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Potassium (K) mitigates the effect of high temperature on canola, especially during its later growth stages when sowing of canola is delayed. To explore the effect of K on high temperature tolerance and canola production a field experiment (2019 – 2021) was conducted. The experiment had two sowing dates (October 15 and November 1) and four K treatments, i.e. control, soil application (50 kg K ha^-1), soil application + 0.25% K foliar spray at pre- and post-flowering stages and soil application + 0.50% K foliar spray at pre and post-flowering stages. Application of 50 kg K ha^-1 as soil application along with 0.50% K-foliar sprays resulted in higher production of biochemicals (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and total soluble sugars) besides net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance along with less malondialdehyde production and relative cell injury in crops sown on November 1^st than untreated plants. Moreover, it also enhanced chlorophyll florescence and chlorophyll (a and b) contents of late- sown crops. Plants sown on November 1^st and received 50 kg K ha^-1 as soil application along with 0.50% K foliar spray also gave a higher yield components, yield and economic returns than control. Therefore, it is suggested to supply 50 kg K ha^-1 at sowing and a foliar spray of 0.50% K at the pre- and post-flowering stages to canola crops sown late in the season to achieve optimal and economical yield levels.
 

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A 4 × 4 factorial design was conducted to quantify the optimumrncarbohydrate ⁄ lipid ratio to minimize the dietary protein level in growingrnbeluga, Huso huso (initial weight 891.9 ± 33.4 g, mean ± SD). Fish were fedrnwith sixteen experimental diets formulated to contain four protein levels (35,rn40, 45 and 50%) and four dietary carbohydrate ⁄ lipid ratios of 0.8, 1.1, 1.4,rnand 1.7 for 108 days. At the end of trial, there were no significant differencesrnin growth parameters among fish fed with 35, 40 and 45% protein levels. Nornsignificant difference in growth parameters and feed efficiency (FE) wasrnalso observed when dietary carbohydrate ⁄ lipid ratios decreased from 1.7 torn1.1 within the same energy level (P > 0.05). The highest carcass proteinrncontent was observed in fish fed 0.8 and 1.4 carbohydrate to lipid ratio (P

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Research Subject: Nowadays, application of biosurfactants in microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) have aroused much attention and several investigations have been conducted on this field. But their performance in comparison to synthetic surfactants in enhanced oil recovery has little been studied. Most of these researches are limited to comparison of one produced biosurfactant with only a chemical surfactant. To fill this gap, in this research, the potential use of a rhamnolipid type biosurfactant  in MEOR was compared to several conventional synthesized surfactants: SDS, SDBS, CTAB and DTAB.
Research Approach: Since the main goal of this research is the comparison between produced biosurfactant and conventional chemical surfactants in oil recovery, several flooding tests were conducted and involved mechanisms were investigated. All of tests were conducted in an oil wet glass micromodel saturated with heavy oil at ambient condition. Injected solutions were prepared at critical micelle concentration of surfactants. During the flooding tests, high quality pictures were taken with a camera connected to the computer to monitor the motion of injected solution in the micromodel.
 Main Results: 40% oil recovery was achieved after biosurfactant flooding while SDBS, SDS, CTAB and DTAB resulted 36%, 34%, 32% and 29% oil recovery, respectively. For mechanistic study, the surface tension (ST) and viscosity measurements were performed and contact angle was determined. The surface tension reduction, wettability alteration towards more water-wet condition and increasing the ratio of injected fluid viscosity to oil viscosity were dominant mechanisms. The rhamnolipid was more effective than other surfactants in reduction of surface tension and altering the wettability towards favorable water-wet conditions. It decreased the surface tension of water from 72 to 28 mN/m, which was the least comparing to other surfactants and increased the capillary number about 19.4 times greater than in water flooding. Additionally, it changed the contact angle from 106 to 6, 94.3%, the widest change among applied surfactants. 

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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of enriched Artemia with fish and soybean oils supplemented with vitamin E on growth performance, stress resistance, antioxidant enzymes activity and lipid peroxidation of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) larvae. Five experimental diets including non-enriched  Artemia (control diet), Artemia enriched with soybean oil supplemented with 15 or 30% vitamin E (S15 and S30 diets) and fish oil supplemented with 15 or 30% vitamin E (F15 and F30 diets) were used. The larvae were fed to apparent satiation for 17 days. The results indicated that fish fed enriched Artemia had no significant differences compared with control group in terms of growth and survival, but increase in vitamin E levels from 15 to 30 % improved growth performance and resistance to salinity stress. Vitamin E content in fish fed S15 and S30 diets was significantly higher compared with the other treatments. Antioxidant enzymes activity in fish fed non-enriched Artemia, F15 and F30 diets were higher. The highest TBA value was observed in fish fed non-enriched Artemia. The results demonstrated that the addition of vitamin E to the fish and soybean oils for Artemia enrichment could reduce oxidation of oils and beneficial for the health and quality of larvae. In conclusion, enrichment of Artemia with soybean oil supplemented with 30 % vitamin E (S30 diet) is recommended for feeding Persian sturgeon larvae.

