---

Aims: Complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most important impediment resulted from uncontrolled blood sugar. The patients should be educated on controlling their blood sugar and promoting their preventive behaviors, in order to reduce complications. The aim of the present study is to determine the effects of the BASNEF Model-based educational programs on Blood sugar Control (Diabetes Type 2), in Nader Kazemi Clinic, Shiraz-Iran.rnMethods and Materials: This is a perspective and quasi-experimental intervention study, the research population is type 2 diabetics of 40-65 years diagnosed over 5 years. 100 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria participated in the study. They were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The instruments for data collection were: a questionnaire established based on the BASNEF Model (Belief, Attitude, Subjective Norm and Enabling Factors), a self reporting checklist related to the patient practice and a checklist for recording the patients' HbA1c and Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) levels. Content validity method was used to evaluate the questionnaire's scientific validity. The questionnaires were completed by 20 type 2 diabetics to measure reliability (other than those who participated in the study). The faulty ones were removed and the results checked with %95 reliability (Cronbach's ά Coefficient was 84%).rnBoth groups completed the questionnaires and checklists; the results were documented before and three months after intervention.rnThe patients of the experimental group participated in 6- session educational classes in the first month of intervention and once more two months after, with 2-session meeting classes as the intervention follow up. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software, chi square-test, T-test for independent samples, matched T-test, and repeated measures ANOVA.rnFindings: concerning the mean scores of age, T-test for independent samples showed no significant difference between the experimental group (SD=7.52, Mean=54.40) and control group (SD=6.72, Mean=54.24).rnThe findings indicated that the mean scores of BASNEF Model variables were significantly increased in the experimental group compared to the control group, after intervention. Also, behavioral control of blood sugar, HbA1c rate (8.65% before intervention and 7.47% after three months) and FBS levels (207.08 before intervention and 124.2 after three months) improved significantly among the experimental group, compared to control group.rnConclusions: Applying the BASNEF Model is very effective in developing an educational program for diabetics, in order to control their blood sugar and enhance behavioral controlling blood sugar. Besides, follow up education on controlling and monitoring is highly recommended.

---

Background: In recent years we have successfully adopted an in vitro hepatogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In this protocol the biologically active hepatocyte-like cells were differentiated from the stem cells isolated from either bone marrow or umbilical cord blood (UCB) samples. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficiency of the hepatogenic differentiation of MSCs isolated from UCB and MSCs. Methods: Differentiation process of MSCs was carried out in a selective medium supporting hepatogenic differentiation for 3 weeks. Then using specific markers we have examined the hepatocyte formation following hepatogenic differentiation of the stem cells. Hepatogenic markers namely albumin, α-fetoprotein (AFP) and cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) were monitored at different time intervals during differentiation. Results: Transdifferentiation of the UCB and bone marrow MSCs was also characterized by measuring albumin, AFP and CYP3A4 at mRNA levels using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). AFP was expressed in the undifferentiated UCB-MSCs and increased on day 21 of differentiation. However, AFP was not detected in the undifferentiated bone marrow MSCs. But, AFP expression started during the first week of differentiation. Albumin expression was detected in hepatocytes from UCB as well as bone marrow. The expression of albumin and its secretion from hepatocyte prepared from bone marrow appeared earlier compared to the cells derived from UCB. Metabolic function of the hepatocytes evaluated by secretion of albumin in the culture media was also similar in the cells isolated from both the sources. Conclusions: The differentiation potential of MSCs derived from human UCB and bone marrow under in vitro condition is comparable. However, it appears that there is time-dependent difference in the onset of expression of liver specific markers particularly albumin synthesis in hepatocytes derived from different stem cells.

---

A 12-week feeding trial was carried out in 500 L fiberglass tanks  to evaluate the effect of dietary choline at 0, 2, 4, and 8 g kg ^-1 levels on growth rate, body composition and total liver lipid of juvenile Acipenser baerii (37.67±0.67 g). A semi purified basal diet was formulated using vitamin free casein and wheat gluten as a protein source, a mixture of animal and plant oils as a lipid source and dextrin as a carbohydrate source. Four isonitrogenous (40% protein) and isoenergetic (18 MJ kg^-1) diets were prepared and fed to the fish three times daily to apparent satiation. Weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly affected by dietary choline (p<0.05). The best growth performance was observed in fish fed diets containing 2 and 8 g kg ^-1 choline (p<0.05). Fish fed with 2 and 4 g kg ^-1 choline showed higher lipid content compared with the control diet (p<0.05), but not significantly different in body protein (p>0.05). Total lipid of liver and plasma, plasma cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipids levels showed an increasing trend with increasing levels of dietary choline, but not significantly different among treatments (p>0.05). Based on the results, we recommend adding a 1.5 gkg^-1 choline to commercial diet of juvenile Acipenser baerii.

