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Showing 18 results for Minerals
Volume 0, Issue 0 (1-2024)
Abstract
Pumpkin seeds are well known for their nutritional value and health benefits. However, there were limited data on the pathway between phytochemical and nutritional values (amino acid, organic acid, mineral, and fatty acid content) of pumpkin seeds. For this purpose, the seeds of some Turkish pumpkin genotypes (NVS-1, NVS-2, KNY, KYS-1, KYS-2, BRS, EDR, and KRK) were analysed for their amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids, and mineral content. The wide variation between seeds in organic acids (KYS-2, 8.105 ng µl-1; KRK, 1.939 ng µl-1) and amino acids (KYS-2, 32.99 nmol µl-1; KNY, 15.65 nmol µl-1) content was observed. C18:2n6 and C18:1n9 were the most predominant fatty acids in the seeds, whereas C16:1n7 was the least abundant. Considering the mineral contents, seeds were relatively rich in potassium (2560.3-6697.5 mg kg-1), phosphorus (529.8-1120,9 mg kg-1), and magnesium (426- 1124,5 mg kg-1). Moreover, the path diagram of phytochemical properties, nutritional value, and fatty acid content of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seeds was determined. Consequently, the seeds of pumpkin cultivars were examined to find the best potential for a high nutritional value and contribution to the food industry.
E. Sotoudeh , R. Bahadori, H. Habibi, I. Naseri Fard,
Volume 7, Issue 4 (12-2018)
Volume 7, Issue 4 (12-2018)
Abstract
The present study was conducted to assess the influence of dietary manganese sulfate nanoparticles on the growth performance, hematology, and blood biochemistry of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). 240 rainbow trout with an average initial weight of 0.8±0.1gr distributed into four treatments with three replicates and were fed with four diets including a control diet (without manganese), Mn-M (containing 10mg/kg manganese sulfate), Mn-N10 (containing 10mg/kg nano manganese), Mn-N15 (containing 15mg/kg nano manganese) for 6 weeks. The fish were hand-fed to satiation four times daily. At the end of the experiment, the average final weight of fish fed diets containing nano Manganese were significantly higher compared to control treatment (p<0.05), however, there was no significant difference compared to the group fed with manganese sulfate (p>0.05). Condition factor (CF) in juveniles fed diets containing Mn sulfate nanoparticles did not show a significant difference compared to those fed with manganese sulfate (Mn-M; p>0.05). The levels of hemoglobin (Hb) in fish fed Mn-N10 diet was significantly higher than fish fed with the control diet. Fish fed diets Mn-N10 and Mn-N15 showed higher plasma albumin compared to the control and Mn-M diets. In general, the results of this study showed that dietary supplementation of manganese sulfate nanoparticles compared to manganese sulfate had no significant impact on growth performance, hematological and biochemical composition of rainbow trout.
Volume 9, Issue 42 (12-2021)
Abstract
Literature Review
So far, two books have been written on mineralogy. First, Mineralogy in Ancient Iran by Zavesh who has made a few mentions of some therapeutic properties of the stones. Second, The Encyclopedia of the Precious and Semi-Precious Stones and Minerals in the Persian Literature, by Mohammadi and Farmani Anosheh who also referred to some medical power of the stones, here and there (Mohammadi & Farmani Anosheh, 2013, pp. 14, 17, 29, 44). Besides these books on mineralogy, Zolfaghari has also touched on some curing qualities in his book Iranian’s Folk Literature (Zolfaghari, 2016, pp. 109, 122, 123, 307). Jahanshahi Afshar, in an article titled ‘Therapeutic Properties of Precious Stones in Ancient Medical and Literal Texts’, has also recounted the healing power of ten stones (see: Jahanshahi Afshar, 2016, pp. 306-315).
Aims, questions, and hypotheses
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the therapeutic features of minerals in ancient texts and to offer a factual and accessible discussion on this topic. The major research question in this essay is: what are the most important stones' curative properties in ancient texts and how these properties can be categorized and analyzed? The basic hypothesis, accordingly, is that there are plenty of discussions about and references to therapeutic properties of minerals in mineralogical and medical texts as well as encyclopedias which through extraction, categorization and analysis give us a clear insight of ancient people’s perception of mineral medications.
