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Histopathological and pathomorphological effects of 15 ppb mercuric chloride on Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus, were investigated using histological and electron microscopy observations. Light microscopy showed that the gill epithelial hypertrophy, wrinkling and hyperplasia in lamellar epithelia and lamellae fusion occurred after 48 h of exposure. Gill epithelia also showed occasional necrosis, which had almost been completed and blood emerged from the capillaries. However, occasional necrosis in some regions of the filament, both with blood emerging and with no bleeding, was observed by using electron microscopy. These injuries were well observed in inter-lamellar regions of the filament and also wrinkling of the lamellar epithelium. Ultrastructural observations showed some cellular disorders in gill epithelium of the Persian sturgeon, A. persicus, fry. In addition, increase in apical vesicles of the chloride cells and necrosis in apical surfaces of some chloride cells, hypertrophy and necrosis of the chloride cells’ mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum also were some of the other cellular disorders observed through transmission electron microscopy. In conclusion, the gills of A. persicus fry were sensitive to low concentrations of inorganic mercury (HgCl2).

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The effects of pyrene on gill, liver and kidney of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were examined by exposing 30 fish (140 ±10 g to pyrene at sublethal concentrations of 10, 50 and 100 µg/l for 35 days. Samples were taken from the organs and fixed in bouin fixative; then, dehydrated, cleared, parafinated and cut by microtome according to the standard method. Afterwards, all sections were studied by light microscope. In gill tissue, lamella hyperemia, hyperplasia, S shaped, and clubbing were observed, while lamella fusion and necrosis were observed in higher concentration of pyrene. Hepatocytes vacculation, congestion of sinusoids, macrophages loaded with hemosiderin were seen in the liver, while in higher concentrations of pyrene, picnotic and kariolized nuclei, and tissue necrosis were seen. Tubule casts, hyperemia, degenerating tubules were seen in kidney exposed to lower concentrations of pyrene, while hemosiderin-laden macrophages, degenerating tubules with greater intensity as well as necrosis was observed in higher concentrations. The results indicated that pyrene may have negative effects on homeostasis, fish health and vital organs in short time exposure due to histological changes, while it could have greater impacts in long term exposure and higher concentrations.

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This study reports the incidence of histological alterations in morphometric changes in the liver and ovary of Acanthopagrus latus collected from an urban stream impaired by anthropogenic activities and from a clean site (reference). Mercury concentration was determined using a standard cold vapor atomic absorption. The results showed that mercury concentration at the creek waters, and specially sediments along Mahshahr coast, was higher than in the other marine environment, and in Zangi was lower than in the other sites of sampling. Several liver lesions were identified, including enlarged and lateral nuclei, nuclear degeneration and vacuolation, oncotic, apoptic, focal, massive, centrilobular and periportal  necrosis, atrophy, lipidosis, hydropic and cloudy swelling, oval cell proliferation, cirrhosis, hemorrhage, macrophage aggregates, bile stagnation, dilation of sinusoid, intracellular edema, and dark granules. Ovary histology revealed some changes in higher concentrations such as increase in the number of pre-vitellogenic oocytes, oocyte atresia, and adhesion in the ovaries of females that were sampled from the sites with high concentration of mercury. In this study, existence of mercury in Mahshahr coast is demonstrated and high incidence of histological alterations in the liver and ovary of A. latus is an evidence of the poor environmental quality of creek waters. Hence, histopathological changes were induced by the mercury adversely affected the proper functioning of these organs in these fish.

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In this research, the curative action of Fenton reagent (H₂O₂)/Fe⁽²⁺⁾), Fenton like reagent (H₂O₂)/Fe⁽³⁺⁾), Fenton complex (H₂O₂)/Fe⁽³⁺⁾/oxalic acid) and famoxadone + cymoxanil as foliar applications were examined against downy mildew of cucumber caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. and Curtis) under greenhouse conditions during two successive growing seasons. Likewise, the impact of these treatments was also investigated on some biochemical and growth characters of cucumber plants. In addition the toxicity of Fenton solutions were assessed on rats as for biochemical and histological changes in liver and kidney of treated rats with respect to control. Results demonstrated that famoxadone + cymoxanil was the best treatment against downy mildew followed by Fenton like reagent, Fenton reagent and Fenton complex, in both growing seasons. There was marked increase in each biochemical parameter of cucumber plants (chlorophyll, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase) and also in cucumber yield under all treatments compared to untreated control. No noticeable alterations were observed in liver and kidney of rats treated with the tested Fenton solutions compared to control. Fenton solutions could be utilized as efficient and safe means to control downy mildew of cucumber in greenhouse conditions.

