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Pashto language is one of the Iranian languages about which little linguistic research has been conducted. Causation in Pashtu language needs more explanation because this issue is very important, but in Pashto grammar books and linguistics, no attention has been paid to this issue. Therefore, the investigation and research of causation in this language is of particular importance. The purpose of this research is to describe the causative category of Pashto language. the data required for this research is based on the works and speakers of this language based on the research of Dabir Moghaddam (1399). In addition to the description of causation, the research method of this article is based on Pashto language examples that have been transliterated and interpreted. Examples of this text have been selected from hundreds of sentences and analyzed. The important issue is the representation of causative construction in Pashto language, and how it is done. Pashto language is one of subject-object -verb languages and causation exists in this language in the form of morphology and syntax. This research has analyzed the data based on the taxonomy theory. Language causation in Pashto is more complicated than in Persian; because it does not follow a specific principle. In causative conjugation, in addition to (aw) affix, prefixes (pӘ,pӘr) and (war bânde,pre) are used. The rate of generation of auxiliary causatives is higher in Pashto language because it comes with most verbs and makes the verb transitive.
 

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The Historical Ashura books are historical reflections of the Ashura event and they are expressed in the form of narration. The application of new theories of literary criticism in the analysis of historical provides a better understanding of the narrative context of these works. The purpose of this study is to introduce an unknown Ashura historical book and its narratology from Todorov's point of view. This article tries to examine the syntactic level of narration in the book Sar-e-Asrar in a descriptive-analytical way. So that narratives better illustrates the narrative structure of such works. Todorov's narrative analysis is one of the most prominent structuralist approaches that deals with manifestations such as syntactic representation. According to the findings of the research, the narration with its developments, propositions, etc., which show the syntactic manifestation of the narration, has advanced the design of the narration. In terms of linguistic structure, the murder is based on the traits and actions of the characters. From a syntactic point of view; It has ten basic enhancements that include a minor enhancement. According to the findings of the research, the narration with its developments, propositions, etc., which show the syntactic manifestation of the narration, has advanced the design of the narration. In terms of linguistic structure, the book is based on the traits and actions of the characters. From a syntactic point of view; It has ten basic enhancements that include a minor enhancement. Descriptive and present propositions have emerged side by side with various narrative aspects...

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Imagery is one of the basic subjects in the domain of aesthetics of text, which has been noticed by the men of literary taste and art from the past.  The poets have regarded imagery as the integral part of their poetry and the critics have analyzed and investigated the literary works from this perspective. Imagery criticism, especially in the temporary era, has been attended to by the men of literature. Furthermore, Ashurai poetry, as an enormous portion of the nationally committed literary heritage, has always represented Ashura. This literary art has always been after beautiful and obvious depicting in form and content of the events and causes of this enormous movement.      Clarifying this part of the literary beauties in the contemporary Ashurai poetry is the aim of the present study using an analytic-descriptive methodology and based on the American school principles of the comparative literature. For this purpose, we investigated the poems composed by over 40 poets in the last century of the two nations. To this end, after extracting metaphorical images from the selected poems of the two cited languages, with equal number of these poems, the researchers applied tables and figures to provide the reader with a suitable statistical view of the issue. The results revealed the width and variety of the images in Persian poetry, the innovation and presentation of the new images in Persian more that English, the outstanding presence of the romantic and mystical elements in Persian Ashurai poetry, and the variety and vastness of the elements composing these images in Persian poetry.

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Abstract
In recent decades, much research has been conducted in the context of domestic violence, especially violence against women and children; But in related to another form of domestic violence, or sibling abuse, not only has little attention been paid by researchers, but most parents also ignore their children's violent behavior toward each other as a common childish behavior. However, most of these cases have profound and destructive effects on children's social development and cognition, and consequently increase the likelihood of committing criminal behaviors. Among these, social and cultural factors are a hidden phenomenon that determines the shape of individual relationships in families. The present study describes the prevalence of sibling abuse with the aim of examining the economic, cultural and social contexts of student families.
     The survey study was conducted among 600 high school students in districts one and six of Mashhad using a researcher-made questionnaire in two sections: self-reported victimization and delinquency with Cronbach's alpha 0.918, and was conducted in the academic year 2020-2021. Data analysis shows that the cultural and social characteristics of families such as inadequate parental education, poverty and unemployment, affect the prevalence of sibling violence, and violence among students with lower levels of family background was more prevalent in compare to others.
    This study shows that social factors and cultural level within families affect the level of violence between children; therefore, if a society can strengthen the normative and cultural components of families through education and the media, it can improve the health of families. The Iranian legislature has taken an important step to combat this type of behavioral violence by passing the Child and Adolescent Protection Act 2020.
 
