compared to Chomsky’s approach. The concept of "universal sentence" in Chomsky’s theory seeks to describe the abilities of language users in the production of complex sentences.
By analyzing some examples in this study, the authors have shown that Chomsky’s approach, which considers the transformations of a sentence as an ability of the main to accept additional ones, is more similar to Tesnière’s approach. Chomsky’s theory, takes into accounts a free place for an additional syntagma to explain the development of the basic structure as well. So, this syntagmatic load resembles free valence in Tesnière’s theory. The results showed that as a dynamic system, language automatically creates free valence around or next to central elements and ultimately provides the possibility of certain grammatical transformations.
 

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The present research is conducted in the framework of the comparative literature of the American school which compared two odes created by two prominent Arab and Iranian poets, namely Ibn Zaydun Andalsi (394-463) and Mas’oud Sa’d Salman (439-515). These two poets spent some time in prison and wrote valuable poems about their captivity. In this article, the author has selected a prison poem of each poet and compared them in a descriptive-analytical way. The similar position of the poets and the identical motives in Literary Creation and the same themes in the odes are the reasons for choosing these two works for comparison.
The research shows that the odes of Ibn Zaydun are similar to a mirror which reflects the sorrow of love and captivity. The decaying youth of captivity has aroused the most regrets, and the propitiation has been mixed with soft blame. Praise has the tone of advice. The poet's pride is more destructive than boastful. In Mas’ud's ode, we noticed the whine of a compensatory prisoner who sees the world as a manifestation of conflict and discrimination, realized in the words, style, imagination and vertical texture of the poem. The length of the prison has connected Massoud's mind and language with matter and place more than that of the Ibn Zaydun.
 

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Abstract - In this paper, an optimal trajectory planning method is presented for robot manipulators with multiple degrees of freedom in 3D space using a new analytical technique for collision avoidance in the presence of ellipsoidal obstacles. To generate the robot’s trajectory, a genetic algorithm with a fuzzy mutation rate is introduced to have a quick access to optimal solutions in a complex workspace. A cubic spline interpolation polynomial is applied to approximate trajectories in the joint space. In order to optimize the objective function, the genetic algorithm determines a number of interior points for curve fitting using interpolation polynomials. The performance of the proposed technique is demonstrated by simulations.

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Regarding environmental importance and the lack of analytical methods for environmental policies, in this paper, shadow price for NOx and SOx emissions has been estimated for the Iranian electric industry. Input distance function is used for estimating shadow prices. The estimated shadow prices have revealed that the cost of Iranian electric industry for reducing one KG of NOx and Sox is 14991 and 17687 Rials, respectively. Estimated shadow prices in this study are greater than the amount offered by EPO (Environment Protection Organization) and World Bank. So it is recommended that any fine should be taken according to the emission shadow price.

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In this paper, for the purpose of investigating horizontal sound propagation, based on the results obtained from practical measurements in the Strait of Hormoz and available data on sound speed variations at different depths, a comprehensive model for shallow water multipath underwater acoustic channel is presented. Mathematical modeling of multipath effect is based on ray theory and the image method. In channel modeling, attenuation due to wave scatterings at the surface and bottom reflections is considered. In addition, we also consider attenuations due to the absorption of sound by different materials and the presence of ambient noises such as the sea state noise, shipping noise, thermal noise and turbulence noise. Then, complete underwater communication system consisting transmitter, channel and receiver was simulated. We use QPSK modulation. Data is transmitted at a rate of 5 kbit/sec with a carrier frequency of 27 kHz, for a maximum range of 1km. The channel estimation is based on a training sequence which occupies about 10% of the signal bit rate.

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This paper gives a detailed analysis of direct torque control (DTC) strategy in a five-level drive and proposes a 24-sector switching table. The overvoltage problem due to high dv/dt is reduced compared to the 12-sector DTC. Using all vectors leads to better flexibility and reduces speed oscillations. Simulation and experimental results for a 3kVA prototype confirm the proposed solutions. A TMS320F2812 is used to implement the above strategy.

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In a mobile ad hoc network, there are some features such as the ability to exploit multipath effect for information exchange with high reliability and low error rate. dealing with the aggressors and discovering the path in data transmission are of importance. Approaching these goals ends in network promotion and efficiency. In this paper, the designed protocol is able to discover multipath for information exchange with high reliability. The designed network has advantages such as resistance against error occurrence, decreasing the effect of the aggressors and discovering the path in data transmission. The network security is based on the desired encoding and encryption and it provides increased speed and mobility of the network performance and efficiency and reduces the weaknesses of the security system. With increasing the speed of the nodes and density of the network, the receipt of the packets increases about four percent which causes one percent increase in packets transition. At the same time packet overhead decreases 12% on average.

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There are a lot of approximation techniques for structural optimization. Among them, four outstanding approximation methods have been selected for trusses optimization. These approaches have been developed or modified by previous ones. Based on these schemes, a lot of trusses have been optimized by author's program. This study shows that the abilities of the mentioned methods are not the same and some of them have deficiencies. Reaching a better solution, lesser analysis time, oscillation of response, numerical stability and also using a variety of the design variables are among the findings of this work. A brief of these obtained results has been given in the conclusion part.