---

The probiotic effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger on the feeding efficiency, body composition, ammonia excretion, blood serum enzymes and the intestinal microbiota of juvenile beluga, Huso huso was investigated. The fish (31.8±2.81g) were randomly allocated into 12 oval tanks at a density of 30 individuals per tank with three replicates for each treatment,. The fish were fed either a basal diet (as control) or the diet supplemented with S. cerevisiae and A. niger (2×10⁶, 4×10⁶ and 6×10⁶ cells g^-1) for 8 weeks. The results indicated that the probiotic supplemented diet at 6×10⁶ (cells g^-1) significantly improved FCR and other nutritional indicators compared to the control treatment (p<0.05). Significant improvements (p<0.05) were also observed in ammonia excretion and blood serum enzymes between treatments. Total viable fungus and Lactobacillus spp. count were significantly improved in treatment compared to control (p<0.05). These results indicated that S. cerevisiae and A. niger improved feeding performance and blood serum enzymes of beluga.

---

The effect of pistachio green hull (PGH) at 0, 1.5, 4.5, 13.5 and 27% of the diet on the growth, blood biochemical and hematological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) of 27.03±0.58 g was investigated in a completely randomized design and in three replications with 14 fish individuals in each. At the end of 8 weeks feeding trial, blood samples were randomly taken from 4 individulas in each replication. Results showed significant differences (p<0.05) in SGR and FCR between 27% treatment and other treatments. No significant differences in Alb, Glo, Tg, GOT (p>0.05) were observed among treatments. Tp (2.76±0.15 g/dl), LDH (2139±44.26 IU/l), ALP (331.9±21.4 IU/l), GPT (407±17.82 IU/l), Hb (8.73±0.7 g/dl) and Hct (33.33±2.28%) had significant differences in group receiving 27% PGH compared with other group (p<0.05). Results showed that high levels of PGH in the diet of rainbow trout had adverse effects on health and growth factors.

---

Toxicity and LC₅₀ 96-h of Malathion on the Caspian common carp fingerlings, Cyprinuscarpio, and its effects on some blood indices, including hematocrit, glucose, cholesterol and total protein content, were investigated. The median lethal concentration, the lowest effective concentration and the maximum allowable concentration were found to be 1.3, 0.646 and 0.13 mg.L^-1, respectively. Based on the LC₅₀ finding, Malathion can be regarded as “moderately toxic” for this fish.  Significant differences between the hematocrit, glucose, and cholesterol among treatments were evident, but no significant difference in the total protein of blood plasma was observed. The hematocrit level in the control group was lower than the other groups. The lowest levels of cholesterol and glucose were observed in 0.5 mg/L, and the maximum levels were found in 2.5 and 2 mg/L, respectively. Therefore, malathion which is supposed to be ineffective for non-target species at allowable concentrations, can lead to their blood indicies responses and bio-damages.

---

The effect of replacement of dietary soybean meal with broad bean flour on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with average weight of 12.5 ± 0.09 g in 4 levels (15, 30, 45 and 60%) during 7 weeks trial was examined. The results showed that substitution of soybean meal up to 30% replacement) did not have any negative impact on fish growth performance. However, significant difference in red blood cells count and hematocrit percent were found between the experimental groups and the control (P<0.05).The highest amount of red blood cells (2.03± 0.23) and hematocrit (44.3±1.52) were observed in group of 15% replacement. Also, the results of blood biochemical parameters showed that cholesterol, total protein, albumin and globulin levels in experimental groups did not significantly differ between the control and other groups. The highest level of glucose (139.04±22.2) and triglyceride (323.54±11.8) were observed in the control group, but no significantly different (P>0.05) from 15% replacement. This study showed that up to 30% fish meal replacement with broad bean flour in the diet of rainbow trout had no negative impact on the growth performance, blood factors and survival of fish.

