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The dry bubble disease, caused by Lecanicillium fungicola, is an important fungal disease of white button mushroom in Iranian mushroom production farms. Twenty-three isolates of the pathogen collected in Iran and identified as L. fungicola var. fungicola, were compared for genetic polymorphism, diversity in growth rate and virulence. Ten Universal Rice Primers (URP) were used to evaluate the genetic diversity of L. fungicola var. fungicola. URP analysis showed that the genetic diversity of Iranian isolates was low (average 10 % over the 10 primers used) and that they were almost clonal. Relative correlations between geographical origins of isolates and molecular grouping were observed but there was no correlation between mycelial growth rate, virulence assays and URP patterns. Significant differences were observed between isolates based on mycelial growth rate and virulence assays. The high level of genetic homogeneity is attributed to the effect of fungicides used for control of the mushroom diseases which might have imposed a significant selection pressure on the fungal populations.  

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A survey was conducted to identify the fungus gnats (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in Kermanshah province (west of Iran) during 2010-2011. The specimens were collected from nine different localities. Adults were reared from the fruiting bodies of Agaric fungi. Five species are recorded for the first time from Iran: Mycetophila strigatoides (Lundrock), Allodia ornaticollis (Meigen), Rymosia pseudocretensis Burghele-Balacesco, Synplasta gracilis (Winnertz) and Sciophila eryngii Chandler. Eight host associations (gnats-fungi) are also reported for the first time. The diagnostic characters, host range and geographical distribution of each species are given.  

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During the past decade, natural plant products as environmentally safe option have received attention for controlling phytopathogenic diseases. Investigation of plants containing natural antimicrobial metabolites for plant protection has been recognized as a desirable method of disease control. The fungus Fusarium oxysporum causes diseases such as root rot, damping off and Fusarium wilt and it infects many plant species and crops. Methanolic crude extracts of 30 plant species belonging to 17 families collected from the west of Iran were screened for antifungal activity against F. oxysporum during 2012. Bioassay of the extracts was conducted by agar dilution method with five replications. The inhibitory effect of the extracts was examined at concentration of 2000 ppm. Twenty out of 30 tested plant species (67%) showed inhibitory activity against mycelial growth of F. oxysporum. The most effective extracts with more than 50% inhibition belonged to Haplophyllum perforatum and Calendula officinalis. High number of plants with antifungal activity in this experiment showed that the flora in the west of Iran could be regarded as a rich source of plants with antifungal activity. Therefore, further screening of other plant species, identifying active fractions or metabolites and in vivo application of active extracts are in progress.  

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In this study an agar/gelatin bilayer film was produced from agar and gelatin monolayers using the casting method in two phases. Then, the characteristics of this bilayer film, including water vapor permeability (WVP), water solubility, water absorption, mechanical and optical properties were compared with those of monolayer films. The results showed that  WVP of the bilayer film (3.25×10^-10 g/msPa)  was significantly lower than the agar (3.90 × 10^-10 g/msPa), and gelatin (4/32×10^-10 g/msPa). Absorption of UV light by bilayer film was significantly higher than the single-layer agar and gelatin films. Although the tensile strength of the bilayer film (10.8 MPa) was higher than the single-layer gelatin (2.86 MPa), it was lower than the single layer of agar film (30.49 MPa) (P<0.05). In conclusion, some properties of agar and gelatin films can be improved by making bilayers film of both biopolymers. 

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The thermophilic fungus Mycothermus thermophilus is one of the most important thermophilic fungi in mushroom composting process. Thirty nine isolates of M. thermophilus were collected from nine provinces of Iran and were identified as M. thermophilus based on morphological features and ITS regions. The studied isolates significantly increased the growth of Agaricus bisporus hyphae compared to control when used in vitro situation. Also the colony morphology of the mushroom changed when it grew on the colony of M. thermophilus. While the studied thermophilic isolates were morphologically different, no diversity was observed in terms of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) finger-printing. The genetically clonal population of M. thermophilus collected from Iranian mushroom composting farms was attributed to lack of sexual reproduction, similar raw materials used in compost formulations, compost temperature, and concentration of ammonia during pasteurization as selection pressures.

