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Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate pragmatic skill of adult right and left hemispheres damaged Persian speaking patients using the Persian version of the Montreal Protocol for the Evaluation of Communication (M.E.C.). The statistical populations of the study were 10 adults, right and left hemispheres damaged Persian speaking patients due to cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Two sets of tests were used in the present study. The first ones were screening tests included Lateral Preference Inventory (Corn test), Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Persian Diagnostic Aphasia Battery (EQ1). The Performance of patients in protocol subtests were evaluated and compared with each other individually, intragroup and intergroup. Data were analyzed using inferential statistical methods and no meaningful relations were found between them. These findings indicated that damage to the right and left hemispheres of the brain leads to pragmatic impairments. However, damages to the right hemisphere increases the severity of pragmatic impairments more than damages to the left hemisphere.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
Besides the main elements such as setting, theme, plot, and conflicts, any narrative or story requires another key element called character. It is the character that adds meaning and life to each of these elements, transforming a narrative into a compelling story. Characterization is essentially the process of bringing life and creating human figures from the elements of a narrative discourse. Creating and developing characters in the realm of storytelling and art is a delicate and novel task referred to as “characterization.” This process results in the creation of characters that are believable, engaging, and understandable for the audience. Characterization establishes a bridge of communication between the reader’s or viewer’s mind and the world of the story, enabling them to empathize with the characters, understand their emotions, and become curious about their actions and motivations, thereby increasing audience engagement.The corpus of this research consists of short stories by the Afghan author Mohammad Asef Soltanzadeh. The present study, relying on Soltanzadeh’s ability to utilize and develop story characters, is conducted in a descriptive-analytical manner. The aim has been to analyze the use of the element of characterization and the interaction between pragmatics and stylistics in three short stories from the collection “Nowruz is Only Splendid in Kabul,” considering Culpeper’s theoretical framework (2017). The results of this study indicate that characterization consistently follows three elements: the degree of narrative control, the dialectic of self and other, and explicit and implicit meanings within the overall narrative discourse, which the author skillfully employs.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
Gemination is a prevalent process in Shahmirzadi, a language of the Northwestern branch of Modern Iranian language family spoken in Shahmirzad (Semnan province). This paper presents examples of gemination in verbs, nouns, and adjectives in Shahmirzadi which occur morpheme-internally and externally. Data was gathered from 5 illiterate to Master’s level female and male middle aged and older Shamirzadi native speakers and analyzed within the framework of OT. We observed that gemination is the result of synchronic as well as diachronic assimilation in Shahmirzadi and that progressive and regressive assimilation patterns are themselves the result of two different constraint-rankings of manner and place of articulation and reciprocal-assimilation emerges out of these two rankings.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
Language teacher professional identity refers to each individual’s understanding of their identity, helping them prepare for their professional lives and is affected by different factors. This study thus explored the reasons why language teachers chose this profession, their perceptions of the notion of language teacher professional identity (LTPI), the influential factors in the formation or change of professional identity, and the contribution of communities of practice. A 37-item questionnaire along with five open-ended questions was developed and administered to 109 English language teachers studying Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) at Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST). The outcome of the study revealed that language teachers perceived their professional identity mostly related to students, self-knowledge and awareness, and practice into knowledge. They stated that students, context, and disciplinary knowledge could greatly cause constant change in the progression and formation of professional identity. The research could shed more light into the improvement of language teachers’ professional development and teacher education programs.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