Main discussion
Curative qualities of minerals lend themselves to study and analysis from three main perspectives: first, those features which were put in use for psychotherapy, ophthalmology, oral, and nasopharyngeal disease, internal conditions, kidney and bladder ailments, pregnancy and birth giving, arthritis and swellings, skin and hair disorder, wounds and injuries, poisons and antidotes; Second, there are disease preventions, and third, medical instruments.
In psychotherapy, some disorders such as melancholy, lunacy, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease and insomnia were treated by means of stony corals, platinum, gold and silver. Some minerals were also considered to be effective in reliving sadness and raising one’s spirit (Tousi, 2008, p. 149). They also believed that some stones improved quality of sleep (Shahmardan ibn Abi Alkheir, 1983, p. 267). Minerals were used for curing some eye ailments as well (Ansari Shirazi, 1992, p. 174), for example, Malachite was used to treat Slack and Pterygium (Nasiruddin Tousi, 1967, p. 119). They were utilized to treat oral and nasopharyngeal disease, too. Some minerals were put in use to treat internal diseases such as stomach or liver disorder like cirrhosis. Treatment of kidney and bladder was another therapeutic application of minerals. Some traditions related to child birth and pregnancy were rooted in beliefs in supernatural or magical properties of stones. Another important therapeutic application of minerals was treatment of joint disease such as Gout. They were also thought of as effective in dermatology and hair disorders. Injuries also were sometimes treated by minerals. Poisoning and poison related disease were partly cured using minerals. Prevention of some diseases like cholera and plague also was belied to possible by means of minerals and finally, another group of mineral stones were used in making tools like needle, mirror or knife which were also believed to be helpful in curing some ailments.
Conclusion
Reliance on curative properties of minerals which has been documented in resources such as mineralogical and medical texts, encyclopedias and fantasy books, gave them the second important position for curing diseases after herbal and organic treatments. The therapeutic minerals were manufactured and applied in a variety of methods the most important of which were grinding, burning, drinking, eating, coating, fastening, hanging, taking with oneself and watching at them. These treatments covered an extended range of experimental attributes to traditional and popular beliefs.
References
Ansari Shirazi, A. (1992). Ekhtiarat e Badi’i (edited by M. T. Mir). Pakhsh e Razi, Pharmaceutical Co.
Jahanshahi Afshar, A. (2016). Therapeutic properties of precious stones in ancient medical and literal texts. Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine, 7(3) 306-319.
Mohammadi, M., & Farmani Anousheh, N. (2017). The encyclopedia of The precious and semi-precious stones and minerals in the Persian literature. Zavar.
Nasirudin Tousi, M. (1969). Ilkhani’s Tansoukh-Nameh (edited by M. T. Modares Razavi). Iran’s Culture Institute.
Shahmardan ibn Abalkhair. (1983). Alaei’s Nozhatnameh (edited by F. Jahanpour). Cultural Studies and Researchers Institute.
Tousi, M. (2008). Wonder creatures and strange animals. Cultural and Scientific.
Zolfaghari, H., & Shiri, A. (2016). Iranian’s folk literature. Cheshmeh Publication.
So far, two books have been written on mineralogy. First, Mineralogy in Ancient Iran by Zavesh who has made a few mentions of some therapeutic properties of the stones. Second, The Encyclopedia of the Precious and Semi-Precious Stones and Minerals in the Persian Literature, by Mohammadi and Farmani Anosheh who also referred to some medical power of the stones, here and there (Mohammadi & Farmani Anosheh, 2013, pp. 14, 17, 29, 44). Besides these books on mineralogy, Zolfaghari has also touched on some curing qualities in his book Iranian’s Folk Literature (Zolfaghari, 2016, pp. 109, 122, 123, 307). Jahanshahi Afshar, in an article titled ‘Therapeutic Properties of Precious Stones in Ancient Medical and Literal Texts’, has also recounted the healing power of ten stones (see: Jahanshahi Afshar, 2016, pp. 306-315).
Aims, questions, and hypotheses
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the therapeutic features of minerals in ancient texts and to offer a factual and accessible discussion on this topic. The major research question in this essay is: what are the most important stones' curative properties in ancient texts and how these properties can be categorized and analyzed? The basic hypothesis, accordingly, is that there are plenty of discussions about and references to therapeutic properties of minerals in mineralogical and medical texts as well as encyclopedias which through extraction, categorization and analysis give us a clear insight of ancient people’s perception of mineral medications.
