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The aphid species, Cinara pini (Linnaeus, 1758) reported in our previous work as a new aphid on pinus trees for Iran, was described using the classic method and through analysis of COI gene sequence. In the next step, we addressed the efficiency of the entomopathogenic fungus, Lecanicillium longisporum (Zimm.) Zare and Gams strain LRC 190, on the aphid. The fungus was administered to the second instar nymphs and adults using topical application procedure. The results indicated that the entomopathogen caused 90% mortality in adults over seven days at a concentration of 10⁸ spores/ml, while the same control level was achieved for nymphs by 8 × 10⁷ spores/ml. The LC₅₀ values were obtained as 1.2 × 10⁶ and 6.9 × 10⁵ spores/ml for adults and nymphs, respectively. The present study suggests that the entomopathogenic fungus, L. longisporum could be considered as a potential candidate in biocontrol programs of C. pini. This is the first report on the pathogenicity of L. longisporum on C. pini.

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The chloroplast gene matK, formerly known as ORF509, has been identified as one of the most rapidly evolving genes at the nucleotide and corresponding amino acid levels. This gene is located in the large single-copy region of the chloroplast genome, and placed between the 5’ and the 3’ exons of trnK (tRNA-lysine) within a group II intron. The matK RNA and protein levels are affected by light and developmental stages, suggesting functional roles for this putative maturase that affect in photosynthesis indirectly. The matK has been considered as one of the most useful genes for resolving phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships at a range of taxonomic levels, from closely related species to the generic, familial, and even supra-familial levels among land plants, especially Angiosperms. The matK as a DNA barcode for land plants showed high levels of discrimination among angiosperm species that can be used single or in combination with other genes.

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True flies (Insecta: Diptera) are widely distributed and the key components in most ecosystems. The objective of this study was to identify the true flies’ diversity through DNA barcoding technique (658 bp sequence from the 5′-end of cytochromeoxidase I) in Bangladesh. Specimens were collected by a Malaise trap at Chittagong University Campus between April 2014 and March 2015. In this study, we examined 36476 sequences of 38267 true flies, and resulted 105 species, 109 genera, 54 subfamilies and 59 families. Among them 79 species, 69 genera, 12 subfamilies and 23 families are new country records. All the specimen records with the Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) (the species proxies), are available on the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD).

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The present study is on the morphology and molecular data of the genus Dineutus MacLeay, were collected from the Eastern Ghats mountains in Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu states located in the eastern Ghats of India. The morphological identification was based on elytral spines, setation on paramere and structure of the median lobe. Molecular characterization was based on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16s ribosomal RNA gene. Species identified as being D. indicus, D. spinosus, and D. unidentatus. Phylogenetic trees were constructed for both genes, and the COI fragment shows raw genetic distance between 10–12% among the three species of D. indicus, D. spinosus and D. unidentatus, whereas 16s gene shows a divergence of 4–5%. The present study contributes five novel mitochondrial COI and five ribosomal RNA sequences for D. spinosus and D. unidentatus for the first time from India.

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This study was performed to determine the identification (barcoding) using cytochrome oxidase gene of common carp, between three provinces of Golestan, Mazandaran and Gilan (respectively in Gomishan, Tajan and Kiashahr) in 2011. The results of sequencing showed that all samples from the three regions had a genetic distance less than 2%, so all samples were from the same species. The results of sequencing 30 tail samples of carp species on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea showed that all samples are of the same species and their genetic distance does not reach at least 2%. Therefore, all carp samples of the three provinces are of the same species and have the same type of barcode. In the study of nucleotide and haplotypic distance, Gomishan region was 10.75000, 1 and Kiashahr region were 3.200 and 0.9333, respectively. In the study of nucleotide diversity between the two regions, 0.01978 and the average nucleotide difference was 12.187. Haplotypic diversity in Gomishan region was 38.095 and in Kiashahr region was 23.809%. Out of 13 haplotypes, Gomishan region with 8 haplotypes (61.53%) and Kiashahr region with 5 haplotypes (38.46%) had the lowest haplotypes.The results of this study show that there is a significant difference between carp samples in Gomishan and Kiashahr regions in terms of nucleotide and haplotypic diversity (P <0.05).