Sound substitution is a process whereby a phoneme in a loanword is replaced by its closest phone in the borrowing language. Many English loanwords with consonants /T/, /w/, /k/ and /g/ have been adapted by Persian. None of these consonants exist as a phoneme in Persian. The pronunciation or substitution of these consonants by their closest phone in Persian depends on the phonological environment; the dental /T/ is replaced by [t] and [s] respectively in the onset and coda. The bilabial /w/ is replaced by [v] in the onset. However, since [w] is only used as an intervocalic consonant in Persian, it acts like an intervocalic consonant upon the declusterization of word initial /sw/. Therefore, it is not usually replaced by any consonant in this environment. Finally, the velar consonants /k/ and /g/ either change to palatal [c] and [] respectively or do not change at all, due to the phonological environment. This research aimed at explaining each of these sound substitution processes within the framework of optimality theory (Prince and Smolensky, 1993/2004). It presents arguments in favor of constraint rankings which cause the occurances of these processes.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
This paper presents a detailed phonological analysis of the sound differences between the Abdolmaleki and Hawrami dialects through the lens of Optimality Theory. The research primarily focuses on exploring the variations in vowel length, vowel quality, and consonant structure across these two dialects. The goal is to investigate how these differences manifest in the phonological systems of the dialects and to analyze them within the constraints of Optimality Theory. Several key constraints, including MAX-C, DEP-C, IDENT-[vowel height], IDENT-[vowel backness], ONSET, ALIGN-Morpheme, and CODA-COND, are applied to a comprehensive set of linguistic data collected from both dialects. The findings demonstrate that the Abdolmaleki and Hawrami dialects follow distinct patterns of phonological optimization, which lead to notable differences in their overall phonological structure. The analysis highlights how variations in vowel length, the quality of vowels, and the structure of consonants contribute to these dialectal distinctions. Moreover, the study provides a theoretical framework that not only deepens our understanding of the phonological processes at work in these dialects but also offers a new perspective for analyzing other Iranian dialects. In addition to shedding light on these phonetic differences, this article suggests avenues for further research on phonological variations and underscores the broader applicability of Optimality Theory in linguistic studies.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
This article investigates the syntactic parameters of the agreement/case system in three northwest Iranian languages, including Tati, Talshi, and Vafsi. Baker (2008) shows that the close relationship between agreement and case that Chomsky (2000) formalized it as the Operation Agree is a parametric matter and in all languages, the agreement does not depend on the structural case of the noun phrase. In this regard, he considers the existence of two parameters: parameter (1) Direction of agreement parameter (DAP) which is based on the c-commanding condition and The Case Dependency of Agreement Parameter (CDAP) or Operation Agree and he believes that the Operation Agree or parameter (2) is only one the agreement parameters in universal grammar, not a principle ones. Also, in a language, all functional heads, if they agree with a noun phrase, are homogeneously subject to the fixed agreement parameter in that language. In this regard, we evaluate how the two parameters of Direction of agreement parameter (DAP) and The Case Dependency of Agreement Parameter (CDAP) are fixed in the functional head (T) and moreover we deal with other functional heads including determiners (D), prepositions (P) and auxiliary verbs (AUX). The results show that in these three Iranian languages, the functional head (T) is subject to the CDAP parameter, not the DAP one and the c-commanding condition is not necessary for agreement. Moreover, in par with the functional head (T), other functional heads are homogenously subject to CDAP. The method of data collection was the library method and interview.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
Rhetorical questions are those that, according to time and local condition, have a function, beyond rhe gaining awareness and information. In addition to having an interrogative structure, these sentences imply another meaning as the secondary meaning. But in some cases, according to a special textual context, the existence of one or more weak implicit meaning or meanings between the semantic superstructure in rhetorical questions and main implicit meaning, can be proved and caught. These weak implicit meanings can neither be ignored nor be considered as the main secondary meaning. Based upon that, the problem which is stated in this research is that, with regarding to the possibility of catching such implicit meaning(s) from rhetorical questions , what is the nature and statuse of these additional implicit questions? And assuming acceptance of their existence, whether the production of meaning in rhetorical questions is still instantly? or according to the proposed theory in this research, the production meaning approach in rhetorical questions includes some processes and levels?