---

The effect of the Primalac probiotic at four levels of 0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15% on growth performance, blood biochemical parameters, survival and resistance to salinity stress in common carp fingerlings (2.67±0.117 g) was assessed for a period of 45 days. Primalac enhanced growth performance and significantly decreased the FCR (p<0.05). Primalac also decreased the glucose levels and increased the total protein level, but the differences among treatments were not significant (p>0.05). Primalac significantly decreased the cholesterol levels (p<0.05). Salinity stress test was carried out after 45 days of feeding. Blood samples were taken four times after stress (first, third, fifth and seventh days) to evaluate hematocrit levels. On the first day, the hematocrit levels increased significantly in all groups (p<0.05), but it decreased gradually in all groups after the third day. Before and after the stress, no differences were observed for survival rate among the treatments (p>0.05). These results indicate that addition of Primalac to fish diet exerted positive effects on growth, biochemical indices and reduce stress in common carp.

---

A 30-day experiment was carried out to comparison the effect of carrot and beetroot as natural pigments and synthetic astaxanthin on growth performance, hematological parameters, and tissue color in rainbow trout fingerlings. 150 juvenile rainbow trout with initial mean weight of 21.44 ± 1.25g fed diets containing 50 and 100 mg/kg carrot; 100 mg/kg beetroot; 100 mg/kg synthetic astaxanthin and a control diet. Body weight increasing and specific growth rate were higher in fish fed the diet containing 100 mg beetroot than those of the control diet. Hematological study including red blood cell, white blood cell, hematocrit and hemoglobin showed significant differences between treatments (p<0.05). Carrot and beetroot had higher values of red blood cell, white blood cell, hematocrit and hemoglobin than those of the synthetic astaxanthin and control diet. Triglyceride and cholesterol value were significantly higher in diet containing 100 mg beet (p<0.05). Carotenoid content analysis from skin, tissue and blood revealed that inclusion of plant source of carotenoid including carrot and beetroot resulted in a significant increase in carotenoid concentration (p<0.05). The study concluded that plant source of carotenoid such as carrot and beetroot could improve immune systems in rainbow trout by increasing white and red blood cells and also, fish fed diet supplemented with natural carotenoid (carrot and beet) showed better coloration.

---

various purposes. Many religious traditions recommend killing animals to avoid from disaster. In order to get rid of the evil and throw it into the blood and non-blood forms, apotropaic belief is common among the people of Bakhtiari. Based on the thaughts of the Islamic religion and the Eid al- Adha, the Bakhtiari people, sacrifice animals on mountains like sheep, goats and cattle. Another reason people kill animals is to remove evil in wedding ceremony.Among other ritual, it should mention writing pray, Damband Kardan. The aim of this study is to show how and why the tradition is held and also ways of apotropaic belief with blood via killing animals in Bakhtiari tribe.By adopting descriptive –analytical research methodology, this research shows that Bakhtiari tribe follow sacrificing traditions to obey God’s sayings, but some part of it has mythological appearance and traces; such as killing animals on the top of the mountains and ornamenting animals to be killed under tree, pouring blood on the ground and putting blood on the face and head.
 
 

---

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of probiotic, Pediococcus acidilactici (CNCM-MA 18/5 M, Lallemand, France) in concentrations of T1: 1 × 10⁹, T2: 2× 10⁹ and T3: 3×10⁹  cfu / kg of diet on changes some hematological parameters of bream fry (Abramis brama orientalis, Berg 1949) in comparison with diet control, C, (untreated) for 60 days. One hundred eighty Bream fry with randomly in initial weight of 2.69± 0.22 g divided in 12 fiberglass tanks (110 L) and offered feed at 3-5% body weight, daily. At the end of the trial blood parameters measured. The total number of red blood cells, hematocrit, hemoglobin and white blood cells levels showed a significant increase in treatment fed with 2× 10⁹  cfu probiotic per kilogram of diet (P<0.05).  Indifferential white blood cell(WBC) count, the number of neutrophils and monocytes, and lymphocytes increased significantly in treatments fed with probiotics. The highest increase in neutrophils and monocytes, and the highest decrease in lymphocytes observed in T₃ (3× 10⁹ cfu kg^-1). According to the results, it concluded that adding probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici to the fry bream (Abramis brama orientalis, Berg 1949) diet, increase blood parameters related to red blood cells (RBC), diseases resistance and improve non specific immune response in bream.
According to the results, it concluded that adding probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici to the fry bream (Abramis brama orientalis Berg 1949) diet, increase blood parameters related to red blood cells (RBC), diseases resistance and improve non specific immune response in bream.

