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Derivational suffix “-ak” is one of the Persian productive affixes attached to different bases and creates many different meanings. Historical evidence affirms despite of the diversity of meaning, all the derivations come from the same original affix, with high potentiality in polysemy. The present article follows the cognitive-typological approach aims at investigating the polysemous behavior of the mentioned suffix while introducing the (sub)schemas of derivations in the framework of Construction Morphology. It deals also with the processes of metaphor and metonymy as two bases involved in the semantic extension. And then, by concerning the achievements of the first part with typological considerations, it shows the relationship between the cognitive processes involved in the polysemy and the typological motivations that follow them, i.e., economy and iconicity. Moreover, it examines how the typological explanations, specifically the concept of the semantic map, are not only valid for cognitivists, but also it can address more specific issues such as explaining the existence of polysemy within a single derivation. In this study, the Semantic Map Connectivity Hypothesis is also confirmed by those derivations that simultaneously imply more than one meaning, or that have undergone a change in meaning over time.
 

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Language learners find it hard to change a text’s wording and present it differently while maintaining the original meaning in the text. This research therefore examined the effect of concept mapping instruction on summarizing short stories for EFL learners. Two intact grade-eight classes were assigned to experimental (n = 20) and control (n = 18) groups randomly. They summarized a starter-level short story, Drive into danger, using a maximum of 450 words as pretest. Next, the experimental group experienced concept-mapping instruction whereas the latter group received the traditional way of teaching summarization, for six consecutive weeks. Both groups summarized the same story again, based on their instruction, into a 450-word text at a maximum as posttest. Pretest and posttest summaries were assessed in terms of content, organization, vocabulary, and language use. The experimental group positively improved on overall performance, content, and organization, marginally improved on vocabulary, but did not improve on language use. Furthermore, the participants’ feedback on the instructional treatment support the statistical results. The findings offer several instructional implications.

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The term degradation is used to specify the status of the environment. It is often associated with ‘improper use’. ‘Use’ also implies environmental aspects other than physical ones and implies that the more intensive the use, the more susceptible the environment is to degradation, particularly if proper care for the environment is lacking. The question is, and has always been, how to map something which, apart from the physical aspects of landscape, is also influenced by socio-cultural and economic issues? The common approach in mapping degradation is based on indicators and the intention of this paper is to present three case studies: the Tabernas-Sorbas area in Spain; Iran (at the country level) and the Pico de Tancitaro area in Mexico. The geopedological map is combined with the land use-based map to produce the basis for the extraction of a considerable number of indicators.

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In addition to diagnostic measures in the early stages of the widespread disease of COVID-19, prevention of the presence of individuals in high-risk environments, along with the proper distribution of population and services, is also effective in controlling the spread of the disease. The epidemic model, is based on population and movement. The aim is to introduce hazardous maps at the outbreak of corona disease and to explain the framework for their preparation and application based on issues related to resident behaviors. This research has been done by the method of logical reasoning and by analytical study of the existing samples, the components that are effective in preparing these maps and updating them. To this end, after the typology of the maps, the results evaluation criteria were validated from the perspective of the outputs. According to the research results, the dynamics of human movement data are key to estimating spatial interactions in these maps; Because of the social distance, staying home, and closing down jobs, fundamental changes occur in individual and group movements. Using different sources of information can be provided, the platform for participation of different groups of users using mapping maps is provided with an active and inactive demographic approach and increased efficiency. The development of such maps is a collaboration between the fields of epidemiology, health, environmental psychology, and public planning and design, especially urban design, to ensure that integrated studies based on the dynamics of location-based behaviors greatly enhance the validity of the maps.