Keywords: Domestic Violence, Brother-Sister Abuse, Victim Self-Report, Crime Self-Report, Mashhad High School Students

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In this article, we are going to esthetically illustrate the death of one of Ferdowsi's epic characters.
   Mythical, historical foundation of the epic drives us to think that is non-interpretable. While the textual characteristic of Shahnameh anecdotes makes the text very interpretable and the textual characteristic of Shahnameh anecdotes makes the text very interpretable, His epic has a paradoxical texture: there are signs like cohesion, systematic, accordance that are original and real. On the other hand, the interpretation doesn't stop and it is severely decontextualizing and meaning making and full of ambiguity. It steadily tries to change its texture and seems non-chronic and non-located.
   Choosing Siavash's death and its esthetical aspects is an effort to state the wonderful characteristic of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. In spite of having tendency to structure, it has some post-structuralistic features.

 

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Part of what we know as the heritage of Iran and India has originated from the Indo-Iranian culture, and this heritage belongs to the East and the common life of Indo –Iranians in the past. We can consider the similarities between Arash-e Kamangir in Iranian mythology and Vishnu in Indian mythology as an original example in this case. In this research, we try to show the characters of Arash-e Kamangir, in the ancient, middle and Islamic periods, according to the comparative method in the French School and the method of content analysis. The results of the research show that Arash and Vishnu are two myths that have a common origin, and consequently, they have vast and widespread common aspects; and in making of mythological character, the subject of the attack between Good and Evil has a special place in the two cultures. Being warrior god of rain in creating the myths like Arash and Vishnu; being bodily and their connection with natural elements and heavenly realms are the other results obtained in this study.    

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Heidegger believes that among the Greeks, Aletheia means "Unhiddeness," which is an essential attribute for beings. However, by referring to the world of ideals, Plato considers Truth as conformity and transfers it to human reason. In this approach, the truth lost its intrinsic character and became the correspondence of cognition with its objective reference. This epistemological transformation led to the emergence of prevalent dualities in philosophy. Although Mulla Sadra has fundamental similarities with Heidegger, he considers truth to have multiple meanings by gradation. In the third phase of his philosophical thought, by reaching divine manifestation -with his special interpretation of Platonic philosophy- he abandons his earlier conventional dichotomies in philosophy. At this stage, Mulla Sadra reaches Real Unity and accepts Plato's truth as something with existential gradation. In this paper, we are trying to examine the views of Heidegger and Mulla Sadra while briefly analyzing the truth of Plato. Finally, we will extract Sadra's criticisms of Heidegger's thoughts about truth.
 

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The current article deals with evaluation of transition process of social values within Iran by the researches performed in the years 1974-2009. Due to the fact that the Islamic revolution of Iran was relied on spiritual and sublime values, therefore, political order of the revolution intended to expand and deepen these values. Since recognition of probable transitions of social values in Iranian society during these years enjoys a great importance, this study is based upon the secondary analysis of the results of national surveys during the years 1974 - 2009 for evaluation of transitions of social values in Iranian society within this time. The most important results obtained are as follows: 1) The amount of importance of material values for Iranian society from 1970s until the third decade of the revolution has increased. 2) Assessment from the importance ratio almost all spiritual values indexes has decreased from 1970s until third decade of the revolution and, 3) Assessment from the importance amount of material and spiritual Value for the age group of 50 or more (pre- revolution adolescences) is more than the age group of current living youngsters.