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Direct objects are encoded via specific grammatical tools in Persian. Using random data mostly from colloquial Persian (and written Persian in case of need), the author first intend to introduce these tools. Employing the Layered Structure of the Clause and Focus Structure as defined in Role and Reference Grammar, the author proceeds to formally represent the tools via syntactic templates that contain information-structural properties of the direct object. We learn that the hypothesis regarding the direct object being a secondary topic marker in the spirit of ra-marking (Dabir-Moghaddam, 2006) needs to be discarded. Information-structurally, not only is the direct object qualified to be part of the pragmatic presupposition, hence serving as the topic of the sentence, it is also licensed to constitute a narrow focus by itself or to participate in predicate and sentence focus structures. This originates from the fact that -ra in Persian signals the identifiability of the object’s referent in the interlocutors’ discourse universe. It is also proposed that the bi-fold classification of a narrow focus into in-situ information focus and ex-situ contrastive focus does not only apply to the narrow focus in the spirit of Persian data. A predicate focus can be contrastive when a ra-marked object residing at the Pre-Core Slot is disjoined from the transitive predicate by an intervening subject. In actuality, this discontinuous predicate focus structure is ‘construed’ as a contrastive narrow focus.      
 

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The current research investigates the role of Action in “Ahle Gharq”- the novel by Moniro Ravanipour. In this respect the authors tries to show how the cognitive process engages in producing value and meaning which is influential in manipulating the reader’s mind. The results of the research suggest that an innovative discourse, due to the influence of the parameters of magical realism, could lead the reader to expect a central discourse; belief in the conditions governing the creation of the object of value compels the subject to act and induces a central discourse. Throughout the process of conjunction and disjunction from the object of value and in order to remedy the loss of meaning that is happiness and the fulfillment of happiness what changes the negative status of actantial regime of discourse into affirmative one and vice versa. Sometimes the disjunction of the object of value and the temporal transformation changes the value of the components of the changing conditions from disorganized to organize during the action-oriented discourse, and changes the prescriptive regime of action that was at the beginning of history to the virtual regime of action. The psychoanalyst has created the contractual process of action between the actors and the actant to reach the object of value and identify the actor of his position and detach himself from the object of value in an induction operation to provide the main action of the discourse and to provide a semiotic analysis of the so- called novel narrative.
 

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One of the objectives of structuralist criticism - based on linguistics - is to analyze the formation of texts from literature. In this descriptive and analytical study, The authors took advantage of a semasiological approach to the study of the text in order to enrich The analysis of textual structures. By the semasiological approach It means the study of meanings which consists in starting from words, from forms to go towards the determination of meaning.
The purpose of this research is to present a structural analysis of a corpus of contemporary Persian literature. The problematic of this research consists of knowing how meaning takes its configuration by means of the text structures of the story "Some credible stories about love" by Mostafa Mastour. Mastour was born in 1964 in Ahvaz. He wrote his first stories before his thirtieth birthday. He has a particular penchant for physics and geometry in his writings. The corpus in the present research is the first story in a Short story collection composed of seven short stories entitled "Some credible stories", published in 2003.
The methodological novelty of this study comes from the fact that in the analysis a semasiological approach was taken into account with regard to confrontation of the famous dichotomy: meaning/form.
The main hypothesis of this research consists of believing that the structural system of text analysis follows a logic and a movement that goes from microstructures to macrostructures, from particles of forms to the semantic whole.
 The result of this article demonstrated how meaning takes shape in text, from a semasiological point of view, where the analysis of structures and forms (lexicon, phonetics, grammar and narration) of the corpus gives us access to the main theme and the overall meaning of the story, namely love.
 

 

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In the present paper, the authors initially define customs and traditions, and point out the spiritual and aesthetic reasons and motivations of Rumi in addressing it. Then the customs reflected in “Divan-e Shams” are classified into four main categories, namely, religious, Sufi, Divani and social customs. Providing appropriate evidence, Social customs are introduced and classified in more detail.

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Jel Jelani is an ancient ritual with Iranian roots that is held in the mountain village of Tameh in Natanz city. In this way, in the three nights leading to the 19th of January, the youth of the village light a fire in the evenings, then they go to the houses and sing folk poems to wish the people of the house blessings and health. After that, the owner of the house, with desire and respect, gives food gifts such as fruits and dried fruits. He puts it in a tray and gives it to the group, the group pours it into their donkey's trunks and goes to another house. At the end, they gather in a small mosque and divide the gifts among themselves. This ritual is a little different from the past, because in the past, stones were placed on the head of the trees and fire was lit on top of a mountain so that its light reached all the gardens. The data of this research, which was collected through documents, was then analyzed from the religious and ritual point of view. The results of the article showed that the ritual of Jel Jelani is derived from the Zoroastrian rituals of December, which has many similarities with the Zoroastrian Sedeh and Hirumba festivals and the Muslim half-month ritual of Ramazan, however, the ritual of the half-month of Ramazan has largely preserved its Iranian authenticity and is in line with the needs of gardeners, who are facing the problem of cold mountain cold and frozen trees.
 

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This article has been written on the basis of critical rationality. The main purpose of the article is formulation of a epistemic apparatus for Solving Scientific Problem. Initially, the paper has posed methodological problems, then responsed to two methodological questions: “How scientific problem, is”and “How problem- finding can be done”. In response to the first questions, two kinds of problems have been distincted: social problem and theoretical problem. In response to the second question, the sources of the problems have been discussed. Source of theoretical problem is scientific knowledge and criticism from theory. Social problem arises from social reality that in a given situation leads to a problem and further creates crises in the existing system. In continuation, the logic of solving scientific problem has been formulated on the basis of two kinds of reasonings: rational reasoning and experimental reasoning. Rational reasoning is a tentative solution of the problem. This solution may be true and false. Experimental reasoning is a justifier of the rational reasoning. These two kinds of reasonings are based on the method of trial and error. This scientific approach was applied to solve democratization problem in Iran, therefore, this article has both theoretical and practical dimensions.