The approach of this research is analytic-applied approach and case study in some poems of prominant persian poets that there is a positinal stop in the structure of these poems. The results of this research reveals that , based on the author's prediction, the production of meaning in rhetorical questions has a process approach with three levels, in which, a second meaning layer is produced between superstructure and main implicit meaning (third semantic layer), that can be named as mediator semantic layer.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the elementary and advanced teachers’ formative assessment literacy of speaking skill in Teaching Persian to Non-Persian Speakers context. To this end, 26 teachers of teaching Persian to non-Persian speakers, mostly female, took part in this study. To collect data about their speaking assessment practices, they were primarily involved in a semi-structured interview related to the components of aims, contents, and methods of their speaking assessment. Afterward, they answered five scenarios. The interviews were based on Xu and Brown’s (2016) framework, and the scenarios were based on Chappius and Stiggins’ (2009) assessment quality and standards. In this phase, in addition to aims, content, and methods, and two additional components of giving feedback and students’ participation in assessing the speaking skill were examined. The interview results in relation to the aims for the instructors of elementary and advanced levels shed light on six criteria including comprehension, learning and progress, teaching method and curriculum efficacy, weak and strong points, communicative and practical competence, self-confidence and feedback; in relation to content, grammatical accuracy, pronunciation, fluency, interaction and communication, pragmatics, content, turn taking and participation, and spoken and written differences were recognized; and in relation to methods, class conversation, audio and video files, modeling and memorizing, game and competition, summary telling, question and response, playing roles, giving speech, problem solving and authentic activities were identified. Quantitative analysis of the interviews and scenarios indicated statistical differences among the two groups of elementary and advanced teachers.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
Some muslim scholars and theologians believe in monotheistic creation, but others believe that Allah The Almighty has inspired monotheism to man after his creation. Aiming to investigate the collection of Mulla Sadra's works on monotheism (tawhid) and its correspondent beliefs, the Topic-based Discourse Analysis Model (See Mazinani, Alizadeh, and Azad, 1397) was applied. The results were categorised in three sections: claims, warrants/topos, and certainty in assertion. Sadra claims that the belief in the monotheism is Man's very nature and a necessity for his existence. He has made most of his claims by refering to Quranic verses and hadiths by their explicit quotation, implication and interpretation. In the maze of this important matter, this philosopher occasionally takes an implicit rational position by denoting the topos such as "benefit", "harm", "fundamental need", "necessity", "fulfillment of treaties", "trustworthiness" "Pressure", and "attribution", which these can also be infered from the quoted verses and hadiths. Of course, such kind of argumentation by Mulla Sadra makes it difficult for non-Muslims and rationalists to accept his claims and theory. In all the data considered, however, an influential decisive declarative tone prevails in the claims so that no words or signs of doubt or any item suggesting Mitigation Strategy were observed. In the same vein, the Intensification Sterategy application was nearly observed in 20% of the data, and the processes of negation and passivization with their specific function were seen in 10% of the data.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the distribution of meaning in the narrative space of Abu Torab Khosravi's novel "Rood Ravi" drawing on the views of Yuri Lotman (1922-1993), a prominent semiotician and founder of the Tartu-Moscow School of Semiotics. Lotman posits that active sign systems within specific social and geographical contexts derive their significative power from their interaction with a large body of signs present in the collective memory of the people of that context. In his book “Universe of the Mind” (Lotman, 1990), he refers to this conglomeration of signs as the "semiosphere," which he characterizes by features such as boundary, heterogeneity, and centrality. According to Lotman, significative density within the semiosphere is not uniform, and the density of meaning increases as one moves from peripheral regions to the center with cultural meta-structures charging more elements with meanings in the central regions. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to investigate how temporal-spatial elements and character actions acquire meaning in the narrative space as the story progresses towards the center of Dar al-Miftah. The findings suggest that cultural meta-structures load more elements with signification in the central regions, resulting in a higher concentration of meanings in these areas.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
Pashto language is one of the Iranian languages about which little linguistic research has been conducted. Causation in Pashtu language needs more explanation because this issue is very important, but in Pashto grammar books and linguistics, no attention has been paid to this issue. Therefore, the investigation and research of causation in this language is of particular importance. The purpose of this research is to describe the causative category of Pashto language. the data required for this research is based on the works and speakers of this language based on the research of Dabir Moghaddam (1399). In addition to the description of causation, the research method of this article is based on Pashto language examples that have been transliterated and interpreted. Examples of this text have been selected from hundreds of sentences and analyzed. The important issue is the representation of causative construction in Pashto language, and how it is done. Pashto language is one of subject-object -verb languages and causation exists in this language in the form of morphology and syntax. This research has analyzed the data based on the taxonomy theory. Language causation in Pashto is more complicated than in Persian; because it does not follow a specific principle. In causative conjugation, in addition to (aw) affix, prefixes (pӘ,pӘr) and (war bânde,pre) are used. The rate of generation of auxiliary causatives is higher in Pashto language because it comes with most verbs and makes the verb transitive.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