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Narrative, like Language, is a concept abstracted from various representations of a semiotic system in the name of “narrative poetics”, i.e. a kind of grammar which maintains structural cohesion within a narrative text and provides such a text with the features necessary for its narrativehood. For the concept of narrativehood to be defined more clearly in this article, the bi-stratal mechanism of narrative system is investigated, after structural narratology, just at the story level. Focusing on narrative structure at this level, the article holds that the mere chronological sequence of events in a discourse is quite sufficient for it to be judged as narrative - whether logically consistent or not. Also, comparing narrative with linguistic semiosis and analyzing it within the frameworks of structural linguistics, the article points up the indispensability of poetics and its key concepts (including narrativehood) from narrative studies, however outmoded they may appear long after the scientific credibility of poetics was deluded by traditional narratologists. These objectives are achieved through a structuralist analysis of Pagard (Shahsavari, 2005), seeking the novel for the major constituents of narrative and the hierarchical relations among them. In spite of structuralists, thus, narrativehood is defined both as a function of one specific superstructure, and an attribute common to all narrative texts.

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Backgrounds: In this research, an attempt was made to identify Candida isolates collected from women with suspected vulvovaginal candidiasis using single Multiplex PCR reaction as a swift and valid method. Beside, this method was compared with phenotypic methods.
Materials & Methods: In this study, 250 vaginal swabs were collected from patients referring to obstetrics and gynecology specialists. In addition to phenotypic methods, multiplex PCR designed by species-specific primers was performed to identify Candida isolates in a single reaction. Descriptive statistics were analyzed by t-test and Chi-square test in SPSS software (Ver. 22) (p< .05).
Findings: According to the results, 92 positive samples were diagnosed using the culture method. Four species were identified by culturing the specimens on CHROM agar. The most common Candida species isolated was C. albicans (54.3%), followed by C. parapsilosis (28.2%), C. glabrata (17.4%), and C. krusei (1.0%). The most common Candida spp. identified by Multiplex PCR method were C. albicans (50.0%), C. glabrata (33.7%), and C. parapsilosis (6.2%). Also, three mixed infections with C. albicans and C. glabrata as well as C. albicans and C. parapsilosis were identified
Conclusion: In comparison to phenotypic methods, considering the cost-effectiveness of PCR methods, the single multiplex PCR reaction was shown to be efficient in epidemiological studies on pathogenic species.

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  This study was designed to evaluate the effect of edible coating (Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose (0.17%) and Low Methoxyl Pectin (1.5%)), concentration of osmotic solution (10% salt, 10% salt + 5% sugar, 15% salt + 5% sugar and 15% salt + 10 %sugar) and immersion time (40, 60 and 80 minute) on osmotic dehydration of button mushroom. The result showed that the CMC coating improved the rehydration properties. Also, rehydration ratio increased as the immersion time and salt concentration in osmotic solution rose. The highest water loss related to CMC coating samples and the lowest solid gain achieved in control. Furthermore, the amount of water loss and solid gain increased with time and concentration of osmotic solution (p<0.01).

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Pseudomonas tolaasii Paine and Ewingella americana Grimont are considered as devastating pathogens in mushroom cultivation. Due to the short shelf life of button mushrooms, safe methods should be used to control these pathogens to avoid any toxic residues on the products. Plant secondary metabolites are assumed as important sources for biopesticides development. The aim of this study was to screen plant species for antibacterial properties against P. tolaasii and E. americana. Antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of 17 plant species on two pathogens was investigated in vitro using the disc diffusion method at 10 and 20 mg active ingredients per disc. Then the effect of extracts possessing antibacterial activity was tested on mycelial growth of button mushroom Agaricus bisporus (Lange) using the disc diffusion method. Analysis through measuring the diameter of growth inhibition zones revealed that the extract of Hymenocrater longiflorus Benth. and the other extracts including H. longiflorus, Achillea millefolium L., Eucalyptus sp. and Teucrium polium L. had significant antibacterial activity on E. americana and P. tolaasii, respectively. However, they had no inhibitory activity on mycelial growth of A. bisporus. The efficacy of four mentioned extracts was evaluated in the control of mushroom brown blotch disease caused by P. tolaasii, in vivo. Assessment of disease severity showed that all four extracts, at tested concentrations, had some level of preventive effect on P. tolaasii with no adverse effects on A. bisporus. It is noteworthy that the strength of the A. millefolium extract at 10% did not differ significantly from the 1% household bleach in reducing the disease severity. Therefore, it is possible that some plant extracts have the power to be considered as alternatives to chemical bleaches. Moreover, findings suggest that H. longiflorus extract is a promising candidate for control of P. tolaasii and E. americana in mushroom cultivation.

