---

Background: Miscarriage is one of the most common pregnancy complications for which various causes have been defined, such as genetic factors, infectious, metabolic, endocrine systemmal function and immune system undesired responses. The early development of embryo occurs in oviduct and uterine tube from which some factors such as growth factors, glyco-proteins and factors those stimulate development of embryo are secreted. The ETF3 embryotrophic factor which is a complex of C3 complements and its derivatives i.e., iC3b, enhances the development of trophectodermas a consequence of which expression of relevant genes are affected embryo. There are various response elements in C3 gene promoter region such as, estrogen response regions (ERE). Steroids such as estrogen and progesterone are secreted in early steps of embryonic period along with C3 secretion and cause increase in C3 expression through interaction with regulatory elements in promoter region of this gene. In this study the polymorphism in ERE regions of C3 gene promoter was investigated in women suffering from recurrent miscarriage. Materials and methods: In this study, assuming that polymorphism in ERE regions is correlated with recurrent miscarriage during early months of pregnancy, 40 blood samples were collected from female patients admitted to an Infertility Clinic, Isfahan, Iran. DNA was extracted, amplification of regions harboring ERE with a pair of specific primer was done using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Single Strand Chain Polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) for studying possible polymorphisms in this region. Results and conclusion: The results indicated a specific symptomless infertility among the women, however there was no correlation between the ERE polymorphism and symptoms in control and cases.

---

The true understanding of a word requires using the different semantic methods so that through them, the exact description of that word can be found. One of these methods is sense relations such as semantic opposition. The purpose of this article is to study semantic opposition in Quran. For this work, 106 opposite word pairs have been extracted and gathered from different sources especially “Tafsire Noor” by Mostafa Khorram-del with their frequency and verses in which they have used and then have been analyzed according to six types of semantic oppositions agreed by linguists. For the reason of the limited size of the article, mentioning all these word pairs was refrained and several instances have been mentioned for every type of semantic opposition. Studying and analyzing data indicates that the six types of semantic opposition, that is gradable, complementary, symmetrical, directional, lexical, and semantic contrast are found in Quran and gradable, complementary, symmetrical, lexical, semantic contrast, and directional ones have the most and least frequency respectively. In some cases, there is overlap among these oppositions. The use of semantic opposition can be effective in the true translation of Quran words. The issue of most of these oppositions is human and his moral and educational affairs.

---

Additional compounds are sort of issues that are studied in both Russian and Persian languages in terms of nominal groups. Some linguists and grammarians of Persian language relate additional compounds (though without prepositions) to noun complements. Additional compounds represent various concepts and features such as ownership, identity, gender expression and allocation. These compounds in Persian language are stated by adding a noun to another noun, which the equivalent expressions in Russian language are consistent (определение согласованное) and inconsistent (несогласованное определение) noun affiliates. The aim of this study is to evaluate additional compounds in Persian and Russian languages in terms of syntax, and to find the possible similarities and harmony, between them. Finally, the ways to express the same meanings in the different structures of these compounds are discussed.

---

Abstract The element free Galerkin (EFG) method, which is based on the moving least square (MLS) approximation, requires only nodal data and no element connectivity. These features make the method more flexible than the conventional FEM. Nevertheless, direct imposition of the essential boundary conditions in the EFG method is always difficult because the shape functions obtained from the MLS approximation do not have the Kronocker-delta property. A new method named "the complementary integral method" is proposed here to overcome this difficulty. The presented method is more consistent with the variational basis of the EFG method. Several numerical examples are used to illustrate the implementation and performance of the method. The numerical examples including the Poisson's equation and 2D static and dynamic elasticity problems show that the method converges fast with reasonably accurate result for both the unknown variables and its derivatives.

---

In this article, the formal structure of the Persian relative clauses (restrictive and nonrestrictive) is examined. This study focuses on the possibility of extraposition of the relative clause to the right of its canonical position and it’s adjunction to TP or FocP. In general there are three approaches to extraposition in languages: rightward movement account, late merge analysis by which the relative clause should be late mereged with the constituents which they modify, leftward movement of the non-clausal part of an argument and stranding the clause. Based on some syntactic considerations in Persian such as having multiple clauses at the end of the sentence, movement of result clauses to the final position of the sentence, movement of relative clause with coordinate antecedent; relative clauses can moved to the right of the sentence and the extra posed element would be adjoined to TP or FocP and hence out the c-command domain of its trace. 

