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Recently, flexible and environmental-friendly aerogel blankets have attracted considerable attention. In this work, the novel silica aerogel/basalt blanket was prepared using basalt fibers via a two-step sol-gel process followed by an ambient drying method and immersing the basalt fiber layer into silica sol. The silica aerogel particles were characterized by FTIR, FE-SEM and nitrogen adsorption analysis. The morphology, hydrophobic properties and surface roughness of neat basalt fiber and its aerogel blanket were also investigated. The density if 0.34 g/cm³, the porosity of 85%, mean pore size of 7±1.5 nm and the surface area of 750 m²/g for the nanostructured silica aerogel particles are obtained. The formation of nanostructured silica aerogel particles on the surface of basalt fibers in the sol-gel process were efficiently occurred leading to a strong hydrophobicity the blanket samples (contact angle of 114°) compared to the hydrophilic neat basalt fibers. The surface roughness of basalt fiber in the blanket samples was increased due to the fiber surface coating with silica aerogel particles. Increasing the sol volume in the synthesis process increased the basalt surface roughness from 3.6μ to 11μ. 

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Re-vegetation of bare soil is believed to increase, or at least maintain the organic matter levels of soil. The aim of this study was to investigate the soil characteristics changes, nutrient pool sizes and their availability under mid canopy, and canopy gap positions of saltbush in an area re-vegetated with Atriplex lentiformis. Some of the physical and chemical soil characteristics (the particle size distribution, soil bulk density, EC, pH, Na, K, organic C, N, P, C/N ratio and C/P ratio) were measured in two different soil depths at both planted shrublands and control area. The results from samples analysis showed that the soil of the control area is significantly different from the Atriplex shrublands area. Maximum of K and Na proportion were measured in 0 to 20 cm under mid canopy in the planted sites. K and Na in different soil layer showed a significant difference between ungrazed area, grazing area and control area (P

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Aim: There is conclusive scientific evidence of the adverse effect of excessive salt consumption on health, particularly on blood pressure, leading to cardiovascular disease (CVD), gastric cancer, osteoporosis, cataracts, kidney stones, diabetes and obesity. We investigated the determinants of salt consumption among the rural women in Chabahar (Iran) by applying the theory of planned behavior. Methods: Rural native Chabahari women (n =230), aged 12-75 years old, were selected by multistage sampling via native assistants. Data were gathered through a questionnaire with acceptable validity and reliability consisting of TBP constructs (intention, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control), as well as demographic characteristics. Bivariate correlations and stepwise regression analyses of TBP model were performed with the SPSS software. Findings: The results showed a significant direct asociation between attitude, subjective norms, percieved behavioral control and intention, and salt consuming behavior, also between attitude (sig.<0.001), subjective norms (sig.<0.01), perceived behavioral control (sig.<0.01), the intention to reduce salt consumption. Subjective norms, attitude and intention together predicted 10.9% of salt consuming behavior. Attitude and perceived behavioral control together predicted approximately 9% of the intention to reduce salt consumption. Conclusion: This study indicated that the theory of planned behavior can be used to predict the salt consuming behavior and the intention of Chabahari rural women. Focus on the family- and community-based educational programs to change attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control is necessary to make women reduce salt consumption.

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Soil affected by salt (NaCl) is a major problem worldwide and in areas with potential agriculture; lands in many countries are not enough to support crop production. The development of salt tolerant cultivars would be enhanced by better understanding of the genetic control of tolerance to salt stress. A new cereal, tritipyrum, a range of amphiploids between Triticum spp. and Thinopyrum spp. offers such a new chance. Those with the 6x construction (2n=6x=42, AABBEbEb) derived from Triticum durum (2n=4x=28, AABB) and Thinopyrum bessarabicum (2n=2x=14, EbEb) are of the potential to become a new high salt tolerant cereal crop. Tritipyrum is prone to problems similar to those exhibited by early triticales, e.g. chromosome instability and low fertility, which in that crop were eventually overcome by breeding. Other problems could be overcome through substitution of Eb genome chromosomes by D genome ones, and the feasibility of this has been assessed in the progenies of (6x tritipyrum) x (6x wheat) hybrids with the aid of fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The cytological, morphological and agronomic studies of existing tritipyrum lines, including the effect of vernalization, were carried out, too. A novel multiple- pistil/seed characteristic of one original tritipyrum line has also been investigated and its genetic basis established. The results have shown that, first creation of substituted lines is feasible, and thus it could be a route for the elimination of undesirable traits. Second, improvement should be possible via selection for chromosomally stable lines, with increased fertility and yield. Third, it may also be possible to exploit the perennial habit and multi-tillering traits in a dual-purpose forage/grain crop. Fourth, the multiple-pistil/seed trait may be controlled by two recessive genes. Fifth, there is a high probability of having established the seven possible monosomic additions of Th. bessarabicum to T.durum for the first time.

