---

By taking into account the importance of the family and its role in the establishment of human society and the emphasis placed by Islam on its protection and stability, neglecting and failing to deal with the new issues appearing in this filed is unjustifiable. One of these issues is artificial insemination. Which needs to be examined from different angles: legally, morally, psychologically, etc. the right to have children, in cases where the spouses or one of them is infertile, should not be an excuse for ignoring moral principles and for having children through unnatural means or out of wedlock. In the last century vitro fertilization and other artificial insemination techniques were examined by Western scientists in detail. The birth of Louis Brown in 1978 was the positive result of these examinations and researches. In this paper, the Islamic view on artificial insemination, based on Shiite law, from the point of view of legality or illegality, lineage, inheritance and marriage is discussed. This paper highlights different aspects of artificial insemination and clarifies some controversial questions in this respect. The criterion for the legality and illegality of artificial insemination, according to the majority of Islamic jurisits, depend on the existence or non-existence of a lawful relationship between a man and a woman. A child born from an unmarried couple, or born through artificial insemination enjoys certain rights, such as lineage, inheritance, maintenance, etc. .

---

Saffron is the most expensive agricultural product and like other products, is affected by some limiting factors, including soil pests such as bulb mite Rhizoglyphus robini Claparede (Acari: Acaridae). Due to its polyphagous habit, it remains in the soil for a long time and is one of the most important pests of saffron. To determine the effect of non-chemical management factors including soil solarization days, fertilization and year on the population of bulb mite and yield of saffron, a split-plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design in three replications was conducted between 2007 and 2011 in Gonabad, Iran. Fertilization (Cow manure) of zero, 20 and 40 t/ha as the main plots and soil solarization of zero, 10, 20, 30 and 45 days as sub-plots were studied for four years. The results showed that simple and interaction effects of the three factors including year, fertilization and soil solarization days on the population of bulb mite and saffron yield were significant. Simple linear regression was fitted between the population of bulb mite and saffron yield as well as multiple linear regression for population of bulb mite and saffron yield separately. The population of bulb mite increased during the experiment by increasing the two factors of the year and fertilization separately. Whereas, with increasing soil solarization days, population of bulb mite decreased except for 10 days solarization treatment and, unexpectedly, in 45 days of solarization treatment, the population increased in the fourth year.
 
 

---

Temperature is the main environmental factor affecting the development of fish eggs. In this study, the effect of incubation temperature on fertilization rate, hatching rate and growth in goldfish (Carassius auratus) was investigated. Egg and sperm production were obtained by ovaprim injection and artificial propagation. Eggs were incubated at four temperatures (21, 24, 27 and 30 °C) with 3 replicates for each treatment and cultured for 40 days at the same temperature. The larvae were grown in the same aquarium that had been hatched under the same temperature condition for 40 days. The results showed that there was no significant difference in fertilization rate of incubated eggs at different temperatures, but the highest (97%) and lowest (94%) fertilization rates were observed at 24 °C and 21 °C, respectively. The maximum incubation time was recorded at 21 °C and the minimum time required at 30 °C (P < 0.05). The highest percentage of hatching (74.4%) was observed at 24 °C and it decreased with increasing water temperature (P < 0.05). Although, the temperature of 30 °C showed the highest value of length, weight and specific growth rate of larvae in comparison to other temperature treatments, but the highest anomalies (13%) were observed in this treatment, too. The best temperature of incubation and growth of larvae is 24°C and 27°C for goldfish, respectively.