The present research investigates the conceptualization of the metaphors of “fear” in the Quran. Conceptual metaphors are an important discourse in cognitive linguistics. In this approach, metaphors are believed to be a cognitive phenomenon which manifests in language. This research aims to identify the initial spheres based on which fear has been conceptualized in the Quran and endeavors to attain the stance of the Quran on this emotion. To this end, a body of 607 verses containing the concept of fear was collected. In the next stage, 18 concepts were identified using cognitive analysis. The two schemas of force and movement as the initial spheres play a major role in the conceptualization of “fear” in the Quran. In conceptualization based on movement, behavioral and physiological actions of people facing external forces indicate their lack of control and defeat by external forces, with a virtual basis in most cases. In return, in conceptualizing fear based on the schema of force, the presence of a range of forces such as pressure, blocking, and redirection in facing external forces express the voluntary reaction of people in overcoming the external forces. Hence, in line with its guiding purposes, the Quran has missioned the prophets, in many cases as a divine command, to ask His audience to confront the non-divine external forces with the force arising from – the fear – of divine majesty.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
Giles, Goat-Boy is a black comedy to bite everyone. Embodied in a postmodern fabulation, Barth’s sense of humor allows him to create a political allegory on any structure of power that claims to save humanity. GILES, a hybrid of a machine and a goat, is tasked with the mission to lead the so-called academic society through instrumental intellect. But he can only go so far as not to create a conflict of interest between the ruling powers. The pattern used in creating Giles is an imitation of the classic patterns in creation and journey of a hero, except that Giles is destined to appear as a scapegoat against the positivist Sphinx of Time. Such an approach begs the main question of the research: How ideological systems sacrifice their heroes to secure their interests? This hypothesis is also in line with Frankfurt School’s critical theory, which considers the capitalist system to be a violation of freedom and social values. The intellectuals such as Horkheimer and Adorno consider man to be a victim of objectification and alienation arising from social and political conflicts. They also believe that hegemonic systems have humiliated man with false pleasures. Just as Giles fails to reform the most powerful ruling system, WESCAC, so Barth symbolically paints a bleak picture of human destiny in modern society today. The purpose of the research is to raise human awareness about the harsh laws that are the ominous products of instrumental intellect, as one of the defining elements of capitalist system.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
This study sheds light on Ben Lovatt's idiosyncratic characterization, cognitive impairment, and peculiar perception of the world through the lens of cognitive and stylistic features such as schema and cognitive theories. It explores Ben's inability to make meaningful sense of the outside world, his failure to activate adequate schemata when necessary, and his foregrounded conceptual metaphor. Exploring Ben's foregrounded linguistic and cognitive patterns reveal that Ben, in many aspects, proves the particular belief in the story that he seems to be on the threshold between humanity and animality or a throwback who belongs to centuries ago. However, despite Ben's human-animal hybridity, the most striking point about the analysis of Ben's mind style is that Ben seems to be beyond the descriptions of other characters and has a particular way of seeing the world, which makes him seem different from others. This difference, eventually, causes his exclusion from the world and his suicide.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
Recitation of the Holy Qur’an has its own phonological rules. This paper addresses total nasal place and manner assimilation, known as “idgham”, that lead to “gemination with nasalization” and “gemination without nasalization”. The former which is accompanied by lengthening occurs in the environment where the /n/ in the coda position precedes one of the four sonorants /j/, /m/, /w/, and /n/ in the onset position of the following syllable. However, the latter which is not accompanied by lengthening occurs in the environment where /n/ in the coda position precedes either of the sonorant liquids /r/ or /l/ in the onset position of the following syllable. The present research aimed at identifying the constraints whose interactions cause either of these processes in the recitation of the Holy Qur’an within the framework of optimality theory (Prince and Smolensky, 1993/2004). The results of this paper are as follows: The [+long] geminated [n:.n] is the result of gemination of /n/ in the coda position with /n/ in the onset position. The [+long] geminated [m:.m] is the result of total nasal place assimilation of /n/ in the coda position with /m/ in the onset position. The [-long] geminated [r.r] and [l.l] are the result of total manner assimilation of /n/ in the coda position, respectively with /r/ and /l/ in the onset position. The [+long] geminated [j:.j] and [w:.w] are the result of both total nasal place and manner assimilations of /n/ in the coda position, respectively with /j/ and /w/ in the onset position.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
The pragmatics is one of the main branches of linguistics that considers discourse coherence as the result of interaction between language users and text context. Hence, its subject is the study of the ability to use language and to construct context-related sentences to show how speech makes sense in situations. The pragmatics of language studies the meaning that the speaker conveys and the listener or reader interprets. In the meanwhile, protest and argumentation is a process of linguistic communication that the speaker uses in order to change the attitude and point of view of the audience and in the direction of the desired goals, makes his thought pursue and in this process of techniques and methods Benefits variety. In the present article, the techniques of argumentation were criticized and analyzed in a number of Nahj al-Balaghah proverbs in order to obtain a more accurate reading and understanding of these proverbs. To conduct this research, 95 samples of proverbs in which protest techniques were more common were analyzed based on the book (Al-Amthal wa Al-Hakam Al-Mustakhrajah) written by Mohammad Al-Gharavi. The results showed that Imam Ali (AS) by maintaining the laws of language evolution, in order to persuade and persuade his audience, from a variety of linguistic-rhetorical strategies, methods of persuasion, quasi-logical structures, rhetorical approaches, preaching, simile, allegory, irony and metaphor. Has used and artistically presented his desired moral, social and political concepts in the form of words that express the linguistic and cognitive ability of Amir Bayan (AS).