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Abstract-Brain shrimp Artemia can tolerate different range of ecologic conditions. This animal is also known because of high nutrition value and special application in research. The species of Artemia franciscana found endemically on American continent, but recently it has been reported from Mahalru Lake, Iran. Due to differences between ecological conditions of Maharlu Lake with originally habitat of A. franciscana, Great Salt Lake, and taking to account the 10 years successful existence of this species in the lake, be believe that this species has adapted to new environment genetically. Given the fact that any kind of adaption can endanger endemic Maharlu parthenogenetic Artemia, in present study genetically differentiation between two populations of A. franciscana, before and after migration to new environment was studied. The study was conducted on structure of two important genes as COI and HSP26 using RCP-RFLP method. Successful digestion of the 700bp fragment of COI gene by two endonucleases enzymes, TaqI and EcoRI in addition to the digestion of 217bp fragment by Eco471 revealed genetic variation between two populations. The 7 generated specific haplotypes genetic distance of D=0.18 between the populations. According to the results and also successful residence of A. franciscana in Maharlu Lake, given the fact of high production performance of A. franciscana it is believed that the settler Artemia can be account as Iranian Artemia populations which will threaten existence of endemic parthenogenetic Artemia population in the lake.

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In the  Bacillusamyloliquefaciens α-amylase (BAA), the loop (residues from 177-185; region І) is the constructive part of the cage responsible for attachment to calcium. It has two more amino acid residues than the α-amylase from Bacillus licheniformis (BLA). Arg176 in this region makes an ionic interaction with Glu126 from region ІІ (residues 118-131) but this interaction is lost in BLA due to substitution of R176Q and E126V. It is the common feature of α-amylases that calcium ion is required for their thermal stability. The present work quantitatively estimates the effect of ionic interaction on the overall stability of the enzyme. To clarify the functional and structural significance of corresponding salt bridge, first an automated homology model of the mutant enzyme (∆E126) was built by the Swiss-Model Protein Modeling Server.  Bacillus amyloliquefaciens α-amylase (3BH4.pdb) was used as the template and examined by GETAREA and WHAT IF programs, then Glu126 was deleted (∆E126) by site-directed mutagenesis and the thermostability was examined for the wild-type and mutant enzymes. Modeling results showed that deletion of salt bridge affected on the hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues orientation of two discussed regions (Ι, ΙΙ). The mutant enzyme also exhibited lower thermostability relative to the wild-type enzyme. Thus, it may be suggested that salt bridge could affect on accessible surface area of the discussed regions, decrease water diffusion,  prevent diffusion of cations and improve the thermostability of the whole protein.

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The properties of soils affected by salinity and the processes involving degradation of soil structure are relatively well-known. However, the effects of saline and sodic condi-tions on the physical and mechanical properties of soils have been studied to a lesser ex-tent. In this research, the effects of electrical conductivity (EC) and sodium adsorption ra-tio (SAR) of solutions were assessed on soils containing various amounts of organic matter under laboratory conditions. The soils used were collected from the Dasht-e-Naz of Sari region in the north of Iran and contained the same clay type, predominantly Illite. The major difference between the soils was their organic matter content. The treatments con-sisted of applying solutions with definite EC and SAR (two levels of EC: 0.5 and 4 dS/m and three levels of SAR: 0, 5 and 15). With an increase of SAR, the wet aggregate stability (WAS) decreased and the amount of dispersible clay (DC) increased. At a similar SAR, higher EC values were associated with lower DC. The order of average aggregate stability of soils were: virgin soils > soils under continuous cultivation of Festuca > soils under in-tensive cultivation with regular crop rotation > soils under continuous cultivation of Ag-ropyron. The analysis of variance showed significant differences (at 1%) between soil types, soil sampling depths, EC and SAR.