---

The West Asia-North Africa region, which is characterized by a typical Mediterranean climate, is the center of origin of cereals, notably wheat (Triticum spp.) and barley (Hordeum spp). However, cereal production, which is primarily rainfed, is mainly constrained by drought due to the low rainfall accompanied by high temperatures. Cereals have been tradi-tionally grown following a fallow period in order to achieve acceptable yields on stored soil moisture, but they are increasingly grown either continuously or in rotation with legumes, either food or forage. Barley is grown throughout the Mediterranean region, generally in the drier zones and often on shallow soils and with application of minimum or no fertilizers. The medium-rainfall zone of central Morocco (200-500 mm yr-1) is typical of the region as a whole. In order to provide a rational basis for barley fertilization, especially as regards ni-trogen (N), a field trial was established near Settat, involving five barley varieties (ACSAD-60, Tessaout, Asni, Arig-8, and ACSAD-176), along with four N application at four levels (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N ha-1), grown on a shallow soil (Petrocalcic Palexeroll) for two growing seasons that varied in terms of total rainfall (Year 1, 261mm and Year 2, 302 mm) as well as within-season distribution. There were considerable differences between crop years, with significantly higher yields in the second growing season when rainfall was heavy at the criti-cal tillering and stem-elongation growth stages. Nitrogen consistently increased dry matter and grain yields in either year, generally being significant up to 80 kg ha-1. There were sig-nificant differences observed among varieties, as well as interactions of varieties with years. The six-row variety Arig-8 was consistently the best while the two-row Asni, the lowest yielding variety. Where an economic analysis was done on yield data (Year 1), N fertilization up to at least 80 kg ha-1 was considered as profitable. Crop N uptake varied with varieties and increased with increasing fertilizer. N Recovery was variable and generally less than 50%. In contrast to many other fertilizer trials with barley in the region, this trial from cen-tral Morocco showed highly significant yield increases in response to applied N for barley varieties, most of which performed similarly. Therefore, N fertilization of barley in Mo-rocco’s semi-arid cereal-producing zone on shallow soils, where root growth and moisture-holding capacity are limited, should be promoted.

---

This research was conducted under greenhouse conditions to evaluate the optimum combination of irrigation and fertilizer levels to attain the best yield and quality of tomato crop. The experiment was conducted by using a split-plot design with three replicates. Irrigation levels were applied to the main plots and fertilizer levels to the sub-plots. For each experimental unit, the irrigation levels were W1=8mm/day, W2=7mm/day, W3=6mm/day , and W4=5mm/day. Fertilizers treatments varied during the growing season. For the period after transplanting till flowering, the treatments consisted of weekly applications of F1= (N1, P1, K1, respectively, 9.8, 6.13, 7.35 g /plot), F2= (N2, P1, K1, respectively,14.7, 6.13 , 7.35g/plot), F3= (N2, P2, K1, respectively,14.7, 9.19, 7.35 g/plot), and F4=(N2, P2, K2, respectively, 14.7, 9.19, 11.0 g/plot). Fertilizer levels were increased as the plants developed during the growing season. Plant height and the number of flowers per tomato plant were measured during the growing season and at harvesting time. Random samples of tomato leaves and fruits were taken from each experimental plot to determine the percentage of dry matter, total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents of fruits and leaves. Total yield during harvesting period and average fruit weight were also measured. Results indicated that irrigation and fertilizer levels had significant effects on the number of flowers per plant and W1F2 combination was significantly the most effective treatment compared to the other treatments. Plant height was not affected significantly by any treatment. The total yield significantly increased in W3F1 treatment. Average fruit weight was significantly higher in W2F3 as compared to the other treatments .The percentage of dry matter was significantly affected by the treatment W3F3 in both leaves and fruits. Total leaf contests of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium significantly increased in W2F4 treatment. Total nitrogen content in tomato fruits did not show any significant difference among different treatments, whereas fruit phosphorus and potassium contents significantly increased in W2F3 and W4F4 treatments.

---

This study was conducted to determine the effects of different water and nitrogen application levels on drip-irrigated tomato plants. The amount of water usage was based upon the pan evaporation from a screened (class “A”) evaporation pan. The treatments consisted of two irrigation intervals (I1= 5 days and I2= 10 days), three plant-pan coefficients (Kcp1= 0.50; Kcp2= 0.75 and Kcp3= 1.00) and three nitrogen (N) levels (N0 = 0, N1= 80 and N2= 160 kg ha-1). The I, Kcp and N levels affected the tomato yields and water usage efficiencies, however the effects of nitrogen applications were found to be greater than those of the other applications. Consequently, to reach the maximum tomato yields under similar climate and soil conditions, plant-pan coefficients (Kcp) and nitrogen values should be equivalent to 1.00 and 160 kg ha-1, respectively.