---

There are three kinds of changing valency processes in languages: lexical, morphological and syntactic. Transitive and intransitive alternation of verb "poxtan (cook)" is an example of lexical alternation; morphological causative "xordan/ xorandan" (to eat vs. make to eat) is an example of morphological alternation in Persian; and active/passive alternation is an example of syntactic alternation in Persian. This paper deals with all lexical transitivity alternations in Persian based on the model proposed by Beth Levin (1993). These alternations are introduced with the same order and numbers used by Levin in her work (1993). The alternations are as follows: complement of transitive verb = subject of intransitive verb, Unexpressed Object Alternation, Conative Alternation. There are some Persian alternations too which are not used in English. These alternations are introduced at the end of this paper. Beth Levin didn't discuss the alternations dealing with clausal complements. In this paper we didn't mention these alternations too.

---

The study of the syntax of the Iranian languages has gained few attentions and Sogdian in this case is not an exception. Due to the fact that the Sogdian texts are recognized as translations of other languages, the scholars have a disinclination to pay attention to the syntax of these texts.  Determining the scale of the influence of the syntax of the source languages from one hand and the distinction between the various types of this language on the other hand needs to be proved by studying and comparing the similar constructions in different type of this language variations. This essay studies and classifies the complement verbs of two major Sogdian modal verbs: s’c- and k’m-. In the previous studies on their syntax, the use of complement has been generally considered just by infinitive. This study shows that the complement of these verbs is more diverse than what was previously thought. The use of various types of infinitive and also different moods of verbs in the subordinate sentences are the other types of their complements. The verb sʼc- has less frequency in the texts other than Buddhist ones, and the variety of its complements is less than kʼm-, but the frequency of kʼm- in Christian and Buddhist texts is relatively equal and provides the ability to compare and analyze the difference of these two language types.

---

The present research seeks to analyze two phonological processes of Pasikhani dialect: compensatory lengthening and Vowel harmony. The theoretical framework of the study is on the basis of optimality approach, and the dialectal data gathering has been via recording five hours of speech together with the researcher's intuition as a native speaker. The data have been transcribed according to IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) and the research method is descriptive- analytic one. Accordingly, the phonological processes and compensatory deletion of /h/, /?/ in mono syllabic words in CVCC and disyllabic  words in CVC.CV (C) context which lead to compensatory lengthening of vowel in first syllable; raising and vowel harmony (change of /e/ as a low vowel to [i] as a high vowel; (change of /e/ as a front vowel to [u] as a back vowel) have been exemplified within the tables and analyzed in tableaus by the use of the constraint rankings in OT.    The results depict deletion and insertion as the highest processed and metathesis as the lowest. 

---

The present article aims to explore VP ellipsis as well as modal and main verb (Those that take a clause as their complement) complement ellipses in Persian. This research therefore addresses the question: what is the account of modal and main verb (Those that take a clause as their complement) complement ellipses, which are superficially similar to VP ellipsis, in Persian? The proposed hypothesis is that by definition, Persian lacks VP ellipsis; however, modal and main verb complement ellipses exist in this language which both are regarded as a single structure and an example of v-stranding VP ellipsis.
Having critically reviewed the previous studies done on the structure under discussion, modal and main verb complement ellipses are explored in detail. Unlike English, Persian disallows VP ellipsis (according to the most accepted definition in Generative Linguistics) in the sense that it is impossible to delete the verb phrase of a sentence and strand the tense. But, in a similar structure, it is possible to delete the complements of modals except ‘bayad’ meaning ‘should’ and main verbs if the conditions on ellipsis are met. Persian modals are morpho-syntactically main verbs and they appear in the same syntactic positions as main verbs. For this reason, the complement ellipses of both are regarded as a single structure. Extracting a constituent like an object out of the ellipsis site, Missing Antecedent Phenomenon, and finally strict and sloppy readings are the major syntactic properties of this structure which all back up the ellipsis analysis of the structure under investigation.
The results of this research suggest that E-feature resides on v. When the verb raises to v and as soon as the uninterpretable features are checked via Agreement, the complement of v is deleted but v itself is stranded. Since indirect objects and adverbs occupying positions higher than CP undergo ellipsis as well, it can be argued that the VP, which is situated higher than CP, is deleted. This structure is, therefore, regarded as an instantiation of v- stranding VP ellipsis.
 