Main discussion
Curative qualities of minerals lend themselves to study and analysis from three main perspectives: first, those features which were put in use for psychotherapy, ophthalmology, oral, and nasopharyngeal disease, internal conditions, kidney and bladder ailments, pregnancy and birth giving, arthritis and swellings, skin and hair disorder, wounds and injuries, poisons and antidotes; Second, there are disease preventions, and third, medical instruments.
In psychotherapy, some disorders such as melancholy, lunacy, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease and insomnia were treated by means of stony corals, platinum, gold and silver. Some minerals were also considered to be effective in reliving sadness and raising one’s spirit (Tousi, 2008, p. 149). They also believed that some stones improved quality of sleep (Shahmardan ibn Abi Alkheir, 1983, p. 267). Minerals were used for curing some eye ailments as well (Ansari Shirazi, 1992, p. 174), for example, Malachite was used to treat Slack and Pterygium (Nasiruddin Tousi, 1967, p. 119). They were utilized to treat oral and nasopharyngeal disease, too. Some minerals were put in use to treat internal diseases such as stomach or liver disorder like cirrhosis. Treatment of kidney and bladder was another therapeutic application of minerals. Some traditions related to child birth and pregnancy were rooted in beliefs in supernatural or magical properties of stones. Another important therapeutic application of minerals was treatment of joint disease such as Gout. They were also thought of as effective in dermatology and hair disorders. Injuries also were sometimes treated by minerals. Poisoning and poison related disease were partly cured using minerals. Prevention of some diseases like cholera and plague also was belied to possible by means of minerals and finally, another group of mineral stones were used in making tools like needle, mirror or knife which were also believed to be helpful in curing some ailments.
Conclusion
Reliance on curative properties of minerals which has been documented in resources such as mineralogical and medical texts, encyclopedias and fantasy books, gave them the second important position for curing diseases after herbal and organic treatments. The therapeutic minerals were manufactured and applied in a variety of methods the most important of which were grinding, burning, drinking, eating, coating, fastening, hanging, taking with oneself and watching at them. These treatments covered an extended range of experimental attributes to traditional and popular beliefs.
References
Ansari Shirazi, A. (1992). Ekhtiarat e Badi’i (edited by M. T. Mir). Pakhsh e Razi, Pharmaceutical Co.
Jahanshahi Afshar, A. (2016). Therapeutic properties of precious stones in ancient medical and literal texts. Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine, 7(3) 306-319.
Mohammadi, M., & Farmani Anousheh, N. (2017). The encyclopedia of The precious and semi-precious stones and minerals in the Persian literature. Zavar.
Nasirudin Tousi, M. (1969). Ilkhani’s Tansoukh-Nameh (edited by M. T. Modares Razavi). Iran’s Culture Institute.
Shahmardan ibn Abalkhair. (1983). Alaei’s Nozhatnameh (edited by F. Jahanpour). Cultural Studies and Researchers Institute.
Tousi, M. (2008). Wonder creatures and strange animals. Cultural and Scientific.
Zolfaghari, H., & Shiri, A. (2016). Iranian’s folk literature. Cheshmeh Publication.
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Volume 13, Issue 3 (5-2011)
Abstract
Total energy, protein content and digestibility, antinutritional factors, and total and extractable minerals of normal sorghum (Type II) and four newly developed lines of sorghum (Eri-1, SHK-ABA-4, SHK-ABA-6 and SHK-ABA-10.) were studied before and after fermentation. Phytic acid and Tanin contents of raw flour of the normal sorghum were, respectively, 41.73 mg 100 g-1 and 170.54 mg 100 g-1, while the same values for the four lines ranged from 16.07 to 38.64 mg 100 g-1 and from 31.90 to 184.25 mg 100 g-1, respectively. Polyphenols content of raw flour of the normal sorghum was 604.56 mg 100 g-1, exceeding the values found for the four lines in the range of 476.46 to 544.44 mg 100 g- 1. According to our results, fermentation of normal sorghum flour and that of the new lines significantly (P 0.05) decreased the antinutritional factors i.e. phytate, tannins, and polyphenols. The total energy of raw flour of the normal sorghum was 369.87 Kcal 100 g-1 while it ranged from 367.23 to 372.57 Kcal 100 g-1 for the new lines. In all cases, this energy slightly decreased after fermentation. Protein digestibility of normal sorghum was 22.60% and, for the new lines, it ranged from 37.00 to 57.19%. After fermentation, protein digestibility and the total and extractable Ca, P, and Fe increased significantly (P 0.05) for all genotypes studied.