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Effects of feeding Artemianauplii enriched with PHB (0, 0.1, 0.3 and 1 g/L concentration) on the growth performance, body composition, digestive enzyme activity and hindgut bacterial community in the Persian sturgeon hatchlings were investigated. PHB treatment significantly (p≤ 0.05) decreased growth performances of the hatchlings. The PHB also significantly increased the total saturated fatty acids (SFA) and n6, but decreased the total MUFAs, C18:3n3, n3 and n3/n6.  PHB also altered digestive enzyme by significantly decreasing  the total protease, amylase, and lipase. Based on molecular analysis, PHB changed the microbial community in the hindgut of the hatchlings where less dominant bands were observed. Our results show that PHB has negative effects on the Persian sturgeon hatchlings.  Further studies are needed to find out the optimal concentration of PHB to apply in early larval rearing of sturgeon.

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Chemical and physical properties of mince and surimi prepared from common carp were compared during 3 months of frozen storage. After preparation of minced meat, both unwashed mince and surimi were put in zip-lock bags and stored at -18°C for a period of 3 months. No significant changes (p>0.05) in protein and total fat in both treatments were observed during different periods of storage. Peroxide value (PV) increased in the unwashed mince significantly whereas in surimi it increased only at the end of storage period. TBA and TVB-N values in surimi treatment were lower than the unwashed mince after three months storage. Regarding the TPA results for the unwashed mince, a decreasing trend was recorded in several physical properties such as hardness, cohesiveness, elasticity, chewiness and gumminess, whereas these parameters remained nearly constant for the surimi after three months of storage. In conclusion, surimi from common carp could preserve its quality characteristics during frozen storage.

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The present study investigateeffect of different dietary macronutrient composition on fatty acids profile, body fat and pancreatic lipase enzyme activity in Siberian sturgeon. A group of 180 Siberian sturgeons juvenile (initial weight, 30 ± 5 g) were used in this experiment and fed on four isoenergetic diets. Diets were named LP-St (low protein and high carbohydrate: lipid ratio), HP-St (high protein and high carbohydrate: lipid ratio), LP-L (low protein and low carbohydrate: lipid ratio) and HP-L (high protein and low carbohydrate: lipid ratio). Fish were fed apparent satiety for 10 weeks. The samples were obtained from body carcass and juveniles intestine. In this study, the same level of fish oil and sunflower oil were used as a source of diet lipid content. The HUFAs content in HP-St and LP-L diets were showed highest and lowest value, respectively. The results showed the body fatty acidsprofiles was significantly affected by fatty acids composition in diets (P < 0.5). Diets with high protein and high carbohydrates concentrated SFA and MUFA in fish carcass. Moreover, the PUFA content increased in sturgeon fed with high lipid diet. However,the results of this study showed the body lipid content wasaffected by total lipid content of diet and lipase activity decreased in Siberian sturgeon intestine fed on LP-L diet with lowest HUFA.

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In this study,we investigated the biosurfactant -producing microorganisms . Samples of the oil wells , , stable and Ilam were collected and transferred to the Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation biotechnology collaboration of 45 strains isolated from the IROST and the best combinations of isolates selected strains produced using different culture conditions were the order of 3M mineral salts medium containing glucose , molasses and Lindhard Taguchi method was used in these experiments, various factors were analyzed . The best conditions are obtained to produce rhamnolipid with medium Lindhard in vitro rate of 8/8 g rhamnolipid and ability emulsification of crude oil, 88 percent of the dry weight of cell 2/2 g , therefore, the intended environment for the production the fermenter was used in the state parameters shaking, C/N ratio and aeration efficiency and maximum production of rhamnolipid 2/14 grams per liter of capacity emulsification of crude oil 2/98 and the dry cell 4/3 g of was 23 % and the highest oil recovery of crude oil saturation in the core when the system is equal to 42% was achieved.

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The effect of different lipid extraction methods (including, Bligh & Dyer, Smeds, Bligh & Dyer using Dichloromethane, Folch, Roese Gottible, Soxhlet used petroleum ether – dry and wet-  and Soxhlet used N-hexane) on total fat and fatty acid composition in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was investigated. According to the results, the Bligh & Dyer method showed a higher fat extraction efficiency than Soxhlet (wet), Smeds and Roese Gottible, while no significant difference was observed with the other methods. No significant differences were found in total SFA, total MUFA, and total PUFA of different extraction methods. The omega-3/omega-6 ratio ranged between 0.20-0.29. The highest amount of polyene index (PI) was 0.34, but no significant differences were found between different extraction methods. Taking fat quality and quantity, finance, toxicity, and theease of operation, the most efficient method for rainbow trout lipid extraction was the “optimized Bligh & Dyer using Dichloromethane”.  