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Common carp is infected by five Dactylogyrus spp in both pond and natural lake habi-tats in Iran, namely D. extensus D. anchoratus, D. achmerovi, D. vastator and D. sahuensis. Fry and fingerlings are more sensitive to infection and their sensitivity is increased with the higher density of fishes usually found in ponds. General gill lesions in dactylogyrosis are quite similar but there are few differences in local lesions among Dactylogyrus spp infecting common carp. In this paper, the geographical distribution of Dactylogyrus spp of common carp is presented and the gill histopathology caused by D. sahuensis is described and discussed.

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Purpose: Since there have been some debates about using Supa brand silk, this study was designed to elucidate the possible differences between Supa and Ethicon silk in suturing rat skin. Materials & Methods: This study was carried out on 60 female Spragne-Dawly albino rats. The animals were randomly assigned to two equal groups. In group one, 3/0 silk, Supa product, and in group two, 3/0 silk Ethicon product were used. Following general anesthesia and surgical preparation, a 5 cm midline abdominal skin incision was made and sutured by a simple interrupted pattern. Fifteen animlas of each group were sacrificed on day 6 for the histopathologic examination and the rest of the animals, on day 13 for histopathologic and biomechanical examinations. Histopathologic sections were stained by H&E and examined under the light microscope for the re-epithelialization, acanthosis, age of granulation tissue, dermatitis, hyperemia, and presence of giant cells. Results: There was no significant differences between the two groups on day 6 and 13 (P>0.05). In the biomechanical study, the following parameters were measured from load-elongation curves: the ultimate strength, ultimate strain, yield strain, stiffness, and maximum stored energy. Regarding these factors, there was no significant differences between the groups either (P>0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this study and considering the price and availability, using Supa silk can be recommended with confidence and reliability.

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In the present study, the cuticle-degrading enzymes production potential of five native Beauveria bassiana (TV, OZ, UN, DV and DE) isolates was investigated in the presence of cuticles from Eurygaster integriceps, Ephestia kuehniella and Zophobas morio. Furthermore, histopathology of infected insects by B. bassiana was studied. The level of cuticle degrading enzymes was the highest and lowest for TV (as the most virulent isolate) and DE (as the weakest isolate), respectively. E. integriceps nymphs as the most sensitive host produced the highest level of cuticle degrading enzymes (Pr2, exochitinase, and lipase) while Z. morio as the most resistant host, produced the lowest level of hydrolytic enzymes. According to histopathological study, the fungal isolate could not penetrate into Z. morio cuticle, as no mycelia or hyphae were observed in its tissues after inoculation, while fungal bodies were detected in microscopic slides of the other two insects. Overall, the chemical and topographical structure of insect cuticle had a substantial effect on the virulence of entomopathogenic fungus. Production of enzymes including proteases (especially Pr2), chitinase (N-acetyl-glucosaminidase), and lipases was positively related to virulence of fungus isolates. It can be concluded that not only the hydrolytic activity of B. bassiana isolates, but also host cuticle composition determine the pathogenesis and virulence cascade in fungus-insect interactions.