---

Negation is one of the basic concepts in natural languages. In all natural languages, there exist negative statements corresponding to positive sentences. The meaning of negative sentences in these languages is contrary to the meaning of the corresponding positive sentences. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the morphological and syntactic representation of negation and its position in Lori dialect of Kohgilouyeh based on Minimalist Program. In this regard, the main research questions are:
1- Is the negative marker in Lori dialect a word or a prefix?
2. Does the negative marker place in different positions in Lori dialect?
Based on the main research questions, the following main hypotheses are expressed:
1. Negative marker in Lori dialect is a word.
2. Negative marker places in different positions in Lori dialect.
Although one of the authors is the native speaker of this dialect, the research data was extracted from the speech of five male and female elderly speakers, as well. The research results show that the negative marker in Lori dialect precedes the Tense Phrase/TP as an independent phrase and occurs in different positions in the sentence. In non-attributive and interrogative sentences, the negative marker manifesting in the head position of Negative Phrase (NegP1), first precedes the TP and then it is attracted by the verb.  In this position, the relationship between the verb and the head of the negative phrase is realized by Agreement relation. The Negative Phrase2 (NegP2) is another position in which this marker appears in the indicative attributive sentences. In this position, the negative marker is not subject to any movement and remains in its situ position. In addition, in these sentences, the negative marker can also move to the specifier of Focus Phrase/FP. Similarly, the negative marker can occupy the head position of Complementizer Phrase/CP­ in yes-no question sentences. Moreover, this marker can be used as a prefix before the verb and also locate before the TP as a negative adverb.
 

---

In restructured power systems and in a wholesale power market, a distribution company as a market player intends to maximize its profit by utilizing its options. Hence determining an optimal energy acquisition strategy for a distribution company is vital, for attaining to this goal. However an important challenge for determining these strategies is forecasting other competitors and Generation companies' strategies and competitors' incomplete information must be considered as uncertainties in the problem. In this paper, an energy acquisition model for a distribution company with considering distributed generations, interruptible loads and information's uncertainties in a day-ahead electricity market has been presented. In the proposed method, distribution company energy acquisition strategy has been modeled as a two-level multi-objective optimization problem and has been solved by using nonlinear complementarities and L-P metric methods and then, the uncertainties in the competitors' information, has been applied to the model by using Monte Carlo method. An 8-bus system is employed to illustrate the proposed model and algorithm.

---

Aims: Appropriate complementary feeding is one of the main ways to prevent malnutrition in infants, which is a serious health problem in developing countries including Iran. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a theory-based educational intervention on timely complementary feeding initiation in primiparous mothers.
Materials & Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 68 primiparous mothers (34 in each intervention and control group) of infants aged 2 to 3 months participated in the study using a Multi-stage random sampling method in Kashan, Iran, 2019. The educational intervention was designed based on the theory of planned behavior. The data collection tool included a demographic information questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire designed based on the theory of planned behavior. SPSS 22 software was used for data analysis, using Chi-square test, independent and paired t-test. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05.
Findings: After the intervention, there were significant increases in the mean scores of knowledge (p=0.004) and attitude (p=0.02) in the intervention group compared to the control group, but the mean scores of intentions to initiate complementary feeding timely, showed no significant differences between the control group and the intervention group. A significant increase was seen in the mean score of perceived behavioral control in the intervention group (p=0.002). Only perceived behavioral control significantly increased the chances of timely initiation of complementary feeding (OR=1.36, p=0.002).
Conclusion: The educational programs based on the theory of planned behavior has small effects on improving timely complementary feeding.