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The effect of various pesticides (diflubenzuro, malathion, mancozeb and carbendazim), disinfectants (calcium hypochlorite and formaldehyde) and oil cakes (sunflower and soy-bean oil cakes) commonly used as supplements in mushroom cultivation on the growth of the nematophagous fungus, Arthrobotrys oligospora, was studied under in vitro conditions. Carbenazim caused 99% inhibition of radial mycelial growth in Petri dishes at all concen-trations tested (10-40 µg a. i. ml-1) in comparison to non treated dishes. Mancozeb caused 43% and 23% inhibition at 250 and 500 µg a. i. ml-1 respectively and 99% inhibition at concentration of 1000 µg a. i. ml-1 and above. Diflubenzuro and malathion at 10-40 µg a. i. ml-1 caused 30-41% and 24-54% inhibition, respectively. Formalin (0.5-2.0% v/v) inhib-ited growth of A. oligospora completely. However, calcium hypochlorite, sunflower and soybean oil cake at concentrations of up to 2.0% w/v caused less than 3.5% inhibition.

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The current study will be focused on the analysis of modern Persian conditionals based on a cognitive-pragmatic approach.
The study proceeds to answer three questions: 1) Can Sweetser's (1990) theoretical model elucidate the different cognitive and pragmatic dimensions of Persian conditionals? 2) What are the conventional readings of agar (‘if’, the common particle in Persian for the conditionals) in Farsi, and in which conditionals are they most present? And finally 3) Can we draw a relationship between subjectivity / intersubjectivity and conditionals?
The study assumed a pure and descriptive research whose data were largely derived from contemporary spoken Persian over a period of three months.
To answer the questions, the investigation is comprised of three parts.  The first part includes the analysis of triple classification of conditionals (e.g. content, epistemic, and speech act conditionals) in Persian sentences based on Sweetser's model (1990) and upholds the efficiency of this model to a great extent.
The second part deals with the ways in which 'agar' construes several readings in Persian conditionals and classifies them as necessary and sufficient condition, topic marker, and concessive readings.
Finally, the discussion focuses on the subjectivity and intersubjectivity aspects in relation to hypotheticality of conditionals and it argued that the hypotheticality of conditionals can be fairly explained in terms of subjectivity and intersubjectivity. Accordingly, we can propose the grammaticalisation of agar in Persian conditionals.
Moreover, this paper furthers the issue by looking at the ways in which conditional insubordinate clauses are triggered by cooptation (in Heine’s term); this happens by foregrounding the components of discourse situation, in particular, subjectivity and intersubjectivity. In fact, it can be asserted that subjectivity and intersubjectivity can account for the various conditional sentences applications in Farsi
 

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Iran is the fourth main producer of kiwi fruit in the world but the post-harvest wastage of this valuable fruit is considerable. On the other hand, the microalgae are natural and extraordinary nutritional sources that can be used in the production of functional food. The purpose of this study was the formulation of an innovative product of kiwifruit with high durability and its enrichment with Spirulina platensis algae and investigation of some of physicochemical and sensory properties of this product. In this study, the effects of different levels of Spirulina Platensis micro-algae in four levels (0%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 1%), agar hydrocolloids in three levels (0.25%, 0.5% and 1%) and guar in three levels (0.25%, 0.5% and 1%) on water activity, textural feature and color parameters of kiwi puree- based fruit pastille were studied and the best formulation been selected considering total acceptance and nutritional characteristics including vitamin C, total ash, protein, fat, fiber and iron and calcium content. The results showed that three variable (Spirulina Platensis, agar and guar) significant  effect on water activity. Additionaly, the results of coliremetre using Image processing techniques showed that the effects of agar and guar on "a*", "l*" and "b*" were not significant but Spirulina has a significant effect on color parameters on fruit pastilles. Texture analysis showed that agar and spirulina changed gumminess of the samples significantly. According to the sensory analysis, the 0.25% Spirulina, 0.25% agar and 1% guar obtained the highest score of total acceptance.  