Volume 13, Issue 3 (5-2011)
Abstract
We assessed the size and composition of the soil seed bank and above-ground vegetation in 52 relevés representing a range of habitats within an old- growth, temperate deciduous forest at Hyrcanian region, northern Iran. We identified 63 taxa in the seed bank, with an average density of 4202 seeds/spores per m2 by seedling emergence method. Hypericum androsaemum, Cardamine impatiens, and Rubus hyrcanus, with Athyrium flix- femina and Pteris cretica as two ferns, were the most abundant species in the seed bank and spore bank that made up to 92 % of the seeds/spores recorded in the soil seed bank. Totally, 107 species were recorded in the vegetation and soil seed bank of the study site, of which 33 % were common in both seed bank and vegetation and 26 % and 41 % were found only in the seed bank or in the vegetation, respectively. The dominant tree species with many woody understory species found in the above- ground vegetation were absent from the persistent soil seed bank. Jaccard’s similarity coefficient revealed that the correspondence between the species in the vegetation and the same species in the seed bank were consistently low (average of 24.3%) based on presence/absence data. Yates- corrected c 2 test showed that sites present significant differences (P<0.001) in seed bank and vegetation species composition. DCA ordination of the above-ground vegetation and soil seed bank flora displays a clear pattern, with two distinct groups on the basis of the above-ground vegetation and soil seed bank floristic data. Our results explain the low similarity between soil seed bank and vegetation of the Darkola oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forest only to a limited extent, but confirm that most of the species of the above-ground vegetation do not depend on the persistent soil seed bank. Therefore, it may be concluded that the persistent soil seed bank is not capable of restoring the extant vegetation of the studied site.
Volume 13, Issue 7 (12-2011)
Abstract
Solution potassium (So-K) and exchangeable K (Ex-K) extracted by NH4OAc are the major sources of potassium used by plants, but initially non-exchangeable K (NEx-K) can also contribute significantly to plant uptake. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium Perenne, cv. Roper) was successively planted in ten surface soil samples with different clay mineralogical composition belonging to five soil types to determine the contribution of Ex-K and NEx-K to K availability in the greenhouse during 260 d (five cuttings). Before planting, soil samples were leached to remove So-K and Ex-K so that the plants would use more K from the NEx-K pool. The leaching was performed using 0.1 M chloride solution containing Ca and Mg in the molar ratio of 4:1. The soil types having initially high NEx-K contents showed a high K uptake. A highly significant positive correlation was observed between total K uptake and illite content for the unleached soils (r = 0.81, P<0.01) and the Ca/Mg leached soils (r = 0.75, P<0.01). Significant declines in the plant K concentration values were observed between the first and the last cutting: from 4.1 to 2.3 g kg-1 (a drop of 45%) for the unleached soils and from 3.4 to 2.1 g kg-1 (a drop of 39%) for the leached soils. By the five cuttings of ryegrass, the concentrations of NH4OAc-K had significantly (P<0.01) declined in all unleached and leached soils. A pronounced decline in NH4OAc-K concentrations (a drop of 86% for unleached soil and 89% for leached soil) were detected in the soils belonging to Typic Calcixerepts containing high amount of illite. The NEx-K uptake by ryegrass ranged from 421 to 859 mg kg-1 for the unleached soils and from 410 to 574 mg kg-1 for the leached soils. Among the soils, NEx-K uptake accounted for up to 96% of the total uptake removed by five harvests of ryegrass herbage. For the unleached soils, NEx-K uptake was significantly (P<0.01) related to total K uptake. There were large differences in NEx-K uptake from soils that had similar NH4OAc-K values. Hence, K buffer power and soil types coupled with available K must be taken into account when planning any application of K.