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Strong social capital plays a vital role in quick access and convenient scheduling to a variety of information. Secure Communication prepares access to numerous resources, and promotes information receiving and improves people’s comprehension about their knowledge in a certain range. Social capital facilitates give rise to access to information, (information received from reliable people, who generally are accurate, relevant and reliable) that is one of key components of entrepreneurial opportunities. Research innovations are in combination of both social capital and marketing activities using concept mapping methodology as a inductive and deductive methods. In this study was used of criterion purposive sampling method and in-depth semi-structured interviews with 10 experts to saturation point. The results indicate prominent and visible position of social capital and dimensions entrepreneurial firms marketing activities. Social capital is mapping the five clusters marketing mix, control and assessment of market, market research and analysis of customer behavior, strategic factors and internal factors, and 15 sub cluster; distribution, promotion, price and product (marketing mix), customers, competitors, suppliers and systems and methods (control and assessment of the market), customer behavior and the systems and methods (market research and analysis of customer behavior), structure, style, and employees (internal factors), and customer and market entry (strategic factors ).

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In this paper we present a new method for tool-path generation and adaptive interpolation for a three-axis CNC milling machine. This method satisfied the force and / or the error conditions by using a variable-direction variable-feedrate strategy based on Maximum Feedrate Map. The proposed adaptive interpolator modifies the cutting path and the moving direction according to the actual instantaneous position error in real time. It also adaptively slows down the speed of the cutting tool if the position error exceeds a permissible threshold so as to decrease the error. As the cutting points on the spline at each cycle are not calculated beforehand, memory requirement for the interpolator drastically reduces. The significance of the proposed method on the reduction of the cutting error in the presence of disturbance is demonstrated via computer simulations.

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Soil and Water Assessment Tool model, SWAT, uses different layers of watershed data which out of soil layer is the important one. Soil layer data should be extracted from detailed soil maps. In most developing countries including Iran, these detailed maps are not available except for irrigation districts and rarely for dry land farming areas and also for some strategic places of development purposes. For larger plains, the available soil maps information are reduced to semi-detailed scale which adds uncertainty in data required for catchments and hydrologic modeling. This research studied the relations between land use (LU) maps, land suitability for agricultural activities (LS) and physiographic soil unit (PU) on one hand and detailed soil maps and their embedded data on the other hand. The research has focused on the replacement of data derived from the detailed soil maps (from large scale soil map information) with those of readily available LS, PU and LU maps. Using these two sets of data for modeling of hydrologic system with SWAT on a 5793 Km²-watershed in west of Iran showed no significant difference between the simulated discharges at the watershed outlet. So the available LS map for the whole country may be used for both plains and catchments in SWAT simulation.

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Semiology and study of meaning and its effects on users is one of the new approaches that recently have become very popular in urban studies. It can be used as a useful and efficient tool for producing qualitative data out of the city and daily life of citizens and assist urban designers in identifying signs and concepts they represent. In this paper, Nazi Abad Neighborhood in Tehran is explored as a case study in terms of existence of signs, the effects of environmental meanings on different groups of residents and environmental legibility. The objective of this research is to review Lynch’s cognitive mapping approach critically and to study the effects of meanings embedded in urban elements and signs on creation of people’s environmental cognitive maps and legible environments. This is conducted by using surveys, cognitive maps, fieldwork interviews and photo-analysis method in the neighborhood. The findings, parallel to some other critics of Lynch’s studies, confirm that his five elements are mostly used for faster environmental perception and legibility, not clarity, and operate as functional features and cognitive maps vary depending on age, gender and socio-cultural characteristics of urban dwellers. People, based on their experience, culture, past history, ideology etc. perceive different meanings of the environment and can have specific interpretation of their neighborhoods according to their reading of environmental signs. Analyzing Cognitive maps of Naziabad residents and other aspects such as meaningful elements, symbolic buildings, memories and daily experiences revealed that these features, besides affecting cognitive maps, can work as a language via which residents can connect themselves to their environment. This confirms Peponis ideas who believed that there is a difference between people’s perception of and urban form based on their experience, memory, culture and everyday meanings and its verbal description. He believes that people usually use significant visual elements of an environment and not their reading or personal meaningful elements for way-finding or giving address to others. Therefore, urban designers can make environmental design and transformations with regards to elements that are meaningful in private and public life of people and provide an opportunity to create place attachment.