---

Introduction
The dependents of verb are among the most debated subjects on which a considerable body of research has been done. Yet, researchers have constantly had diverse opinions about their real identities. Complement, as one of the dependents of verb, is in the same boat. Some scholars have differentiated obligatory complements from optional ones, while others consider complements as obligatory elements and do not recognize an optional category. This article, based on Langacker’s (1987, 2013) Cognitive Grammar and through a corpus-based method, seeks to find out whether the Persian corpus verifies the existence of optional complements and if not, in what category can we place what is normally called optional complement. In other words, this research is to seek the answers to the following questions: Are there any optional complements besides obligatory ones based on Persian corpus-based data as well as Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar? If complements are merely obligatory, how can one categorize those elements called optional complements?
Methodology
To answer the above-mentioned questions, four dependents (subject, object, source and goal) of four salient motion verbs (raftan 'go', āmadan 'come', āvardan 'bring' and bordan 'take') in Persian were chosen to be studied. To this end, 300 tokens of each salient motion verb along with their dependents and the related linguistic context were randomly selected from the corpus of Hamshahri 2 to observe their corporal behavior.
Discussion
Langacker (1987, 2013) distinguishes 3 dependents for heads including verbs, which are “complements”, “modifiers” and “adjuncts”. He defines complements as “a component structure that elaborates a salient substructure of the head. The head is thus dependent, and the complement is autonomous” (Langacker, 2013: 203). Conversely a modifier is “a component structure that contains a salient substructure elaborated by the head. In this case the head is autonomous, and the modifier is dependent” (Langacker, 2013: 203). And finally “a component structure which fails to either elaborate the head or be elaborated by it is called an adjunct” (Langacker, 2013: 205).
Regarding the four dependents of the salient motion verbs under study, subjects and objects are complements since they elaborate the salient substructures of the verbs. Subjects elaborate the schematic trajectors of the verbs and objects elaborate the schematic landmarks of them. So the verb is, to a great extent, dependent on the subject and the object to complete its meaning. Such high conceptual dependence of the verb brings about its syntactic dependence too and as a result complements are obligatory and must constantly accompany the verb. The corporal behavior of the complements (subjects and objects) verifies this fact; from 300 tokens of each verb in Persian, there was not even a single sample in which the subject or the object was absent. Goals and sources, which tend to be considered as optional complements in the canonical viewpoints in Persian grammar, are, taking Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar into consideration,  modifiers since the motion verb elaborates their schematic trajectors which is a schematic process denoting a motional action. As a result, they are conceptually dependent on the motion verbs, hence being modifiers.
3. Conclusion
The corporal behavior of subjects, objects, goals and sources as the dependents of the four salient motion verbs under study produces the following conclusions:

1. Complements are solely obligatory elements since they elaborate the schematic trajectors or landmarks of motion verbs; thus, motion verbs are so conceptually dependent on the complements that they can never appear without them and as a result they become syntactically dependent on the complements as well. Sources and goals, on the other hand, are modifiers that are dependent on motion verbs to elaborate their schematic trajectors. Therefore, the relation that exists between the complement and the verb does exist between the modifier and the verb too but in a reverse direction.
2. Although sources and goals are both modifiers considering Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar, the result of the study shows that there is a goal over source preference. The frequency of the goals is much higher than that of the sources and the result of the Chi-square test indicates that there is a significant difference between the presence of these two elements with salient motion verbs (P<0.05). This result aligns with Stefanowitsch and Rohde (2004), Kabata (2013) and Verkerk (2014).
3. Although there is an asymmetrical distribution between sources and goals, neither of them are optional elements. Their behavior in the text corpus shows that the presence of these modifiers are determined by the context, i.e. if the context needs them, they have to appear and if not, they are not employed by it. For that reason, sources and goals are contextually obligatory and can be called “contextual supplements”.

Studying adjuncts in the corpus shows that they are not optional either. These elements, too, have to be present if the context necessitates their being but if they are not summoned by the context, they are absent. So, adjuncts on the par with the modifiers are contextually obligatory and termed “contextual supplements” in this study. Based on the results of the analysis of the Persian text corpus, it seems that Langacker’s triple division of the dependents (i.e. complements, modifiers and adjuncts) does not meet the corporal behavior of these dependents.