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This study aimed to valorize Atractylis gummifera rhizome (AGR) from a phytochemical study aspect of the aqueous and methanolic extract to determine the total phenolic, flavonoids, and tannins compounds and to evaluate the rat poison effect of the powder (AGRP), methanolic (MEAGR) and aqueous extracts against Wistar rats under laboratory and Rattus norvegicus under field conditions in Tiaret, Algeria. The methanolic and aqueous extracts gave a yield of 9.4% and 20% respectively from AGR. The total polyphenols [mg gallic acid Eq/g dry matter (DM)], flavonoids (mg quercetin Eq /g DM), and tannins (mg catechin Eq/g DM) quantities were 27.14 ± 0.01, 17.73 ± 0.04, 9.71 ± 0.01, and 20.60 ± 0.01, 4.46 ± 0.46, 11.12 ± 0.02 in the methanolic and aqueous extract. The laboratory studies of toxicity showed that the three forms of plant rhizome have a poison effect against males and females of the Wistar rat with the highly toxic effect of AGRP. The results revealed a highly significant (< 0.01) increase in mortality with dose and time. Both LD₅₀ and LD₉₀ of the powder form were determined for males (471, 513 mg/kg/d) and females (471, 513 mg/kg/d) respectively. For the methanolic and aqueous extracts, the LD₅₀ values were 575 and 646 mg/kg/d for males and 676 and 708 mg/kg/d for females, respectively. While an LD₉₀ of 776 mg/kg/d was calculated for MEAGR in males, no LD₉₀ values were recorded for aqueous extract in either sex. Organs of dead rats were removed and examined for gross lesions. Histopathological examination confirmed the toxicity of the plant by pathological changes observed in the kidneys, liver, lungs, and small intestine, where hemorrhage and congestion were observed in the liver, kidneys, and lungs in all the subjects, also intestinal enteritis was present. In the light of the results obtained in the field test, the AGRP has proved its effectiveness in a significant reduction of rodent’s population in comparison with the chemical rodenticides. Powder of A. gummifera rhizome may be a good alternative to chemical rodenticides.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding cottonseed meal along with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain PTCC5052—either iron-enriched or non-enriched—on the economic justification of production, biochemical blood characteristics, microbial flora, and histopathological status of the intestine in juvenile rainbow trout. Fish were distributed in four treatments with four replications. One control diet without cottonseed meal, one diet containing 15% cottonseed meal, and two diets containing 15% cottonseed meal + 1 × 10⁸ cfu/g of yeast or iron-enriched yeast were provided to the fish for 8 weeks. The results indicated no significant differences in fish production efficiency, plasma biochemical indices, and histopathological status of the intestine among the treatments. The cost of feed per unit of fish production in the treatments containing cottonseed meal significantly decreased compared to the control treatment, with the lowest cost was observed in the treatment without yeast. No significant differences in microbial abundance were observed between the control treatment and the cottonseed meal treatment; however, the addition of yeast or iron-enriched yeast to the diet resulted in an increased density of the genus Saccharomyces, a reduction in the density of the genera Aeromonas and Vibrio, and a decrease in the density of Yersinia ruckeri in the fish intestine. The results of this study indicate that adding 15% cottonseed meal to the diet of rainbow trout can enhance the economic justification for fish production, and the addition of yeast to this diet improves the microbial flora in the fish's intestine
 

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Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and causes a high number of annual deaths. The most reliable method for successful cancer management is accurate and early diagnosis. On the other hand, the lack of timely diagnosis leads to the spread of cancer in the body, making it difficult to treat and control. The gold standard method for breast cancer diagnosis is biopsy. Usually, visual inspection and manual assesement are used to diagnose cancer, where the pathologist examines the histopathology slides under a microscope which is error-prone and time- consuming procedure and requires years of expertise. Therefore, computer-aided diagnosis is essential to help physicians improve the efficiency of interpreting medical images. In this study, we use deep learning models, especially convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to detect whether or not histopathological images are cancerous. The AUC, Precision and F1-score obtained using the pre-trained Incetion-V3 deep neural network are 98.36%, 95.28% and,97.25% respectively, and the same parameters for the pre-trained ResNet-18 deep neural network are equal to 97.90 %, 97.46% and 98.22%. The presented models are able to provide reliable diagnosis results for different morphologies of breast tissues.
 

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Introduction: In this study, we investigated the accumulation and tissue effects due to injection of biological magnetic iron nanoparticles in the ovarian tissue of Wistar rats in response to electromagnetic field by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and histopathological methods.
Methods: In this experimental study, the animals were classified in groups of four as follows: Group of healthy female rats receiving nanoparticles with non-toxic dose in absence of  electromagnetic field, group of healthy female rats without receiving nanoparticles and in absence of  electromagnetic field (control group), group of healthy female rats receiving nanoparticles with non-toxic dose in presence of an electromagnetic field and group of healthy female rats without receiving nanoparticles in presence of an electromagnetic field. After grouping the rats, the biological nanoparticles were injected intraperitoneally and an electromagnetic field was created on the skin of the rats at the site of the ovaries, which were fixed using tape. Then, by ICP analysis, we examine the presence of iron nanoparticles in the tissue.
Results: Magnetic iron nanoparticles had low toxicity so that its half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value in well number 1 was 0.386. In the two groups of non-toxic doses of nanoparticles in presence or in absence of electromagnetic field, No changes were observed for primary and secondary follicles, as well as connective tissue and blood.
Conclusion: Magnetic iron nanoparticles have no destructive effects on ovarian tissue and have low cell accumulation and therefore their use in this field was recommended to improve the future treatment of ovarian cancer.