---

The effects of banana continuous cropping on soil quality and chemical properties and crop yield were investigated under continuous cropping for 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 15 years in Hainan province, China. The results indicated that the contents of total N, total K, available K, NH₄-N, exchangeable Ca, and available Cu tended to increase, while total organic C (TOC), available S, and available Zn tended to decrease with the increase of continuous cropping years at the four sampling stages. The contents of exchangeable Mg and available Fe and Mn were higher in the 3, 5, 7, and 10 years than in the 1 and 15 years at the four sampling stages. The values of pH, the contents of total P and available P decreased from 1 to 5 years and increased from 7 to 15 years at most of the sampling stages. Overall, average banana yield increased from 1 to 3 years and decreased afterwards. In conclusion, banana continuous cropping deteriorated soil quality as evidenced by increase of soil acidity, decrease of total organic C, accumulation of N, P, K, Ca and Cu, deficiency of Mg, S, Fe, Mn, and Zn and accompanying decline in banana yield. In order to improve the soil environment and sustain higher productivity under continuous-banana cropping system, application of balanced rate of fertilizers is of considerable importance.

---

 Reducing nitrogen status of floriculture plants is an effective tactic in pest management by decreasing host plant quality. Life table parameters and population growth rate of Aphis craccivora(Hemiptera: Aphidiae), as well as cosmetic and qualitative parameters losses associated with aphid infestation were evaluated in relation to N fertilization levels on Gomphrena globosa, under greenhouse condition. Four N fertilization levels (0, 30, 60, and 100% of recommended 2 kg m^-3) were used. The results indicated that aphid’s intrinsic rate of natural increase on plants fertilized with 100% of the recommended N level was the highest. Abundance and population growth rate of aphid also positively correlated with N fertilization levels. The interactive effect of aphid population and N fertility significantly affected growth parameters of the plants. In the absence of aphid, plant yield improved linearly with increasing N levels. However, aphid population highly decreased shoot to root ratio and the number of flowers in plants fertilized with 100% of the recommended N level. According to our findings, fine-tuning fertility to reduce A. craccivora population is a steadfast tactic to produce marketable globe amaranth ornamental plant.

---

In order to evaluate the effect of different preharvest fertilization methods on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of kiwifruit (var. Hayward) at postharvest stage, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 8 treatments in four replications in Citrus and Sub-tropical Fruits Research Center during three crop years (2014- 2016). Fertilizer treatments included broadcast application (control), localized placement, strip, foliar, fertigation, broadcast application + foliar, fertigation + foliar and localized placement + foliar. Then in the first of November in each year, sampling of the treated fruits was carried out to measure the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the fruit at postharvest stage during three years. Harvested fruits were kept cold storage at 0.5 ° C and 90% relative humidity for three months. The results showed, the fertilizer method had a significant effect on the fruits weight loss. So that the fruits fed by strip (6.08%), fertigation (6.74%) and combination of fertigation and foliar application (6.61 %) methods had less weight loss during cold storage, respectively. L * and chroma content of flesh were affected by the fertigation method. Result also showed that the control fruits had the lowest amount of antioxidant capacity and strip fertilization treatment had the highest antioxidant capacity during cold storage. Sensory attributes analysis showed that the amount of aroma, flavour, off-flavour, sweetness, sourness and overall fruit acceptability in fruits treated by broadcast application + foliar method obtained the most desirable scores.

---

This study was conducted in 2014-2015 to determine the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization on yield, quality traits, and storage ability of two tomato cultivars, namely, ‘Calista’, for processing, and ‘Volna’, for fresh market. N was applied in doses of 0, 50, 100, and 200 kg N·ha^-1. Significant interactions were found between the studied years, N fertilization, and cultivars. Both tested cultivars produced high and similar yields in the year with good growing conditions during vegetation period. In the year with unfavorable weather conditions (lower average temperature, more total rainfall, and a smaller sum of GDD), cv. ‘Volna’ produced a significantly lower yield compared to the cv. ‘Calista’. N fertilization had a significant impact on yield, however, the reaction of cultivars varied in each years. In 2014, quadratic positive regression was found between N rates and yield of cv. ‘Calista’ (R²=0.90) and linear relation for cv. ‘Volna’ (R²=0.77). In 2015, however a linear positive regression was found for cv. Volna (R²=0.71) and cv. Calista (R²= 0.44). The chemical and physical parameters of tomato quality varied depending on the year of cultivation. On average for the studied years and cultivar, increasing N fertilization affected the lycopene and soluble polyphenols content, as well as total flavonoids and ascorbic acid content and antiradical activity. N rate did not affect dry matter and soluble solids content, fruit firmness, fruit redness, and acidity. Cultivar ‘Calista’ had significantly higher lycopene content and better fruit firmness than cv. ‘Volna’ for fresh market. Furthermore, the storage ability of tomatoes cv. ‘Calista’ was significantly better than cv. ‘Volna’.
 