---

The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of acetaminophen on hematologic and blood biochemistry of rainbow trout in a 4-day period. To that end, total 300 fingerlings with an average body weight of 12.5±2.5 g were randomly allocated into 15 polyethylene tanks (with 100L volume). Fingerlings were exposed to five concentrations of acetaminophen, namely, 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1. 10 mg/L for 4 days. Hematologic and Biochemical Parameters of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to Acetaminophen were measured. According to the results, the number of white blood cells was significantly different compared to the control group and other treatments at concentration of 10 mg/l. The number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, mean hemoglobin volume (MCV) and hematocrit were higher in the control group and And the lowest amount was observed at a concentration of 10 mg/l and There was a significant difference between these parameters in different treatments. There wasn´t significant difference in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCH) between experimental treatments. There was a significant difference in serum lysozyme enzyme and complement (ACH50) activity in fingerling exposed to acetaminophen. There was a significant difference in cortisol and glucose levels in different treatments so that the most amount of cortisol and glucose showed in the control group and the less amount was observed in treatment 5.

---

“Tamiz” is a term getting used in Arabic and Persian syntax. The term in old Persian grammars was equivalent with its meaning in Arabic, but over time was getting used for object complement, mean a grammatical function which make verbs like “danestan” (to know), “namidan” (to name), “pendashtan” (to assume) etc. clear objectively. Today “tamiz” means the same grammatically in Persian. This paper means two, first to determine when the word, tamiz formed and by who? And what are equivalents of that? Second to describe tamiz and its related verb and object. In order to attain the first, the author  investigated Persian grammars (in a historical order), and to attain the second  the author used a corpus-based investigation. Some of the results are as such: Tamiz often appears in the format of noun phrase and in second place in the format of adjective phrase and prepositional phrase. It rarely appears in the format of pronoun and clause. Almost all, tamizs have direct object and a few have prepositional object. Object is a necessary component of a sentence; so these verbs in passive form lose their tamiz except verbs like “yad shodan” (be reminded), “gofte shodan” (be said) and “etlagh shodan” (be predicated) which keep their object in passive form too.
 
1. Introduction
Tamiz or object complement is a syntactic function that clears the ambiguity of verbs like “danestan” (to know), “namidan” (to name), “pendashtan” (to assume) etc., in other words it introduces and describes the object. In Arabic syntax, tamiz is an indefinite noun that removes the ambiguity of “zat” (instance) and “nesbat” (relation). In old Persian grammars, this term has been equivalent with its meaning in Arabic syntax, but in new Persian texts, it is defined as object complement.
We are going to investigate properties of this grammatical function comprehensively and study its concept and terminology. Also we have no pretension to apply a particular liguistic theory, but we sometimes use the theory of valency in dependency grammar, because only some verbs need tamiz or object complement in their valenies.
There are these questions in the study: when the word, tamiz formed and by who? And what are equivalents of that? which is the most common word category of tamiz? Two hypotheses are related to those questions: the term of tamiz - in the meaning of object complement - is almost new in Persian grammar, and tamiz often appears in the format of noun phrase.
It can be said that the paper has two sections according to its purposes and questions. The first section is terminology of tamiz and the second one is analysing the data. In fact, the literature review shows the history of tamiz term. The data divides into two parts too; statistical reports and grammatical analyzings.
 
2. Literature Review
Tamiz in the meaning of object complement that has been studied in the article, is nearly a new concept. Perhaps Dr. Khayyampoor (1966) paid attention to the concept and used the object complement for the first time. Then Dr. Shariat (1994) used tamiz instead of object complement. After that, the topic of tamiz appeared in Persian grammars with a concise explanation and a few examples. Some grammarians have used the term of tamiz (e.g., Arzhang, 1996; Tabibzadeh, 2007, 2012; Anvari & Ahmadi Givi, 2012), some others have used terms like predicative complement of object (Meshkat al-Dini, 2014), predicate (Vahidian Kamyar & Emrani, 2005) or compelement (Farshidvard, 2005). Moreover, four independent articles have been written about tamiz in great detail. (Rasekh Mahand, 2005; Sayyadi & Monsefi, 2009; Tabibzadeh, 2010; Pashabadi et al., 2015).
 
3. Innovation
In this article, the terminology of tamiz has been discussed, and Persian grammars has been invesyigated histotically for this aim. The studies state that Dr. Khayyampoor paid attention to the concept of the object complement for the first time, and Dr. Shariat used the term of tamiz for this concept, then the other researchers followed him. The term is familiar and common in linguistic writings nowadays.
The present study is the first corpus-based research about tamiz that has been studied 701sentences in it. This paper presents exact number of word categoies of tamiz and states grammatical information about its different forms. At last, we have illustrated that there is not tamiz or object complement in the form of passive verbs.
 