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The effect of dietary composition and starvation on growth and plasma metabolites in rainbow trout of 14 g average initial weight was investigated. A group of 240 trout juveniles were distributed in 12 of 150 L tanks. The experiment was performed in a 2*2 factorial design with 2 lipid levels (10 and 18%) and 2 feeding conditions (feeding and starvation) with 4 treatments each with 3 replicates. The fish were fed on diet 1 (lipid 10%, carbohydrate 29%) and diet 2 (lipid 18%, carbohydrate 19%) with the same protein level (47%) and energy. The juveniles were fed to apparent satiation for 3 weeks, followed by starving for 2 weeks and then refed for 3 weeks. The biometery and plasma biochemical parameters were analysed in the day of 21 (end of 3 weeks feeding), 35 (after 2 weeks starvation) and 60 (end of 3 weeks refeeding). Based on the result, the best growth performance in the fish occurred in diet with 10% lipid in control group (feeding group) and no compensatory growth occurred in this treatmennt after 2 weeks starvation. Moreover, the result of body composition showed the starvation and diet composition had more effect on body lipid than body protein and body lipid content decreased by starvation. The starvation and diet composition did not have any significant effect on cholesterol and triglyceride, but they induced decreasing plasma glucose level in the trout.  

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One of the molecular mechanisms of alcohol-induced toxicity is mediated by oxidative stress. We investigated the protective effects of orally administered vitamin C (VC) in different doses on oxidative damage in rat eyes induced by chronic ethanol intake.
Eight groups of rats were treated for 30 days: control (C), VC (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg), ethanol (4 g/kg) and, ethanol + VC (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg).Eyes were then removed for analysis of oxidant/antioxidant markers including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and malondialdeyde (MDA).
Ethanol decreased the activities of SOD, CAT and GPx in the eye. These changes were accompanied by enhanced lipid peroxidation measured as increased MDA levels. Although VC (50 and 100 mg/kg) restored antioxidant enzymes activity and lipid peroxidation, there were still significant differences compared to control animals. However, 200 mg/kg VC clearly prevented the pro-oxidant and antioxidant imbalance. Interestingly, the highest dose of VC produced a potent inhibition of lipid peroxidation and improvement in antioxidant defense enzymes compared to other doses in non-alcoholic rats.
Oral administration of VC 200 mg/kg for 30 days prevented redox imbalance induced by chronic ethanol exposure in rat eyes by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Relative to other chemical medications, vitamin treatments may be free of major side effects; therefore this antioxidant vitamin may provide a potential alternative for prevention of ethanol toxicity which deserves consideration and further examination.

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  The effect of microwave, grilling, steaming and shallow fat frying was evaluated on lipid content  and oxidation and also fatty acid composition in S. commerson. Total lipid content was 2.31, 4.02, 2.62, 3.60 and 4.77 % for raw and microwave cooked, grilled, steamed and shallow fat fried samples, respectively.  The FFA, PV and TBA content was 4.32 %, 3.00 meq/kg and 0.60 mg/kg in raw samples. There was no significant difference in FFA content between raw sample and grilled, steamed and fried samples and also in PV content between raw and cooked samples. The TBA content increased to 1.58, 1.09, 1.80 and 1.40 mg/kg in microwave cooked, grilled, steamed and shallow fat fried samples, respectively. 23 different fatty acids were found of SFA, MUFA and PUFA groups. The n-6/n-3 ratio was 0.80, 0.80, 0.70 and 0.76 for raw and microwave cooked, grilled, steamed samples, respectively and significantly increased to 2.59 in fried samples. Cooking by different methods affects on total lipid content, fatty acid profile and the lipid stability of fish samples. The changes on chemical characteristics of fish lipid by different cooking methods were in acceptable range and were not detrimental on fish quality.

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Modifications in fat and fatty acid composition of silver carp that take place at each stage of canning process (Precooking and Sterilization) were evaluated. Results showed, precooking led to decrease total fat and increase conjugated dines. The amounts of free fatty acids and thiobarbituric acids had no changed during precooking but these compounds like conjugated dine were increased after sterilization. Steaming had no effect on the fatty acid composition of silver carp however after sterilization as a penetrate of filling media linoleic and linolenic acids to fish tissue, fish fatty acids composition changed. Simultaneous a lot of fish fatty acids penetrate to filling media. This investigation showed, in spite of changes occurred on lipid quality due to canning process, the final product had adequate quality for human consumption.