---

This trial was to investigate the effect of emulsifier on growth performance, blood factors and carcass composition in rainbow trout (Onchorhyncus mykiss) fed fat powder diet. A basal diet was formulated using common feed ingredients supplemented with 0.5 and 1% of cholic acid and 2 and 4% of tween80, plus a control diet without emulsifier, leading to five experimental diets. Juvenile rainbow trout with an initial weight of 27.32±2.03 g was fed with experimental diets for 8 weeks. The results showed no significant differences between the value of body weight increasing (BWI), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency ratio (FCR) and hepato somatic index (HSI) (P>0.05) while, visceral somatic index (VSI) was significantly higher in control diet. Emulsifier had significant effects on blood parameters such as white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), MCV, MCH and MCHc (P<0.05). Diet containing 0.5% cholic acid showed higher value of WBC while control diet led to higher value of RBC. Results of serum analysis showed that inclusion of emulsifier was effected albumin, glucose and total protein value (P<0.05). 0.5% cholic acid led to the highest value among groups. Assessment of carcass composition showed significant differences among diets (P<0.05). The highest body protein values were observed in diet 0.5% cholic acid while body fat was the lowest in the same diet. It seems that emulsifier could maintain protein by fat utilization and considering no significant differences between different treatments of growth performance addition of 0.5% cholic acid is suggested.

---

Mohammad Hadi Sadeghi Associate Professor department of Law, Shiraz University  Although the victim consent of a crime has no legal effect on the criminal prohibitory character of the wrong committed by the offender, it can prevent the establishment of the right to retaliate or can cause the waiver of the right. This is due to the fact that the right to request retaliation originally belongs to the victim and it then passes to his family. Hence, the victim has a priority to waive the right. In addition, due to the voluntary character of the committed offence, based on the consent of the victim, no mulct (blood-money) is proven. The offender, therefore, can be sentenced to other forms of punishment merely on the basis of the committed act and not the resulted consequence.

---

---

---

---

Blood and bleeding and their related themes have long been rooted in human spirit and have had a decisive influence on Iranian and world culture. Themes and beliefs such as the sacrifice of human beings and animals, the rituals and beliefs that involve it, the killing of the holy people and its effect on human destiny, the bloodlust of the bleeding woman, blood spilling on the stone for the suppression of magic, the death of a sacred animal and those reflected in the history of Siavash, Iraj, Sohrab and Esfandiar in Shahnameh and finally the narrative petitions and oral narratives about the national epics are reflected and rooted in myths and branches in popular beliefs. In this research, using stories and other sources, first of all, popular beliefs about blood and its contents are examined at narrative plan, then the method of content analysis has been used and the desired samples have been compared.
 
 

---

---

Characters play a pivotal role in the events displayed by an anecdote. Personas are in fact the main pillars of the story and developments revolve round characters’ behavior, remarks, and thoughts. In critical study of any anecdote, the main element of the story is assessed and analyzed which is the characters. Hence, the story is synonymous to the acts and thoughts of characters, which are developed and displayed within the framework of the story’s plot. In contemporary Iranian stories; multilateral characters have been created by Sadeq Hedayat in his literary works, namely Three Drops of Blood and The Blind Owl, while this approach has been copied by other authors. In the majority of works which have been under the influence of Hedayat’s book Blind Owl, multilateral personalities are evident.
This study has analyzed personalities in the books Blind Owl and Three Drops of Blood, penned by Sadeq Hedayat, in addition to Prince Ihtejab penned by Hushang Golshiri, and ‘Hereafter’ written by Bahram Sadeqi

---

The kidnapping of a girl by the demon, her imprisonment in a place like garden or palace, and the demonchr('39')s demand to sexual intercoursegirl with girl are among the subjects that have always been popular in oral legends type 467 (according to the world list Arnedt-Thompson) look Tanbaloo legend cited in different ways in different areas. The girlchr('39')s blood turns into bouquets after dropping into water. Believing in this motif (plant growing from human blood) has always been prevalent among various tribes and its base in Iran can be seen in the story of Kiomars in Banhash and the growth of the Ribas from his seed. The demon, always wanting the girl to have sex, is a symbol of  human rejected by society for his bad moralities and now wants to return to society by resorting to marriage. However, the girl, a symbol of society, refuses to accept the demonchr('39')s request, and eventually, with the arrival of the hero, the glass of demonchr('39')s life is found and the demon is eradicated by the hero. The study tried to gain an analysis of the reason behind demon’s behavior and to root the motifs as much as possible with a comprehensive look at this theme. The research method in this article is descriptive analysis.