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The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of acetaminophen on hematologic and blood biochemistry of rainbow trout in a 4-day period. To that end, total 300 fingerlings with an average body weight of 12.5±2.5 g were randomly allocated into 15 polyethylene tanks (with 100L volume). Fingerlings were exposed to five concentrations of acetaminophen, namely, 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1. 10 mg/L for 4 days. Hematologic and Biochemical Parameters of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to Acetaminophen were measured. According to the results, the number of white blood cells was significantly different compared to the control group and other treatments at concentration of 10 mg/l. The number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, mean hemoglobin volume (MCV) and hematocrit were higher in the control group and And the lowest amount was observed at a concentration of 10 mg/l and There was a significant difference between these parameters in different treatments. There wasn´t significant difference in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCH) between experimental treatments. There was a significant difference in serum lysozyme enzyme and complement (ACH50) activity in fingerling exposed to acetaminophen. There was a significant difference in cortisol and glucose levels in different treatments so that the most amount of cortisol and glucose showed in the control group and the less amount was observed in treatment 5.

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Objective: Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose causes acute liver injuries. Studies show that stem cell factor (SCF) and its receptor, c-Kit, enhance liver recovery from APAP-induced injuries in mice. In this study we explore the effect of SCF on activity of glutathione S-transferase (GSTs) enzymes which are considered to be important in APAP metabolism. Methods: We divided 45 Balb/c mice into three groups. Within each group there were three sub-groups of five mice per subgroup. The groups included: 1. APAP (300 mg/kg B.W., i.p.); 2. SCF (40 µg/kg B.W., i.p.) given.30 minutes after APAP (300 mg/kg B.W., i.p.), and 3.control mice treated with normal saline. The mice were sacrificed at 1, 12 and 24 hours, respectively. Hepatotoxicity was evaluated in the 24 hour group by histopathology and assessment of biochemical serum markers (ALT and AST). We assessed the levels of SCF receptor (c-Kit) protein and GST enzyme activities in the liver tissues.  Results: Hepatotoxicity was induced by APAP (300 mg/kg, B.W) as evident by both histopathological observations and a significant (p<0.05) increase in serum ALT and AST levels, which were reversed by SCF administered post-APAP. SCF administration after APAP administration significantly increased GSTs enzyme activity levels by 24 hours, however it led to a significant decrease in c-Kit protein level compared to the control and APAP groups. Conclusion: Our data suggest that SCF binding to its receptor (c-Kit) on liver cells may attenuate APAP-induced liver injuries by increasing GST activities in the livers of mice.

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As a result of progressing of industries and population growth, new chemical contaminants have entered to natural water resources that in order to protect the environment and promote hygiene, they should be purified. Acetaminophen is the most widely used chemical pharmaceutical compound. In this study has been tried to omit acetaminophen from water solutions by cyclic biologic procedures. This kind of procedures are friendly environment. The CBR process is a modification of the sequential split reactor (SBR) process. However, instead of the wastewater being injected into the reactor, the contaminant is injected into the process using a continuous drip pump, thus the possibility of shock to the reactor. The purification process is reduced. This treatment system can be used for treatment of various types of municipal and industrial wastewater. In this study synthetic sewage includes acetaminophen, in laboratory scale, has been treated. The first phase of the test involved the adaptation of acetaminophen-degrading microorganisms that lasted for 50 days. Secondary settling sludge from a pharmaceutical company was used for primary seeding. Then the effect of cycle time (6-24 hours), hydraulic retention time (10.03-27.30 hours), density of inlet contaminant (100-1000 mg/L), density of inlet COD (360-7600 mg/L), and temperature (14-30°C), on the reactor's performance was investigated. The pH value has been checking and setting on 7 at all stages. At the end of study, the performance of the two CBR and SBR reactors was compared. During the tests, the concentration of ACT was measured by UV-Vis set. The other parameters were measured based on the standard procedures. The results showed the reactor had the best performance in 18 hours' cycle. The average of removal efficiency of COD and ACT in during this period was 94.70% and 94.97%, respectively. In the phase of control of the concentration of inlet contaminant, the result showed in density of inlet acetaminophen 500 mg/L, hydraulic retention time 44.38 hours, and the 16 hours' aeration cycle, the reactor can remove more than 99% of acetaminophen and 97% of COD in the contaminants. In the same condition and concentration of inlet acetaminophen up to 1000 mg/L, removal efficiency of ACT and COD was more than 96% and 94%, respectively. Also temperature changes had a great effect on the reactor performance, so that with increasing temperature up to 30°C, COD removal efficiency decreased by 16% to 78%. Whereas with the change of temperature from 14° to 30°C the ACT mean removal was 97.8%. The results of comparing the performance of the two CBR and SBR reactors were also significant, so that, in the same condition, in the SBR, the removal efficiency of COD and ACT were decreased 15% and 10%, respectively. Since the cyclic biological reactor is injected by stepwise process, the results show foodstuffs are more rapidly absorbed by microorganisms, because microorganisms are more than foods. This feature increases the removal efficiency of organic matter in this system over continuous flow systems. Also, due to this feature, the reactor is highly resistant against of load shock. Given that all the phases, settling and discharging processes, take place in one storage, without worrying about leaving MLSS through the effluent, it can be greatly increased.