Volume 14, Issue 2 (7-2014)
Abstract
Civil engineering projects usually require an improvement on soil properties. In this case, the improvement of soil strength, permeability, and erosion resistance, collapsible or dispersive behaviour might be important. Consequently, engineers are always willing to achieve an optimum way to stabilize/improve soil performance for practical applications. Generally, the presence of dispersive clays in engineering projects is one of the essential problems for civil engineers. Several failures in engineering projects due to the presence of dispersive soils are reported in different parts of the world. In spite of several researches on this subject, there has been little attention to the microstructure of stabilized dispersive soils. In this paper the improvement of properties of a natural dispersive soil is studied with special attention to the solubility of clay mineral peaks in XRD analysis and formation of aluminates and silicates minerals after lime application to dispersive soil. The soil sample of this area is silty clay which has 100% dispersivity potential. Several geotechnical erosions are reported in this area which is attributed to the presence of dispersive soils. Due to the low bearing capacity of soil, and to overcome to its dispersivity behaviour, the application of lime is chosen as soil stabilization means. In this paper, at the first step with application of double hydrometer and cation exchange capacity experiments, the dispersive potential of soil is determined. In addition, the major minerals of soil are addressed by the use of XRD analysis. For the dispersive soil sample, the major geotechnical properties of soil including unconfined compression test, settlement behaviour, and over consolidation stress are measured and reported. Then, the soil sample is mixed with lime and water. After equilibrium and after curing process, several geotechnical and geo-environmental experiments were performed on soil samples to investigate on the dispersivity potential variations of soil. Furthermore, the microstructure of lime treated dispersive soil was monitored by application of XRD analysis on lime treated soil. The results indicate that the dispersivity potential of soil disappears after application of 6% of lime. In this process the dispersive structure of soil changes to the more flocculated structure. Moreover, the results of XRD analysis indicate that following application of lime, parts of clay fraction solubilize, leading to the formation of pozzolanic components. The main conclusion of this paper is the determination of the required percentage of lime for soil stabilization with the application of micro-structural experiments and with the measurement of the quantity of increase in over-consolidation stress. With the performance of several consolidation tests on untreated and lime-treated dispersive soil, it is shown that with application of 6% lime, an increase of 430% in over-consolidation stress is observed. This means for each percent of lime a 50 kN/m 2 increase in over-consolidation stress is achieved.
Volume 14, Issue 3 (5-2012)
Abstract
Topography and climate are two important soil forming factors affecting genesis and clay mineralogy of soils. Calcareous and gypsiferous soils are widely spread in arid and semiarid parts of Iran and palygorskite is a dominant clay mineral in these soils. The objectives of the study were to: (1) determine soil genesis and classification along the climotoposequence and (2) investigate clay mineralogy and mode of mineral formation in soils along the sequence. The study area is a transect located in the southwest of Kerman Province covering 1,200 km2 beginning from Kerman Plain (1,840 m above sea level) with aridic moisture regime and extending to Lalehzar elevation (3207 m above sea level) with xeric moisture regime. Soil parent material changed from recent Quaternary alluvium in north of the transect (Kerman Plain) to the materials originated from weathering of igneous granodiorites of Lalehzar Mountains in the south. Illite, high charge smectite, palygorskite, chlorite and kaolinite clay minerals were found in almost all the soils studied. Smectite-vermiculite interstratified minerals were found only in Histosols (pedon 8 at lowland geomorphic position close to Lalehzar Mountain), which are attributed to higher soil moisture in this geomorphic surface. Palygorskite bundles were associated with both calcite and gypsum crystals and they were both pedogenic and inherited from the parent material. Due to higher soil moisture at the end of the transect (Lalehzar elevation), palygorskite was not observed. A close relation was found between soil properties, topography, and climate in the studied sequence.
Volume 14, Issue 62 (4-2017)
Abstract
Mung bean (vigna radiata) is an annual crop belonging to Fabaceae family. Germination process is a conventional and inexpensive way to improve nutritional value of legumes. Mung bean sprout is one of the popular products. It is rich in protein (20-33%) and is excellent sources of essential fatty acids, tocopherols, esterols, sugars and organic acids. In this study, the change of chemical composition, antioxidant activity, total phenolic compounds, minerals, ascorbic acid and organic acids content were determined in raw, soaked and germinated mung bean. Also, the profile of fatty acids was recognized. The results showed an increase in moisture, protein and ash and a reduction in fat and carbohydrate due to the energy consumption during 4-day germination, significantly. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity indicated 2.5 and 1.5 fold increase in mung bean sprout compared to raw seed. Ascorbic acid content varied from 8.9% to 19.6% and organic acids increased significantly during germination process. Analysis of fatty acids composition showed that mung bean sprout contained 17% and 36% linolenic and linoleic acids, respectively and so, this product can be introduced as an excellent source of omega-3. The results of this work revealed the high nutritional value and consumption importance of mung bean sprouts.