4. Methodology
For the first aim, terminology of tamiz, we studied Persian grammars according to a historiacal order. For the second purpose, analyzing the function of tamiz, we applied Persian Dependency corpus by the advance research section on Dadegan website (search.dadegan.ir/advance/). Everyone can search grammatical functions and word categories by this tool. The data was input to the Excel software, and linguistic information was classified by that. We have sometimes needed to know the valency of verbs to define tamiz, in these situations we have used valency dictionary. The dictionary has produced by Peykaregan Center, and it is available on this website: https: //peykaregan.ir.
 
5. Results
Tamiz is a common term in Arabic syntax, and the term with the same meaning has been stated in older Persian grammars, but the new concept of tamiz (object complement) had been neglected until this century. Perhaps for the first time, Dr. khayyampoor paid attention to the concept. Dr. Shariat prefered to call object complement tamiz, and then tamiz became common in perian texts. Linguists apply both of the terms, but professors and students of literature often use tamiz.
Among Persian verbs, that which was getting used with tamiz more is “danestan” (to know), and in the second place verbs like “didan” (to see),“namidan” (to name), “shomordan” (to suppose) and “goftan” (to say) more than the others. Most of these verbs appear in different valencies, but some have just a unique structure which is ; verbs like “name” and “suppose” are so.
Tamiz often appears in the format of noun phrase and in second place in the format of adjective phrase and prepositional phrase. It rarely appears in the format of pronoun and clause. Almost all tamizs have direct object (with “ra”: the grammatical marker of object), and a few have prepositional object. The object precedes the tamiz but tamiz is rarely followed by object, because of discourse reasons. Object is a necessary component of a sentence; so these verbs in passive form lose their tamiz but it has predicate except verbs like “yad shodan” (be reminded), “gofte shodan” (be said) and “etlagh shodan” (be predicated) which keep their object in passive form too, and the same object is named tamiz.
Table 1: The frequency of verbs and grammatical categories related to Tamiz

	verbs	the number of sentences	the number of tamizs in the noun phrase form	the number of tamizs in the adjective phrase form	the number of tamizs in the prepositional phrase form	the number of tamizs in the clause form
	avaz dadan	1	1
	ehtesab kardan	2	2
	erade kardan	1				1
	arzyabi kardan	1	1
	etlagh shodan	1				1
	elam kardan	2	1	1
	engashtan	9	4	4	1
	bazshomordan	1	1
	bazshenasi kardan	1			1
	bang kardan	1	1
	baravord kardan	2	1		1
	barshomordan	3	2		1
	bargozidan	2			2
	be hasab avardan	1		1
	be (dar) shomar avardan	10	7	1	2
	pendashtan	12	4	8
	tashkhis dadan	1		1
	tasavvor kardan	5	3		2
	tabir kardan	5	2		3
	tarif kardan	1	1
	talaffoz kardan	3	2	1
	talaghghi kardan	15	6	5	4
	talaghghi nemoodan	1			1
	tosif kardan	3	3
	ja andakhtan	1	1
	ja zadan	8	5	2	1
	jelve dadan	2	2
	hesab kardan	3	2	1
	khetab kardan	11	6	4		1
	khandan	13	8	6
	dashtan	11		11
	danestan	127	63	56	16	2
	dar nazar avardan	1	1
	dar nazar gereftan	4	3	1
	didan	28	9	19	2
	zekr kardan	1	1
	shomordan/shomardan	18	3	13	2
	shenakhtan	3		1	3
	seda zadan	1	1
	onvan dashtan	1	1
	onvan kardan	1	1
	farz kardan	5	4	1
	fahmidan	1	1
	ghalamdad kardan	12	7	6
	gereftan	12	2	10
	goftan	16	13	2	1
	gofte shodan	7	3	3	1
	lehaz kardan	1	1
	laghab dadan	7	7
	laghab gereftan	7	5	2
	laghab nahadan	6	5	1	1
	mahsoob dashtan	5	3	1	1
	mahsoob kardan	7	5	1	1
	moarrefi kardan	10	5	2	4
	mani kardan	2	1			1
	nam bordan	5			5
	nam gozashtan/gozardan	7	8
	nam nahadan	8	7		1
	namgozari kardan	7	3		4
	namidan	19	25
	neshan dadan	5	2	3
	negah kardan	1			1
	negaristan	4			4
	nemayandan	4	1	2		1
	vanemood kardan	1	1
	vasf kardan	2	1		1
	yad shodan	1	1
	yad kardan	5			5
	yaftan	10		10
sum	69	495	260	180	72	7