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In folkloric culture, sometimes, people tend to speak together in such a way that is vague and unknown to strangers. In such cases, the common code is not sufficient. Thus, some local micro-cultures devise secret codes or argots used in their peer groups (friends, relatives, thieves, gangs, gypsies, prisoners, etc.). These secret codes are mostly based on the common language and dialectal variety, and follow most of its grammatical rules. The primary device for mystifying the language is the application of certain phonological formulae on the words of the common code. While investigating this phenomenon in the folkloric culture, the present study analyzes the grammatical, morphological and phonological features of a secret language spoken by a rather extended family in the city of Mashhad. The language, which still lacks a certain name, is attributed to the Borumand family, which has used it for four or five generations. It is a living language transferred through generations. Some of the words come from Arabic, some from Persian, and many are fabricated words with no particular origin. The language is peculiar to this community of Mashhad, and is not spoken in any other place in Iran and the world.

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In a comparative study, this paper by using a descriptive analytical method seeks to examine the similarities and differences of the two drfferent cultuers and languages in terms of the type of the image ot the characters.
Depiction of the revolutionary and epic dimensions of image's personality,the extraordinary perspective of the two poets upon image, the link with the present time and society, the tendency towards complexity, and the avoidance of straightforwardness in the commonalities in the poetry book , and the diversity and broadness of aspects of the character, as well as combination of image of some of the characers with concepts of melancholy and grief are characteristics of the Arabic poetry book.
 

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Henna is a plant with natural binary attraction including nice color, and specific properties, which has popularity and application among the nations and tribes. This plant has ornamental and medicinal properties. In addition, it is one of the most applicative cases in celebrations and racial customs. Henna is used in Hennabandan (an old custom in the ancient history of Iran). This celebration has been held on specific customs in different parts of Iran since the previous centuries because of insignificant customs and geographical positions of different areas in Iran. Most of these customs have the same origin, and their executive methods are similar. Although some customs have the same origin, they are held with different methods. This article compares the Hennabandan custom of ten towns and villages in Iran by using documentary way and studying the books and articles written about this typical custom and the applications of Henna in the culture of Iranian people. Final results are achieved through functionalism and diffusionnism.

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Human beliefs are important because they are considered as the primary capitals of folk literature. The significance of folk literature is due to the fact that it is the foundation of refined and cultured literature. The sociopolitical novel “Souvashoun”, which placed its author Simin Daneshvar with other great Iranian novelists due to its fame, is a combination of literary scholarship,  collectivism and pluralism; proof of beliefs and elements in the folk literature mentioned in this work is not a shortcoming, rather it is a piece of evidence showing eloquence and rhetoric. Contemplating this work of literature, the present article come up with the pieces of evidence showing the manifestation of beliefs and folk literature elements, as well as such folk beliefs as totem, taboo, fetishism, animism, manna, noma and superstition, which are primarily described and defined. Then several instances of such beliefs are extracted from the text. Specifications and functions of the folk literature are noted, and the narrative literature’s status as well as Souvashoun and its position are explained. It is also proved that Souvashoun, apart from its pluralism, is free from many unpleasantnesses of its contemporary prose like immeasurable vulgarity, fanaticism and senseless modernisms.

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Ferdowsi's Shahnameh has always been interest of readers, and many authors have tried to imitate it. Like other Iranian orators, the Kurd poets have recreated different stories of Shahnameh with innovations and sometimes translations. No doubt, the introduction and thinking of the epic verses after Shahnameh can expose some of the important issues of this valuable work and be effective on the morale of unity and patriotism among Iranian ethnic groups; therefore, in this study, we first introduced the verse of "Kordish Shahmghal and Rostam" and then compared it with the narration of " Shahnameh's Rostam and Shaghad", Salby's historical narratives, Toomar Naghali Shahnameh, Haft Lashkar, and Ferdowsinameh.