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Aims: The historical context of cities plays a significant role in understanding the complexities and structure of a city, which can lead to the recognition and perception of people. Traditional bazaars are also considered as the most important historical element of cities, despite the studies that provide a model for measuring and evaluating spatial perception in the context of the bazaar, this research is investigated the perceptions of the traditional bazaar of Tehran by applying space layout indicators and cognitive maps.
Methods: In this research, a combined method was used, which is a combination of quantitative and qualitative data and their analysis. In this regard, first, the map of Tehran bazaar has been compared and analyzed in the space layout software, and the axial map indicators have been compared and analyzed with sketches drawn by the statistical community, including businesses, buyers or passers-by.
Findings: The theory of space arrangement alone cannot clarify the various objective and subjective dimensions of the environment for us, because this theory only deals with the objective dimensions of the observer, therefore, to understand the cognitive characteristics of the space which is affected by the type and manner of people's perception, There is a need to use cognitive maps based on the presence of people and focus on users (here, Tehran's Grand Bazaar) who know and experience the environment.
Conclusion: The results of the research indicate that multiple objective and subjective factors together and sometimes with prioritization over each other are effective in determining the correct wayfinding of the space.

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Cognitive poetics theory provides a theory about literature, which is based on the language of literary text as well as the order of linguistic segments. Furthermore, this theory is rooted in the cognitive linguistics techniques, such as analogical analysis, in which conceptual mapping in literary texts can operate at three different levels: “attribute mapping,” “relational mapping”, and “system mapping” (Freeman, 1998). The first level is specified to the perception of similarity between objects, the second level is for studying the relations between objects, and the final level is for recognition of patterns created by object relations, which enables generalization to more abstract structure. In this paper, to study the operation of this theory, a Persian poem, called “A Tale”, written by Ahmad Shamloo, is going to be analyzed. This research argues that how cognitive poetics could produce an appropriate theory for systematic analysis of a literary work and its interpretation? The given response is that every literary theory has to cover seven criteria to be appropriate, so cognitive poetics cover all of them and provide a powerful device for distinguishing between the linguistic and poetic functions of language. Moreover, the general mapping skills, which make the cognitive ability suitable for producing and interpretation of metaphor, are the basis of this theory, which could clear the insight and limitations of traditional literary critics as well as evaluating a literary style by using cognitive poetics approach. The main goal of this paper is to show the difference between language and structure of poem and everyday conversation or any other genre. It also tries to show how systemic interpretation of each poem occurs according to system mapping.  

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The effect of packaging type on the shelf life of gutted farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) stored in refrigerator (3°C) was investigated. The fish was gutted and washed at room temperature. They were packed individually in polyethylene-polyamide bags in three experimental packaging: the presence of air, vacuum, and modified atmosphere (60% carbon dioxide, 10% oxygen and 30% nitrogen). The samples were stored in refrigerator  up to 15 days and evaluated for the microbiological enumerations, chemical and physical analysis at days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15. The numbers of mesophilic, enterobacteria and lactic acid bacteria in the various treatments were not significantly different, during the storage. The number of psychrotrophic bacterium was not significantly different up to the 12^th days of storage in all the experimental groups, whereas the bacterial count was significantly lower in the modified atmosphere packaging. Changes in the acid values and TBARS were not also significant in all the experimental groups during the storage. The amount of drip loss in all treatments increased with time. In the 12^th and 15^th days of storage, the loss was significantly higher in the vacuumed samples. In all treatments, the hardness value of meat was considerably decreased in the third day compared to the first day of storage. The present study revealed that if the rainbow trout properly washed and gutted in the hygienic conditions and stored at a suitable temperature, the shelf life was extended up to nine days without using any specific packaging. Furthermore, the packaging conditions used in this study did not improve the shelf life of the gutted farmed rainbow trout stored at 3ºC.