Volume 15, Issue 5 (9-2013)
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between clay minerals and different soil moisture regimes in gypsiferous soils of Fars Province in southern Iran. The overall climate of the Province is arid and semi-arid and, under this condition, parent material is the most important factor affecting clay minerals distribution. Beside this factor, climate conditions have determining role too. Palygorskite, smectite, chlorite, illite, and kaolinite were identified as the main clay minerals in gypsiferous soils, using XRD, TEM and SEM analyses. Chlorite and illite were inherited largely from parent rocks and their abundance in soils with different moisture regimes was generally uniform. The presence of gypsum and saline and alkaline ground water in some pedons has favoured the neoformation of palygorskite from soil solution. Palygorskite shows an increasing trend with depth that may be related to its authigenic formation in the presence of gypsum. The correlation between palygorskite percentage and gypsum content was estimated (R2= 0.56). The highest amount of palygorskite was observed in soils with aridic moisture regimes, and its lowest amount was estimated in soils with xeric moisture regimes. Notably, with increasing moisture, the length of palygorskite fibber decreased. High soil moisture and rainfall and low evaporation are reasons for instability of palygorskite relative to smectite in xeric moisture regime. Large amounts of well-bundled and elongated palygorskite in soils of piedmont plain are related to their authigenic formation; while presence of slight amounts of short palygorskite fibres in lowlands suggest their transformation to smectite. Results of soil and rock samples analyses showed that some palygorskite in all moisture regimes originated from parent materials. Also, results indicated that the smectite/(illite+chlorite) ratio increased with increase in moisture and the largest value (equal to 2.12) was observed in soils with xeric moisture regime.
Volume 17, Issue 98 (3-2020)
Abstract
Background: Sesame is one of the most consumed oilseeds that despite being rich in mineral salts, contains some anti-nutritional compounds that are limiting nutrients to the body. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate some of the antinutritional compounds (oxalate and phytate) and heavy metals (lead and cadmium) in sesame oil, raw and peeled sesame seed (Sesamum indicum L.) of two varieties; Dashtestan 2 and Darab 14; Cultivated in Iran.
Material and methods: Sesame seed samples were collected from Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute in Karaj, iran. Oxalate and phytate were determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) methods and Pb, Cd, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Mn were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS).
Results: The lead content of all samples is higher than the maximum permissible level and their cadmium content is below the maximum permissible standard in Iran. The Darab variety contains more phytic acid and the Dashtestan variety has higher oxalic acid content. Most of the minerals in the samples are calcium. The oil extracted from the raw sesame seeds lacks phytic acid and contains about 2.5 mg/Kg oxalic acid.
Conclusion: The raw sesame seeds have some anti-nutritional compounds that significantly reduces by peeling, while the amount of these compounds in sesame oil is much lower than the standard Iranian and Codex. Therefore, it is better to evaluate its quality before using raw sesame seeds.
Volume 17, Issue 105 (10-2020)
Abstract
Food fortification for the prevention and treatment of micronutrient deficiency disorders is one of the most widely methods that because of its low cost and no need to change dietary habits was used all around the world. In grain fortification, immersion and spraying methods are usually used, and extrusion processes are used for cereal flour. In extrusion fortification method, the used extensions are into the food matrix so their output during different processing stages is less than other enrichment methods. In this study, rice reconstituted by extrusion cooking method, was enriched with vitamin D3 (100000 IU/g) at concentrations of 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 µg/100g and Zinc (as Zinc oxide) concentrations of 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/100g and then remaining of Vitamin D3 and Zinc were measured before and after extrusion and before and after cooking in 30 days intervals during 180 days storage period. According to the results, storage period and also the cooking process at all initial concentrations have a significant effect (p<0.5) on Vitamin D3 and Zinc stability of extruded fortified rice so that the average content of Vitamin D3 and Zinc at the end of storage period of 180 days showed a loss of 32.9 and 11.3% (before cooking), 38.9 and 24.0% (after cooking), respectively but these materials had a good stability during the extrusion process. Overall, during the different processing stages, the average content of Vitamin D3 and Zinc showed a loss of 87.1 and 39.0%, respectively.