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Dry bubble disease is one of the most important serious diseases of the cultivated white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach). It is a cosmopolitan disease having a worldwide distribution. Ten isolates of Lecanicillium fungicola var. fungicola (Preuss) Zare and Gams were collected from mushroom farms. Sensitivity of the isolates to benomyl, carbendazim, carbendazim+iprodione and prochloraz manganese were studied. All the isolates were resistant to benomyl(ED50= 415.45-748.12 mg L^-1), carbendazim (ED₅₀= 1123.87-1879.59 mg L^-1) and iprodione+carbendazim (ED₅₀= 415.45-748.12 mg L^-1). However, most of the isolates were sensitive to prochloraz manganese (ED₅₀=1.62–12.58 mg L^-1). As the primary source of the pathogen inoculum is casing soil and insects, stringent environmental hygiene of the mushroom houses will play a very important role in preventing and controlling the disease.

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Mushrooms have low stability and therefore, use of applied scientific methods to increasing their stability has more important role to increasing product development. In order to study effect of nitric oxide treatment and maintenance time on physicochemical properties of mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) . A factorial experiment using completely randomized design with two concentrations of nitric oxide (0 & 4.5 mM) & 3 replication . In first time, two concentrations : 0 & 4.5 mM SNP (sodium nitroprusside) were prepared and mushrooms were dipped for 10 minutes in the solutions of nitric oxide donor, then packed in polystyrene bags, and stored at 4 ° C for 9 days, and mushroom properties were measured such as: firmness, total phenolics, ascorbic acid rate & activities of polyphenol oxidase in the days of 3, 6 and 9. The treatment of mushroom with nitric oxide significantly maintained quality at the end of the storage , So that mushrooms that containing 4.5 mM concentration nitric oxide compared with control and showed a high level of firmness, , maintained, Total phenol , ascorbic acid and reduce on activities of polyphenol oxidase on the third day in the storage. The results indicated that, the application of nitric oxide may be used as an effective and successful strategy to increase the shelf life of mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) .

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Precise modeling has great importance in systems which are designed to work in transonic regions. The scope of current investigation includes numerical simulation of static aeroelastic phenomena of deformable structures in transonic regimes. Transonic flow brings lots of instabilities for aerodynamic systems. These instabilities bring nonlinearity in flow and structure solvers. Due to improvements in numerical methods and also enhancement in computing technologies, computational costs reduced and high-fidelity simulations are more applicable. Simulations in this paper are done in transonic flow (M = 0.96) on the benchmark wing AGARD 445.6. The procedure includes modal analysis, steady flow simulation and investigation of structure’s elastic behavior. At the first phase, the geometry model is validated by modal analysis with regards to comparison of first four natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes. Then, a loose or staggered coupling is used to analyze aeroelastic behavior of the wing. In each simulation step, imposed pressure on the surfaces of the wing caused by transonic flow regime, deforms the structure. In the results section, a comparison between imposed pressure coefficients in each step with the existing literature and experimental results are reported. Also, pressure coefficients in each steps are calculated and reported. In this investigation by using multiple steps in one-way fluid-structure analysis, deformations are reduced in each step and as a result, the structure reached its static stability point.