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Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen which has high resistance for unfavorable conditions. This pathogen is able to entering Viable but non culturable (VBNC) state in harsh conditions. The present study was aimed to consider the possibility of entering this pathogen in to VBNC state in heavy brine which used for produce brined fish. For this purpose L. monocytogenesat 1.12×10⁷ initial concentration as monitored in three treatments during 8 days: brine containing 30% salt (ES30), brine containing 10% salt (ES10) and starvation condition (DE).  For considering alive cells method of gene expression of 16S rRNAby RT-PCR was used. The obtained results showed that this pathogen in ES30 and DE treatments after three days enter in to VBNC state. According to obtained results ES10 treatment entering in to VBNC state on 5 days after inoculation. The results showed that there is the possibility of L. monocytogenes entering in to VBNC state, during brined and smoked fish or every other brined food product and defect of Standard detection methods. 

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The physiology of salt tolerance in chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) is low. Therefore, after screening of a large number of genotypes, two tolerant (SG-11 & DHG-84-11) and two susceptible (Pusa-256 & Phule G-5) chickpea genotypes were germinated in sterilized germination boxes under different levels of salt stress (NaCl : CaCl2 : Na2SO4) viz., 0.0 (control), 4.0 and 8.0dSm-1 in order to investigate the physiological basis of salt tolerance. The experiment was carried out in completely randomised design in three replications under simulated conditions. It was terminated after 8 days and the germinated seeds were subjected to various analyses. At maximum salinity stress, there was comparatively more accumulation of sugar, protein, proline and phenol in tolerant genotypes along with higher amylase, peroxidase, catalase and lower protease activities. All the characters were positively and significantly correlated. Some of these indices might be useful for im-proving chickpea genotypes against salinity stress.

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The consumption of different kinds of fish has been increasing in Iran, during the recent decade. Therefore, high microbial content and contamination of such food with pathogen bacteria can cause infection or food poisoning. The objective of this study is investigation of salted fish bacteriologic quality that is produced traditionally in one of the North states of Iran (Guilan). 72 fish samples from two species of Rutilus frisi kutum and Mugil auratus were collected, immediately after traditionally salting and their total count of aerobic and coli form bacteria and contamination to E.coli and vibrio parahaemoliticus were investigated due to standard APHA method. The total number of aerobic bacteria differs from 5×10⁵ to 1×10³ cfu/g and the mean numbers were 3.2×10³ cfu/g  for Mugil auratus and 5.4×10⁵ cfu/gfor Rutilus frisi kutum . 11.1 percent of the samples were contaminated with coliform bacteria with mean number of 2×10² cfu/g but no contamination with E.coli was confirmed. Moreover, in 57 samples (79.16%) contamination with vibrio parahaemoliticus was observed that were comprised 26 samples (45.6%) of Mugil auratus fish and 31 samples (54.3%) of Rutilus frisi kutum . In conclusion, the results of this study and the similar ones in other countries demonstrated that there is the possibility of seafood products poisoning with pathogen bacteria. Therefore, health training, improvement of processing, avoiding raw consumption and finally, regular controlling of health care managers can be effective in prevention of infectious diseases and food poisoning following consumption of these products.

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In this study, effects of different concentrations salt solution were analyzed on the changing of chemical contents and yield of salted carp during different stages of processing. For this purpose, samples of common carp Cyprinus carpio was salted in three brine concentrations (10%, 15% and 20%) and fish to brine ratio (1:1/6) and so brine concentration 20 % and fish to brine ratio (1:1) , which was followed by dry salting and storage. Higher weight yield, protein and moisture and lower fat and salt were obtained by using lower salt concentration (%10-15%) than by using higher brine solution (20%) (P<0/05). Maximum and minimum of weight was found in 10% concentration brining stage and in 20% concentration (1:1/6) storage stage. Higher salt was in storage stage therefore lower moisture content and yield was seen in storage stage in four brine solutions. The protein of fillet increased during salting process (P<0/05) which protein content did not showed difference in dry salting and storage. Maximum fat content concluded in 15 and 20 percent salt solution.  Although Salt had a highly significant decreasing effect on the pH during processing, pH content increased during carp storage (P<0/05).  