Volume 18, Issue 111 (4-2021)
Abstract
Bread has an important role especially in the nutrition of the low income population. Daily increased consumption of industrial breads has led to the use of different methods to fulfill the different deficiency of nutrients especially minerals in such breads. Minerals are necessary for different biological activities and their deficiencies lead to various physiological disorders in the human body. Fish protein concentrate is a rich source of minerlas. In this study, the effect of using different dietary inclusion levels of silver carp protein concentrate (SCPC), 0 (control), 2, 3 and 4 percent (in treatments A, B, C and D, respectively) on the mineral profiles of the toast bread including Ca, P, K, Na and Mg and trace elements such as Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn was studied through implementing a completely randomized design. Results showed that the highest and the lowest Ca levels in 100 g bread belonged to treatment D (118.44 mg) and control (45.77 mg), respectively. The highest and the lowest Zn levels in 100 g bread belonged to treatment D (2.77mg) and treatment B (1.84 mg), respectively. The levels of K, Na, Cu and Mn were significantly increased (P<0.05), when SCPC was added in the bread, whereas the levels of P and Mg were not changed. None of the organoleptic variables were changed in the enriched breads. In conclusion, by increased inclusion levels of SCPC, the levels of most minerals were substantially increased in the enriched breads. Due to the highest inclusion levels of useful minerals for the body in treatment D, this treatment is recommended for enrichment of various foods including pasta, biscuits etc. It is suggested to use more SCPC for the enrichment of industrial breads in the future.
Volume 18, Issue 113 (7-2021)
Abstract
The fortification process is carried out to improve the micronutrient intake in the target community. The aim of this study was to produce energy food fortified with micronutrients using zedo and watercress seed gums and to investigate the effect of the gums on the stability and recovery of minerals and vitamins. The formulation included meat powder, soy powder, oil, fat-soluble vitamins, minerals (iron and zinc) and sodium chloride. Among the formulations that had the highest amount of energy and viscosity, 5 were selected and the amount of minerals, iron and zinc, vitamins A, D, E and K and the amount of water activity were measured. Formula A had the highest amount of energy and viscosity with 0.92% of watercress seed gum and 1.23% of zedo gum. The data showed that the presence of gums preserves the content of fat-soluble vitamins in the samples and there is no significant difference between the amount of vitamins A, D, E and K on days 0 and 14, but in the control the amount of vitamins decreased. The response obtained from the simultaneous presence of zedo gum and watercress in the formulation of energy food showed that the type and concentration of gum had no effect on the preservation of minerals (iron and zinc). The best formulation in this study contained 35.25% protein and 0.5% minerals, which provides 277.03 kcal of energy, the total daily requirement of vitamins A, D and E, 62.5% of the daily requirement of vitamin K and 100% of the daily requirement of iron and zinc.
Volume 19, Issue 4 (7-2017)
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate thirteen cultivars of roses for nutritional composition, bioactive compounds and total antioxidant activity. Attaché cultivar had the highest amounts of proteins and total fiber. Regarding color,Avalanchepresented values for internal cromacity around 7 fold higher than Attaché cultivar. The results showed that the evaluated roses presented means of bioactive compounds as ascorbic acid (70.47 mg 100 g-1), yellow flavonoids (35.25 mg 100 g-1) and total anthocyanins (150.40 mg 100 g-1). The evaluated roses presented relatively low content of total carotenoids (1.25 mg 100 g-1), and high content of total polyphenols (1565 mg 100 g-1) and antioxidant capacity (260 µM trolox g-1). Avalanche, Prima Donna, Dolce Vita, Salmone, and Elisa cultivar presented the minor Euclidean distance. The petals of the evaluated roses are excellent sources of nutritional compounds and antioxidants.