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‎ An orientational metaphor is a metaphor in which concepts are ‎spatially related to each other, as in the following ways: up or down, ‎in or out, front or back, on or off, deep or shallow, central or ‎peripheral. Such metaphorical orientations are not arbitrary. They ‎originate from our physical and cultural experience. An orientational ‎metaphor organizes a group or system of metaphorical concepts in ‎terms associated with spatial orientation, for instance “up-down” and ‎‎“front-back”. An example would be the fact that many metaphorical ‎concepts concerning happiness (e.g. “feeling up”, “spirits were ‎boosted”, “in high spirits”) have to do with the spatial orientation of ‎‎“up”, whereas many metaphorical concepts of unhappiness (e.g. ‎‎“feeling low”, “feeling down”, “sinking spirits”, “falling into ‎depression”) have to do with “down”. These spatial orientational ‎metaphors are so common that we often use them unconsciously. ‎Those metaphors using the spatial orientation of “up”, “forward” and ‎‎“on” seem to be associated with positive feelings and events, while ‎terms such as “down” and “back” are associated with the ‎negative. The majority of spatial orientational metaphors employed in ‎the Qur’an can be divided into those that convey a positive experience ‎or feeling and those that express a negative or less satisfactory event ‎or emotion.‎

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Study of conceptual metaphor of Light in the Divan-e-Shams In this paper, will be explained functions of light and visual clusters like Sun, candles, lights and etc, in the Ghazal of Molavi based on using cognitive theory of contemporary metaphor. Concept of light in the Divan-e- Shams indicate that visual recognition and knowledge is a concept and it present as a primary metaphorical mapping in deep-structure; Molavi concerned this mapping and secondary mapping "divine world is light", and he has accounted light as God, perfect man, place, food and wine, the guidance and hope. Also he has explained subject of existence and nonexistence. The metaphorical mapping makes appropriate categories for Molavi's abstract analysis and shows intratextual coherence of the sonnets with primary mapping. Key words: light, Molavi, conceptual metaphor, mapping, macro metaphor

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For the first time Sohrawadi employed the term “No-where” (Nākojā Ābād) in his works to describe the “realm world”, which is the world out of the general perception humans. This paper investigates the two treatises of Sohrawardi, “The Song of Gabriel’s Wing “(Avāze pare Jebraīl) and “In the Fact of Love” (Fi-Al- Haqiqat- o- al Eshq). The author, based on the analysis of the “No-where” metaphorical mappings, has shown that the central metaphor of No-where is place while No-where is placeless. This indicates that the macro-support of No-where is an ideal realm. In other words, Sohrawardi, based on his mentality towards the example world, has applied various semantic generalizations at the level of micro-metaphors to describe and visualize No-where.  In the current research, the aim of the author was to illustrate some of the most extensive metaphorical patterns of “No-where” in the two mentioned works and explain how Sohrawardi, within an  aesthetic and yet philosophical and mystical framework, has expressed his own view about this place.  

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In a voice conversion system speech signal of A speaker (i.e. source speaker) is modified so that it sounds as if it had been pronounced by B speaker (i.e. target speaker). This process, sometimes, is called speaker conversion (changing speaker identity). Achieved signal from speaker conversion system is desired to have high quality and very natural. To satisfy this, three major methods are proposed as follows: VQ_based, LMR_based and GMM_based voice conversion methods. DTW is the most popular way to warp corresponded words in two sentences. In this paper, DTW is used to design corresponding transfer function. To decrease the distance between two speakers, DTW warps the couple phonemes of two speakers, instead of two words or couple sentences while a linear temporal transform which depends on phonemes is used for error decreasing. By using other appropriate corrections that are used in learning and designing of the linear transforms, a high quality voice conversion system is achieved.