 

 

---

The Persian morpheme ra has attracted the attention of many linguists including Karimi (1989), Dabir-Moghaddam (1990) and Ghomeshi (1996) among others. Karimi takes ra as the accusative case marker, the presence of which on subjects and objects of prepositions render the sentence ungrammatical. According to Ghomeshi (1996), it marks DPs functioning as VP-level topics. Dabir-Moghaddam (1990) analyzes ra as the secondary topic marker in the Halidayian Functional grammar framework. In none of these analyses, this morpheme appear on deep subjects. In this article, it is highlighted that ra may also mark subjects, just in case it occurs in the right grammatical configuration. More specifically Persian has the category of small clause in which an NP marked with ra is the subject of the small clause rathar than object of the matrix sentence. This is an unprecedented hypothesis in Persian linguistic literature. I also present a minimalist account of the construction in question.

---

This paper investigates the robust finite time stability and finite time stabilization for a class of uncertain switched systems which have time delay. The emphasis of the paper is on the cases where uncertainties are time varying and unknown but norm bounded. By using the average dwell time approach and multiple Lyapunov like functions, delay dependent sufficient conditions for finite time stability of uncertain switched systems with time delay in terms of a set of the linear matrix inequalities are presented. Then, the corresponding conditions are obtained for finite time stabilization of uncertain switched time delay systems via a state feedback controller. The controller is designed by virtue of the linear matrix inequalities and the cone complement linearization method. We solved the problem of uncertainty in uncertain switched time delay systems by resorting to Yakubovich lemma. Finally, numerical examples are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed theorem.
 

---

In this paper, based on the concept of natural orthogonal complement, an algorithm is devised to analyze the inverse and forward dynamics and dynamic sensitivity of n-linkage planar serial robots. The first goal is to derive the governing dynamic equations of a planar serial robot systematically, more precisely, number of the linkages, mass, moment of inertia and the length of the linkages are the inputs of the algorithm and the output will be the dynamics equations of the robot. As a comparison study, a planar serial mechanism, namely, dynamic modeling of 6R serial revolute manipulator is investigated and the results of the proposed algorithm are compared with other methods, i.e, Adams software and MatODE. In the next step, in order to develop a dynamic sensitivity analysis scheme, Sobol and EFAST methods are employed. By the use of the dynamic equations of the robots, the sensitivity of the actuating torques to the design parameters such as mass and length of the linkages is analyzed. Dynamic sensitivity of three planar serial robots namely, 2R-PSM, 3R-PSM and 6R-PSM is studied in two different configurations such as singular and isotropic. At the end, the effects of various angular velocities on the sensitivity of actuated torques to the design parameters are investigated. The obtained results reveal that the tolerance of uncertainty in the design parameters of robot affects the actuating torques significantly and also the Sobol’s method predict the sensitivity of the robot more precisely.

---

In this study, a modified method has been introduced for forward dynamic analysis of fast parallel robots. For this purpose, inspired by the Lagrange-Virtual Spring (LVS) method, the Decoupled Natural Orthogonal Complement (DeNOC) method is modified which is a Newtonian based method. So far, virtual springs have been already used in energy based methods. However using the virtual springs in DeNOC method is a novel approach which is proposed in current study. In order to clarify the advantages of Modified Decoupled Natural Orthogonal Complement (MDeNOC) method, a planar 3RRR mechanism is chosen as case study. According to the results, the process of deriving the equations of motion is much less costly while the accuracy of MDeNOC is similar to the LVS and unlike the energy methods, the modified method is also able to calculate the constraint reactions, as well. On the other hand, the calculation time of MDeNOC is much more than the DeNOC and hence, is not suitable for real time calculations. Also, in closed loop systems, constraints must be defined in such a way that express the virtual springs’ longitudinal changes; otherwise, MDeNOC will not give proper results.