Volume 21, Issue 147 (4-2024)
Abstract
Date palm seed is a rich source of minerals, fiber, carbohydrates, and contains high levels of antioxidant compounds, making it a cost-effective and beneficial ingredient for formulating food products in the country. The current research was conducted to investigate the mineral contents in the seeds of 15 cultivated date palm cultivars in Khuzestan province including native cultivars (‘Fersi’, ‘Satmaran’, ‘Zahidi’, ‘Deiri’, ‘Belyani’, ‘Bereim’, ‘Barhee’, ‘Sowaidani’, ‘Asharsi’, ‘Hallawi’, ‘Owaidi’, and ‘Piarom’), and imported cultivars (‘Medjool’, ‘Deglet Noor’, and ‘Thoory’), at the Date Palm and Tropical Fruits Research Center of Iran. These cultivars were analyzed using a completely random design with three replications. The results showed, there are significant differences in the mineral contents, including Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Na, K, and Ca in the seeds of different date cultivars. K had the highest content in date palm seeds compared to other elements, followed by Ca, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu. The highest levels of Fe and Mn elements were observed in the seed of the ‘Deiri’ cultivar, while the highest levels of Cu and K were found in the seeds of the ‘Medjool’ cultivar. The ‘Deglet Noor’ cultivar had the highest contents of Na and Ca in its seeds. Also, the highest concentration of zinc element was detected in the seed of the ‘Barhee’ cultivar. In different date seeds, the highest positive and significant correlation was observed between Ca% and Na%. Based on the cluster analysis results, regarding seed mineral contents, the examined date palm cultivars were classified into four main groups. Overall, the seeds of examined date palm cultivars, contained significant but highly variable amounts of minerals, and the use of seeds from the ‘Deiri’ and ‘Barhee’ (native cultivars) and ‘Medjool’ (imported cultivar) is recommended as important components in the production of functional food products in the country.
Volume 21, Issue 153 (9-2024)
Abstract
Today, bran is considered a functional compound in the food industry. The aim study was to investigate different processing methods of rice bran to improve its physicochemical characteristics. Treatments were prepared in 12 groups, control (C0), 4 samples hydrothermal treated H1 and H2 (1 and 2 h at 30 °C, respectively), H3 and H4 (1 and 2 h at 80 °C, respectively), 4 samples microwave treated M1 and M2 (4 and 7 min at a 600 w, respectively), M3 and M4 ((4 and 7 min at a 600 w, respectively), 4 samples hydrothermal-microwave treated HM1 and HM2 (First, 1 and 2 h at 50 °C, respectively, then 4 min at 750 w), HM3 and HM4 (First, 1 and 2 h at 50 °C, respectively, then 7 min at 750 w). The results showed that the hydrothermal-microwave method was more effective in reducing phytic acid than the other two methods (p<0.05) so the HM4 treatment had the lowest amount of phytic acid (p<0.05). The color value test showed the lowest ΔE change was related to rice bran hydrothermal treated (H1 with ΔE equal to 6.36) (p<0.05). The hydrothermal-microwave process showed the highest retention of iron, zinc, and calcium (p<0.05). Most minerals were shown in HM1 (6.68, 1.56, and 106.43 ppm, respectively). The heavy metals test indicated that in all treatments, the number of heavy metals significantly decreased compared to the control (p<0.05). However, the microwave method was more effective than others (p<0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that using the hydrothermal-microwave method provides better quality rice bran.
Volume 22, Issue 159 (4-2025)
Abstract
Cyperus Rotundus L plant is a monocotyledonous weed from the Lyperaceae family. Cyperus Rotundus L of tuber is a home remedy for indigestion, vomiting, diarrhea, bitter, astringent, sedative, carminative, diuretic, anthelmintic, menstruate and nerve tonic. In this study, for the first time, the flower of Cyperus Rotundus L plant was extracted by two methods of maceration and ultrasound with distilled water and ethanol solvents and at times of 15 and 30 minutes. Also, the antibacterial activity was evaluated by determining the diameter of growth inhibition zone, the minimum growth inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and the amount of minerals in the flower extract. The results were reported that the difference between the extraction yield of both methods is insignificant, but the ultrasonic method is more optimal than maceration due to the reduction of the extraction time. Among the amounts of minerals, the highest amount was obtained for potassium and the lowest amount for copper, molybdenum and selenium. The results of investigating the antibacterial property of flower extract compared to antibiotics show that the inhibitory effect of antibiotics on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is more.
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