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In the present paper we aim, in an analytic and comparative manner, at an investigation of the conceptual metaphor "LOVE IS WAR" as a way of understanding of falling and being in love and speaking of them in Hafez's Divan and Petrarch's Canzoniere within the framework of Lakoff's Conceptual Metaphor Theory. What comes out through this examination reveals that although the two collections turn out to be similar in many ways in terms of metaphorical theme, there are two major differences between them in terms of imagery: to begin with, Hafez employs more warfare terms and expressions than Petrarch does, and secondly, Love in Petrarch's poetry on many occasions reveals itself in the image of Cupid, God of Love in ancient Roman mythology, who with his bow and arrow aims at the lover's heart and captures him. In Hafez poetry, however, there is no such explicit imagery which personalizes the abstract and invisible force of love emotion in the form of a god, but in it we encounter a beloved, or the eyes and eyebrows of which, that, in a figurative manner, shoot arrows at the lover's heart and ensnare him.

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Cognitive poetics includes a theory of analogical mapping, which shows employing different skills of finding similarities, relationships, and structural systems. Microstructure could be considered as parts or constrains of sentences in a discourse, while macrostructure is a large-scale statement of the content of a text. If some common schemata cover these both structures, this part-whole relation will map the macrostructure of the text through some paratextual and cohesive elements on all texts of the stories in a collection, and will create an untold story, a macrofiction. In fact, this untold story has a main role in the interpretation of the “Conference of the Birds”. The aim of this study is to investigate how the macrostructure influences the structuring of each story of the world text of the “Conference of the Birds” (1177), a well-known Persian poem, by cognitive poetics approach. The author is going to demonstrate how the macrostructure leads to creating a macrofiction, which offers a new reading of the text. Moreover, it examines how macro-fiction and system mapping may interact in a literary text like the “Conference of the Birds” and what is the result of their interaction. This study posits, firstly, how the concepts of variety (multiplicity) and unity (oneness) assume to construct the macro- and micro-structures of the “Conference of the Birds” through the system mapping, and how the text leads to a new structure, called macrofiction. Secondly, how macrofiction could have an effect on the reading of the text. Consequently, the concept and structure of the “Conference of the Birds” are in harmony, so the variety and a large number of the birds who desire to reach phoenix (Simorgh) are represented in the course of different and various stories concerning the same pattern. As a result, studying the text world by this approach could provide a suitable device for analyzing a text and its macro-structures through conceptual mappings as a step forward in the area of literary critic.

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Blind Owl is one of the most famous stories of contemporary Persian literature and criticism so far as it has many potential meanings .Despite various disagreements and numerous commentators and critics of The Blind Owl, it can say that all of them agree with this belive that two part of Blind Owl are repeated each other. Moreover, it is said about the vast majority of these explanations with use of psychological critics paid to analysis of this text. While the authors have tried with regard to the above two point whit analysis of conceptual metaphors that used in two parts Through "conceptual metaphor theory" beyond of psychological reasoning of that critics this text have had To discover similarities and differences between the two parts, finally to achive a newer and different view from those mentioned so far and Prove that despite the many similarities in the two-part application, Hedayat has been followed different insights in each part.

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The sensory qualities of food such as aroma, taste, and texture are the most important criteria for distinguishing Basmati type rices from non-Basmati types. To map the gene(s) controlling aroma, bulked segregant analysis (BSA) using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers was applied in an F2/F3 population of Basmati 370 (aromatic) and IR36 (non-aromatic). DNA samples from homozygous aromatic and homozygous non-aromatic plants identified on the basis of progeny tests were bulked and used for BSA. A total of 550 random primers were used and the primers, AG8 and AN1, produced polymorphism between aromatic and non-aromatic types. Association of AG8-AR, AN1-AR1, and AN1-AR2 with a gene for aroma was determined by surveying F2 individuals. The three RAPD markers AG8-AR, AN1-AR1, and AN1-AR2 were found to be linked to the gene for aroma with a distance of 6.9, 8.9 and 16.4 cM, respectively. Southern analysis with AG8-AR as a probe with 125 F2 individuals confirmed linkage between AG8-AR and the gene for aroma. AG8-AR was mapped on chromosome 8 flanked by two tightly linked markers, RZ617 and RG978, at 2.1 and 1.7 cM distances, respectively, indicating that this gene in Basmati 370 is located on chromosome 8.