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  Salting-drying carp is a fish products traditionally consumed in Iran. So, a study was conducted to obtain a better understanding of various physicochemical contents, bacterial and sensory properties salting-drying carp. Samples of fillet and gutted carp were salted at 4° C for 10 days, which was followed by sun drying and storage. The results obtained showed that protein and moisture contents decreased during different stages processing (p<0/05). The loss of moisture was accompanied by an increase in salt. The fat content remained constant during different stages of processing. The pH of raw fish decreased (p<0/05) from 6/86±0/10 to 5/32±0/32 and 5/65±0/41 in fillet and gutted carp respectively during pickled salting and then increased (p<0/05) during the later stages. TVBN decreased after pickle salting and then increased in sun drying and storage stages (p<0/05). The TBA content of raw carp increased during all stages of processing (p<0/05). In gutted samples of salting the protein, moisture, pH, TVBN and TBA contents except salt was more than in fillets. Organoleptic properties in fillet and gutted carp except in taste gutted fish were similar during different stages of processing (p>0/05). Mesophilic and halophile bacterial counts increased significantly during process, but psychrophilic bacteria counts decreased during different stages of processing (p<0/05).

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Text analysis based on deconstructive approche is one of the new perspective to literary criticism. This view look for contradictions within the text Thereby deconstructing the binary oppositions founded the text and demonstrating that this oppositions do not have firm base. According extensive studies in women speech and writing in different years and cultures, some character are attributed to women as feminist style. in This opposition, regardless of rating, feminist style is in contrast to masculin’s. Feminine characteristics consists of Frequently used forms of expressive language, vague and imprecise language and intensifier, applications and prayers, hailing forms, sentences as opposed to rules of grammar and incomplete sentences, Frequently use of intonation, stop and stress, simple language, detailed writing, Speaking from a position of weakness and lack of authoritarianism and use of processes that do not require a lot of mental activity. this article demonstrates that attributing some of the features to feminine writing do not have solid base and alter within changing social and cultural factors, by analyzing the Memories of Taj-ol-Saltana as feminist narrative and comparing that with memories of Aziz-al-Soltan known by Malijak as masculine narrative which written in same context of Memories of Taj-ol-Saltana. Evidence that led us to this involved of writing from a position of strength, the active voice and use of complex mental processes.

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Based on materials recently collected in Iran and Armenia, jewel-beetle Sphenoptera (Chrysoblemma) orichalcea (Pallas, 1781) is reported for the first time for Iranian fauna, and occurrence of the species in Armenia is also reconfirmed. Some diagnostic characters, ecological and biological notes along with photographs are provided.

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Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the hematological parameters in Cyprinus carpio juvenile feeding of Basilli sp. probiotics in the condition of before and after long distance transports.
Materials & Methods: In this experimental research, 180 carp juvenile were stocked in 2 tanks (capacity 400-L) for 45 days. Fish juvenile in one tank was feeding with multi-strain probiotic (Protexin) were used at a concentration of 1×10⁷ CFU/ liter and fish in the other tank was not consumed probiotic. At the end of the feeding trial, the carp juvenile from both treatments randomly were packed in plastic bags (40-L) at the density of 1kg/bag (~20 fish/bag). The juvenile feeding previously from probiotic were packed in 2 treatments with/or without of NaCl in water. Also, the juvenile feed of the control tank was packed in bags as the control. The bags unpacked after 12h and blood samples were taken from 10 fish in each replicate and hematological parameters were compared among the groups.
Findings: Results indicate that WBC, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, MCV, MCH, MCHC and leukocytes differential count are affected by after transport stress and before the catching (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the amounts of RBC and hemoglobin in experimental treatments (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Based on the results, finding of this study indicated that feeding of common carp juvenile with Basilli sp. probiotics had positive effects on blood parameters after long-distance transportation in plastic baggage, thereby if used in diet, it can be good alternatives to salt.