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Abstract
The use of edible coatings to protect food has increased dramatically in recent years. In this study, the pileus of button mushroom Agaricus bisporus was coated with 1% carboxymethyl cellulose and essential oil nanoemulsion of Zataria multiflora at three concentrations of 200, 300 and 400 mg/l and stored at 8 ° C for 2 weeks. Then weight loss, brix, texture strength and solution color were investigated. Button mushroom coated with essential oil nano-emulsion showed a significant difference in weight loss from that of control. The results showed that Increasing the concentration of nanoemulsion reduced the weight loss of the pileus. Also, the amount of moisture loss in the pileus is similar to the trend of weight loss. Therefore, the nano-emulsion coating reduced the drying process in the pileus. Tissue strength was increased with increasing concentrations of nano-emulsion oils compared to control , and the best concentration was 300 and 400 mg/l. The brix was increased until the seventh day and decreased at the end of the durability period , with the lowest concentration at 400 mg/l. Also, two parameters L and ΔE were suitable at 400 mg/l of nanoemulsion oil concentration.

 

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In recent years, multiple drug resistance in human pathogenic microorganisms have developed due to indiscriminate use of commercial antimicrobial drugs commonly used in the treatment of infectious diseases. This situation forced scientists for searching new antimicrobial substances from various sources, like medicinal plants, which are the good sources of novel antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents. In this study, the antibacterial effect of Cardin leaf was investigated. Hydroalcoholic extract of this plant was prepared at concentrations of 0.390 to 100 mg/ml and antimicrobial effect of extract were tested with disk diffusion and agar-well diffusion diffusion method against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the Cardin extract were investigated by dilution method. In the disk and well diffusion methods, the highest effect of extract on the bacteria was observed at concentration of 100 mg / ml, with the highest diameter of deterioration hole. Of course, the effect on gram-positive bacteria was more than gram negative. The inhibitory concentration of extract (MIC) on Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/ml and the MBC was 50, 100 and 100 mg/ml, respectively. The results showed that effect of Cardin extract on gram-positive bacteria was more than gram negative and the diameter of the non-growth halo increased with increasing concentrations of the extract.
 

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Stachys byzantina belongs to Lamiaceae family. Regarding to the biologically active compounds and traditional use of the Stachys byzantina for treatment of wounds and a cold, it seems that this plant has significant antibacterial effects. The aim of this study was evaluation of antibacterial effect of ethanolic extract of Stachys byzantina against Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition zone diameter of the Stachys byzantina extract on Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus was identified on a concentration of 25, 50, and 75 mg/mL, respectively, by Cylinder-plate and Kirby-Bauer methods. Moreover, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (agar dilution and micro-well dilution) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the pathogenic microorganisms were determined in this study. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test. The highest and lowest inhibition zone with a diameter of 17.90 and 13.10 mm at a concentration of 75 mg/mL were observed for Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter aerogenes bacteria, respectively (Cylinder-plate method). The MIC of Stachys byzantina extract for Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus was 100, 50, 25 and 12.5 mg/mL respectively (agar dilution). The ethanolic extract of Stachys byzantina “in vitro” has a significant antibacterial effect on Enterobacter aerogenes and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacteria) and Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria).

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The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of producing a pastilles based on dates puree and concentrated whey and optimizing its formulation. In order to optimize the production conditions of pastilles based dates and concentrated whey,response- surface methodology was used.In this study,the conditions of production of pastilles product(concentration of xanthan gum (0.1-0.5%)and agar(0.3-0.9%) as well as concentration of whey(5-15%)were optimized to achieve maximum protein and total acceptability and total color index.According to the results of the statistical analysis of the data,a linear model for moisture, water activity, pH and total color index and a quadratic model for total acceptability were selected.The results showed that the concentration of whey had a significant effect on all responses.Increased concentration of whey had a positive effect on moisture of the samples and had a reverse effect on water activity,pH and total color index.The overall acceptability index did not show a steady trend,with a 10% increase in concentrated whey increasing and then decreasing.As the xanthan gum and agar gum content increased, the moisture content of the samples increased,but water activity decreased.The overall acceptability index also showed the highest value in average percentages for the two gums(as was the case for whey).The optimum operating conditions obtained for the jelly production process included xanthan gum concentration of 0.36% (w / w),agar gum concentration of 0.46% (w / w) and concentrated whey 13.92% (w / w).The predicted responses under these conditions were 36.62% moisture content, 0.66% water activity, 3.25 pH, 1.17 protein content,overall acceptability score of 6.56 and total color index of 45.94%.After the evaluation,it was found that the actual results were very close to the model estimates,indicating accurate model prediction.