---

Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of replacement of copper sulfate with nano oxidase in diet on growth and survival, enzymatic activity and pathology of liver tissue of goldfish in 2018. Material and Methods: Experimental treatments consisted of 5 control treatments, 3 mg / kg copper sulfate; 3 mg / kg nano-oxide, 5 mg / kg nano-oxide and 10 mg / kg nano-oxide, and fish were given 4% by weight twice a day for 60 days. The body was fed manually. At the end of the trial period, growth and survival indices , liver enzymes activity (alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, alanine, Aminotransferase) as well as liver tissue pathology were evaluated. Finding: Based on the results, using copper nanoparticles at different levels of 3, 5 and 10 mg / kg diet instead of copper sulfate in the diet can improve the growth performance and survival of goldfish. Copper sulfate also has more negative effects on liver tissue than nanoparticles, as well as alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase enzymes; therefore, the replacement of copper sulfate with copper nanoparticles in the diet seems to reduce the effects of water. On the other hand, histopathological results of liver tissue treatment with 5 and 10 mg Cu / kg diet showed that Cu nanoparticles cause tissue lesions and deleterious effects (albeit less than copper sulfate). Conclusion: Copper sulfate with copper nanoparticles at levels of 3 mg / kg diet To be carried out.

---

In recent years consumption of sausages has been increased mainly in large cities of our country. According to the recently reports and publications, captive consumption of sausages is about 5 kg per year, so safety and quality of these products especially quality control of raw materials is more important than before. In this study 30 samples were collected from 3 different types of sausages (40, 55 and 70 percent beef content) from 10 manufactures located in Tehran province randomly. Samples were assessed for histological aspect, also total protein; collagen and hydroxyprolin content of samples were assigned. Histological results demonstrated that 70, 60 and 30 percent of 40%, 55 % and 70% samples had unpermitted edible tissues respectively. The most popular observed unpermitted edible tissues were chicken skin, hyaline cartilage, peritoneal fat and kidney. Hydroxyprolin and collagen rate of all samples were conformed to national standard of sausages in spite of application of unpermitted edible tissues in most of samples. Comparison of histological and chemical results showed there is not any significant relationship between them P>0.05 .Also we found histological method had much better precision for detection of unpermitted edible tissues in sausages than chemical analysis of collagen related indices.    

---

An experiment was carried out to study the effect of Hull-Less Barley (HLB) replaced for dietary corn at the rate of zero, 25, 50, 75, and 100% with two levels of Enzyme Cocktail (EC) supplementation (0 and 0.5 g kg^-1 of diet) on performance of broiler chickens during the finisher period. Four hundred and fifty male broiler chickens aged 24-days were randomly assigned to 50 pens in a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) experiment, in a 5×2 factorial arrangement, with five replicates of 9 birds each. There were no significant differences in Average Daily Gain (ADG), Average Daily Feed Intake (ADFI), and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) of birds fed diets with zero, 25, 50, and 75% HLB replacement for corn, whereas the complete replacement of HLB for corn in diet significantly decreased ADG and ADFI and increased FCR. The GastroIntestinal Tract (GIT) organs relative weights and ileal chyme viscosity were significantly increased, and serum lipid metabolites concentrations significantly decreased by the increase in dietary HLB levels. A significantly shorter and thicker villi and thicker muscular layer in jejunum of chickens were observed when diet HLB level increased. The dietary EC supplementation significantly reduced the adverse effects of high dietary level of HLB on performance and GIT characteristics. It is concluded that HLB is a good alternative for broiler finisher diet, if substituted for up to 75% of corn. In addition, supplementation of EC in the finisher diet can decrease the adverse effects of high level of HLB on performance of broiler chickens.

---

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in methods for assessing the percentage of meat (skeletal muscle) in meat products. Given the high margin of error in methods such as chemical analysis, the most reliable and accurate approach for assessing the percentage of skeletal muscle in meat products is histology and subsequent use of image analysis. Due to limited research in this field and the not-so-easy access to some image analysis software, the present study, for the first time, examines the percentage of skeletal muscle in meat products and the time spent on analyzing each sample using two freely accessible graphic software programs (Adobe Photoshop and ImageJ) and two non-free graphic software programs (Clemex and Image Pro-Plus). For this purpose, 100 samples of meat products (30 Kielbasa, 30 sausages, 20 hamburgers, 10 kebab bite, and 10 chicken nuggets) with a known skeletal muscle content were used. After transferring the samples to the laboratory and preparing tissue sections using the Hematoxylin-Eosin staining method, the images of tissue sections were analyzed using the mentioned software programs. The results showed almost equal accuracy of all four software programs assessing skeletal muscles. However, the time required to analyze each ImageJ sample was significantly lower than the other software programs (p< 0.05). Based on the results of this study, it appears that ImageJ software offers greater competence for image analysis of tissue sections and determining the percentage of skeletal muscle in meat products.

---

Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) an important marine species of high economic value and excellent meat quality, has suffered great losses due to disease in high-density aquaculture. The macroalgae, Gracilaria pygmaea, which include various bioactive compounds, may serve as an immunostimulant in the aquaculture industry. This study aimed to assess the effect of dietary fish meal replacement with Gracilaria pygmaea meal on immunity, activity of liver antioxidant enzymes, intestinal tissue, lysozyme gene activity, and IGF-I gene activity in Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer). To this end, 120 individuals of Asian sea bass with an average weight of 28±0.5 g were divided into four treatments and three replicates and kept in 12 tanks (10 fish per 300-liter tank). Blends of soybean meal and fish meal were used as a Control diet (C). Experimental diets were prepared to substitute the fish meal with 3 (GL3), 6 (GL6), and 9% (GL9) of G. pygmaea in the basal diet. Fish were fed three times daily for six weeks. Dietary supplementation of G. pygmaea led to significantly increase in total immunoglobulin level compared to the control. The inclusion of G. pygmaea in the diet did not affect the antioxidant status of the fish. The histological analysis showed that fish of all groups exhibited normal morphology of anterior intestine and pyloric caeca. The obtained results showed that fish of GL9 and the control groups had the highest IGF-1 mRNA transcript abundance in the liver compared to the other groups. The changes of lysozyme expression noticed among the groups were statistically insignificant. Overall, the results obtained in this study indicated that dietary G. pygmaea did not cause adverse effects on immune status, antioxidant status, intestinal morphology, and lysozyme gene activity in Asian sea bass.