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Background: Biofilm is described as an accumulation of microbial organisms connected to a living or unmoving surface mainly through self-secreted polymeric materials. With a complete understanding of biofilm behaviors and the role of rhamnolipids in its stability or dispersion, a new path could be designed in the treatment of infections like Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). The purpose of this study was to investigate the role and function of rhamnolipids in P. aeruginosa velocity and biofilm formation ability.
Materials & Methods: In this study, 68 P. aeruginosa clinical samples were isolated from February 2022 to 2023 and confirmed based on culture and molecular methods. The presence of genes associated with di-rhamnolipid (rhlC) and mono-rhamnolipid (rhlA and rhlB) biosynthesis was detected by PCR method. For velocity assay, bacterial cultures on Bushnell Haas medium were monitored for 24 and 72 hours (0.5%).
Findings: The results showed that the distribution of biofilm strength among P. aeruginosa strains was normal. The frequency of rhlC was significantly different from those of rhlA and rhlB (p= .01). In the first 24 hours, the velocity of P. aeruginosa on Bushnell Haas with glucose was 2 µm/min and decreased during 72 hours. But after 72 hours, the velocity of moderate and weak biofilm-producing strains on solid medium with glycerol was constant.
Conclusion: In this study, rhamnolipids produced from different carbon sources showed different behaviors on colony shape, velocity, and strength of bacterial biofilms.

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Aims: The consumption of fruits and vegetables has a protective effect on cardiovascular disease and its associated risk factors. The present study aimed to assess the effect of educational intervention on fruit and vegetable consumption, as well as its effect on blood lipid parameters, in government employees.
Materials & Methods: This quasi-experimental cluster-randomized controlled trial was conducted in two offices in Qaem Shahr. The data collection tool included a 31-item questionnaire on the frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption and a laboratory test to measure blood lipid parameters. The Chi-square test, t-test, paired sample t-test, and ANCOVA were used for data analysis.
Findings: The study groups significantly differed in mean fruit and vegetable consumption after the six-month intervention (p<0.001). The mean total cholesterol (p<0.001) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C; p=0.005) levels were significantly different between the groups after the intervention. The mean difference of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels showed a significant relationship with the study groups and the interaction of gender and group (p<0.001). The mean difference of total cholesterol (p=0.008) and LDL-C had a significant relationship with the study groups (p=0.03).
Conclusion: Increased consumption of fruits and vegetables is only effective in improving the levels of total cholesterol and LDL-C, but not in lowering triglyceride and HDL-C levels. Therefore, influencing factors, such as the duration of fruit and vegetable consumption, as well as the time required to monitor their effect on these parameters, should be more closely examined.

 

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The aim of this study was to obtain an insight into the influence of an interval progressive (pyramidal) aerobic training on serum lipid and lipoprotein profiles in San-Shou athletes. 13 national levels male San Shou player were (23.23 ± 2 years and 66.27±2.75kg,171.8 ± 2.8 cm in high and 22.42± 0.51 BMI) were voluntarily participated in this study. Blood samples (10ml) were taken from an arm vein before and after training program. All blood samples were prepared for glucose TC, TG, HDL-C LDL-c VLDL-C and some other blood factors and atherogenic indexes measurement. The results of this study show that there were a sig-nificant decrease in serum TG , VLDL-C concentrations and TC/HDL-C and LDL/HDL-C ratios and a significant increase in serum HDL-C levels after an interval progressive (py-ramidal)aerobic training for 14 weeks. The present date indicate that this training program was able to changes lipid and lipoprotein metabolism toward an cardiovascular indexes im-provement independent to any significant changes in TC and LDL-C levels.

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Objective: Several vaccines against HIV have been investigated but none has been approved as an effective HIV vaccine. An approach that could induce stronger immune response against the pathogen is utilizing a multi-epitopic vaccine. This strategy was used in the design of several vaccines and resulted in improved immune responses. Materials and Methods: In this study a multi-epitopic fusion peptide including parts of HIV-1 Nef and P24 as a vaccine candidate was injected into mice and immune humoral responses measured with total antibody and IgG sub-classes using ELISA. Also measurement of cellular immune responses through evaluation of spleen cells proliferation response using MTT and cytotoxicity by LDH were performed. Finally, the cytokine pattern of IFN-γ and IL-4 were also determined with ELISA. Results: The results indicate that candidate vaccine stimulated mouse splenic lymphocyte proliferation response and also induced strong cytotoxicity responses. Analysis of humoral immune response has shown that the candidate vaccine has induced specific antibody production mainly of the IgG2a sub-class. Also cytokine pattern evaluation has shown that IFN-γ secretion was dominant. Conclusion: The use of immunogen and conserved epitopes from P24 and Nef induced strong humoral and cellular immune responses and this construct could be candidate for further studies in animal models.