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Discourse analysis has emanated from ideas os scholars od Linguistics, semiotics, hermeneutics and the theories of Michel Foucault (1926-1992), but in contrast to the aforementioned methods, it cover the two aspects of the text: form and meaning and so it is a comprehensive approach for text analysis. Scholars like Fairclough, Wodak, Van Dijk, Fowler and Kress played an important role in introducing and promoting critical discourse analysis as a new approach to text analysis. In this research we have used Norman Fairclough’s approach. In the present study, it was tried to analyze Sovashoon of Simin Daneshvar. In so doing, we discussed the views of the author, and using an innovative approach, we discovered various semantic and thematic layers of meanings closer to this novel. It was concluded that Daneshvar,with her special approach to the political and social changes of her time ,has connected the politico-social factors to mythological ones. This approach is specific to her, different with others' and so we can consider it as her own unique ideology. From a critical discourses analytic perspective, Simin Daneshvar, in her writings, made use of specific terms, epical and mythical dimensions and its connection with religion while generalizing these elements and connecting it to our era, has sought to create an independent Iranian identity. She managed to create an anti-imperialistic hero from the working class and naturally promoted women’s role in the contemporary novels from a housewife to a reformer and activist in the socio-political areas.

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The present paper intends to apply the Tense theory of Harald Weinrich to the study of tense in two Persian novels, Boofe Koor and Soveshoon. The findings show that categorization of texts into discussion and narration by Weinrich, could be applied in Persian fiction. Ayande (Future), Haal (Present) and Naqli (Perfect) construct those parts of a text that more tend to have qualities of discussion and discourse. On the other hand, past tenses like Gozashte Sadde (Simple Past), Gozashte Estemrari (Past Progressive) and Gozashte Dour / Ba'eed (Past Perfect) more tend to construct narrative parts of the texts. In addition, each group has its own past, present and future. In discussion system, Naqli plays the role of stating past, Haal is the zero point and states the present and Ayande states the future. On the other hand, in narration system, Gozashte Dour stating past and both Gozashte Sadde and Gozashte Estemrari are zero points and state the present. Moreover, we can say there is not a specific tense in Persian to state the future in this system. Finally, two tenses of Gozshte Sadde and Gozshte Estemarai play a role of foregrounding in narration system. The parts stated by Gozashte Estemrari usually are located on the background of the scene, while the main points of the narration which is stated by Gozashte Sadde are located on the foreground of the scene.

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Foliar analysis of natural deciduous tree species of basswood (Tilia americana L.) (BA), American beech (Acer grandifolia Enrh) (BE), and white ash (Fraxinus americana L.) (WA) was carried out in 1994 in southern Quebec. The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) was developed from the traditional method to find the preliminary norm and indices of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg for the above species. The growth decade 1983-1994 in a high yielding sub-population was used to develop DRIS norms for the identification of DRIS functions and indices in relatively depleted levels of those elements in the declined growth of three species. Foliar nutrient deficiencies were found with K (-3.72) and N (-2.96) for basswood, Ca (-10.43) and Mg (-4.93) for beech, and N (-6.16), Ca (-2.56) and K (-2.05) for white ash. The DRIS analysis indicated that basswood and white ash were relatively depleted of K and N, while beech had a deficiency of Ca and Mg, and white ash had a limitation of N. These results suggest the usefulness of DRIS for foliar tissue analysis as an indicator of nutritional status and elemental stresses in natural forests. The DRIS indices were also discussed from the traditional approach.

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  One of the most important characteristics of Iranian paintings is their connection and unity with Persian literature, which resulted in the formation of common language and similar subjects in these two art fields. However, since the Zands Dynasty, especially their late era, a certain divergence occurred between painting and poetry due to the weakness of literature and the fact that the painters were more influenced by the European art. While focusing on the benchmarks of the poems of the return era, and the Royal Court portrait paintings, this study strives to examine the common aesthetic connection between these two fields of art through performing historical, descriptive, analytical and comparative study, and achieve the response to this question that Which factors were effective in the formation and flourishing of the literature and painting during the reign of Fath Ali Shah Qajar and how and to what extent are their common aesthetic links? The painting and poetry of this era managed to achieve flourishing thanks to the supports granted by an art-lover king, i.e. Fath Ali Shah Qajar. Due to the policies of the Shah during his 37-year reign against the arts, a suitable basis was provided for the alignment of these two fields of art in a new and different manner (notwithstanding the occurred divergence) so that the painters act independently in choosing their subjects, and do not refer to poetry so often, while trying to take benefit from poetical descriptions and literature aesthetic criteria, and represent the same through a human-oriented vision.