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
Due to ethnic, religious and cultural diversity, Zahedan has a heterogeneous and diverse population. The diversity of religions and denominations from the formation of this city until the Islamic Revolution has never been a matter of dispute and peaceful coexistence between different religious groups has been established in this city. After the victory of the Islamic Revolution and the continuation and emergence of Shiism as the official religion of the country, the Baluch people, due to differences in religion, became less integrated with the central government than the Sistani's and became more and more isolated in identity. The objective manifestation of these gaps can be seen in the most symbolic religious element of the city, namely the Makki Mosque. The hidden signs in this mosque as an arena to show the ethnic-religious hegemonic power of the Sunni Baluchi's, with unusual dimensions and heights and unfamiliar forms and decorations, have dominated their surrounding context and produced special semantic rules. In the face of such a situation, the narrator of the Makki Mosque has experienced signs of apathy because the signs used in this mosque have acted in disconnection with the previous meanings of the Baluch mosques and have become an unfamiliar text for the narrator. Finally, the Makki Mosque has provided an opportunity to represent concepts and issues that can take us deeper into the Baluch cultural layers and provide a relatively deep understanding of the people's situation in contemporary society.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
This paper investigates the two discursive systems of performance and tension in the poem "Katibeh" of “Akhavan Sales”. The performance-oriented narrative system is formed based on the external lake with the focus on "performance". While the tension system originates from an inner-emotional lake and has an interactive relationship with the performer’s knowledge of existence. Due to having the content of narrative discourse," Katibeh " includes value-oriented performance and tensions, in which, the dominant systems are capable to investigate semiotics. This research aims at showing the fundamental aspect of meaning making of this poem and how the meaning appears in theinitial comprehension of the discourse among the unique signs.
For this purpose, the research has determined the types of discourse system such as performance system, tense-emotional system and the techniques of concept elaboration, connection with contacts message sending in the poem "Katibeh" using a descriptive-analytical method. The results of the research indicate that the teller has succeeded in producing the intended mental meaning -philosophical despair and being defeated by destiny- and conveying it to the reader with the artistic arrangement of the parts of the language. When the subject is faced with the "Katibeh" he becomes tense with himself, and due to his inability to get out of this tension and realize the secret of the "Katibeh", he finds almost all performances impossible under high emotional pressure.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (2-2024)
Abstract
By bringing up the category of paratextuality, Gerard Genet was able to push the boundaries of the analysis and study the image on the book cover to semiotic opinions in order to recognize the semantic layers of the design on the book cover. Mohammad Taimur wrote the first collection of short stories of the Arab society under the title "Ma Ttrah Al-Ayoun". Now the problem is that the semantic connection and coherence of the design on the cover of the book "Ma Trah Al-Ayoun" with evaluation of semiotics to what extent makes the paratextual capability of the design smooth with the content of the book. The current research aims to analyze the layers and symbolic components of the cover design of the book "M Trah Al-Ayoun" as the paratext of the book, in order to understand the semantic and communication layers of the cover design of the book with the internal text and secondary goals of the author and in this regard, used the descriptive-analytical method with the approach of visual semiotics. The results indicate that the paratext of the design on the cover the book with the use of colors, which are the most prominent functional component of the design, the use of the shape of the eye and the broken lines behind the eye and the use of letter "M" and "A" connected to "M" was able to reflect the title of the book and experiences of the author should be parallel to the internal text.