---

The aim of this work was to test the effects of soil urea fertilization on yield, grape juice soluble solids, total acidity, and amino acid composition of Chardonnay, Welschriesling, and Riesling grape varieties. The experiment was conducted in a vineyard with repeated records of low yeast-assimilable-nitrogen content in must and the corresponding grape juices in years prior to the experiment. Urea was applied after completion of flowering. Treatments included the control without fertilization, 5.5, 16.8 and 28.1 g N vine^-1. Urea fertilization generally increased yield components and amino acid concentrations. Fertilization with 28.1 g N vine^-1 prolonged grape ripening, regarding soluble solids and total acidity values. Fertilization with 28.1 g N vine^-1 was not so effective in improving amino acid concentration compared to other fertilization treatments. This leads to conclusion that fertilization with 28.1 g N vine^-1 seems excessive and unnecessary regarding delayed fruit ripening and inconsistent effect on amino acid composition.
 

---

Beneficial association of rhizobial strains with leguminous plants may result in the enhancement of nodulation in the root and overall plant performance. In this study, the efficacy of inoculation was tested with pre-isolated Rhizobium phaseoli R9 and Mesorhizobium ciceri R6 as a single and in combined treatments on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in a field experiment at soil salinity level of 5.6 dS m^-1 over two growing seasons. The bacterial inoculations increased the plant height, root and shoot biomass, grain yield, number of nodules per plant, nodule dry weight, and root length of common bean, with a significant difference. Compared to single inoculation, co-inoculation of the rhizobial strains was more effective in all plant parameters and increased the seed yield by 35.1 and 37.9%, respectively, over the two consecutive seasons compared to the uninoculated control. Chemical analysis showed a significantly (P< 0.05) higher protein and oil content in the seeds of the co-inoculated plants than those of the control. The result of the experiment showed a strong correlation (r²= 0.87) between the increased nodule dry weight and seed yield of common bean. It might be concluded that co-inoculation with rhizobial strains could be the most effective biofertilization strategy for achieving greater nodulation and yield of common bean under saline conditions of Uzbekistan.
 

---

The effect of various amounts of nitrogen (N) fertilizer (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha^-1) on the growth and quality characteristics of Mentha x piperita and Mentha spicata species was studied under Turkey’s Uşak ecological conditions in 2017-2019. In the study, harvests in the vegetation period of 2018 and 2019 were combined and the average plant height and essential oil content, total fresh and dry herbage, dry leaf and essential oil yields, and the composition of the essential oil was examined. The plant height, total yields and essential oil content of both mint species increased significantly with N fertilizer applications. The highest total yields and essential oil contents in both mint species were obtained from 200 kg N ha^-1. The main components of the essential oil were identified as menthol and menthon in Mentha x piperita and carvone and limonene in Mentha spicata. The highest menthol content (44.66%) was obtained from 100 kg N ha^-1, while the highest carvone content (59.90%) was obtained from 200 kg N ha^-1. The total yields of Mentha x piperita increased significantly with increase in N fertilization up to 200 kg ha^-1, while the total yields of Mentha spicata increased with increase in N fertilization up to 150 kg ha^-1.

---

This study was conducted on high-elevation rangelands of Erzurum, Turkey, between 2011 and 2014 for four year. The aim was to determine the effects of Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria (PGPBs) applications on rangeland canopy cover ratio. PGPBs strains (Pseudomonas fluorescens T26, Pantoea agglomerans 16B, Paenibacillus polymyxa TV-12E, Bacillus cereus TV-30D, and Bacillus megatherium TV-3D) used in this study were obtained from the culture collection unit in the Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture at Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey. Four study year results showed that PGPBs treatments had significant effects on the canopy cover of rangelands. The highest canopy cover ratio occupied was in treatment T21 (50 kg N ha-1+25 kg P2O5 ha-1+B. megatherium. TV-3D). There was a significant difference between treatments T21 and the other treatments, while the lowest was in treatment T14 (50 kg N ha-1+B. cereus TV-30D). In plots of P. polymyxa TV-12E, P. fluorescens T26, and B. megatherium TV-3D bacteria strains plus half of N+P fertilizer, the canopy cover was higher than that of the other treatments.