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The adsorption and desorption equilibrium moisture contents (EMC) were determined for Estameran date fruit using saturated salt solution method at 40, 50, 60 and 70°C over the range of relative humidity from 0.05 to 0.85. Equilibrium moisture content decreased with increasing the temperature from 40 to 50°C, at water activities (aw) below 0.3, while for higher water activities, crossing phenomena of the isotherm curves was detected as the temperature increased. Furthermore, equilibrium moisture content increased due to the dissolution of crystalline sugars at higher temperatures and moisture contents. The same phenomenon took place at water activity equal to 0.05 at 60 and 70°C temperatures. GAB, modified Halsey, modified Chung-Pfost, modified Oswin, modified smith and modified Henderson models were used to fit the experimental data. The GAB model was found to be the most suitable for describing the adsorption and desorption curves. The monolayer moisture content (Mm) values at different temperatures were calculated using the GAB equation. Results showed that Mm decreased with increasing temperature. The isosteric heats of desorption and adsorption of water were determined from the equilibrium data at different temperatures by Clausius-Clapyron equation. The isosteric heats of desorption and adsorption decreased with increasing water activity.

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    Salting and vacuum packaging, each of them has disadvantages for fish preservation in non-frozen mode. This study was aimed to investigate the The effect of light salting, vacuum packaging and their synergistic effect on on shelflife of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillet during storage at 4°C±1. For this purpose the rainbow trout fillets were brined in 10 salt solution and vacuum packaged. Measuring of PH, total volatile bases nitrogen compounds (TVB-N), tiobarbitoric acid (TBA), total viable microbial count (TVC) and sensory evaluations, were performed during 18 days in refrigerator temperature. Obtained results showed that all of chemical and microbial indices increased during storage period. PH, TBA and TVB-N indices and microbial growth in salted, vacuum packaged was lower than other treatments and in light salted treatment was lower than control group (p<0.05). The results of sensory evaluations showed that light salting of rainbow trout fillet situation improved these indices rather than control group. Salted vacuum packaged treatments had a better sensory evaluations scores than salted treatment (p<0.05). with regarded to allowable restrict of TVB-N indices (25 mg/100g fillet) and total viable count (6 Log cfu/g) and also sensory evaluations, light salting and salted vacuum package treatments increased the shelflife of rainbow trout fillet in 4°C about 3 and 7 days, respectively and the major problems of each method of salting and vacuum packaging was removed.

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Discursive semiotic approach with considering the body-centered subject to create meaning and assert an emotional, sensitive-perceptive and aesthetic dimensions can be an appropriate method to analyze and gloss the confessional texts. According to the teachings of this theory, researchers can resist or appease with the “other” by making inter-discourse challenges and create correspondence or different flows, also try to authenticate or reconstruct their identity. The subject of study in Taj-o-Saltaneh’s Memories as a confessional text, gets converted into a gravitational discursive center in order to gain identity and be set free from meaning crisis; so it can play its significant role in interaction and confrontation with other.
Based on the nature of confessional discourse and emotion-oriented positioning of the subject in Taj-o-Saltaneh’s Memories, it is the emotional dimension of discourse which overcomes the action and cognitive dimension of discourse and influences different levels of syntax validity, intensity-extensity relationships and discursive values by supplying power to the narrator to take positions and limits against discursive competitors. According to the point of view and the position of narrator, the otherness process receives different shapes and creates different identical forms for the subject.
The current research aims to answer the question of how the orientation of the enunciator -subject determines its resistance or appeasement against the realm of rival, and how by referring to semiotic components, these attributions can be achieved. The authors suppose that the subject resist the prevailing discourse with intensity-extensity relationships, symbolization, rhythmic thinking and referring to the phenomenological form of the presence, then with a persuasive appeasement, accepts and surrenders herself. The category of space ties with the identity of subject and finds discursive function and include three features: critical, intermediate, and uncritical all being able to find in Taj-o-Saltaneh discourses which guarantees the presence of the subject.
 

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Lack of adequate organic matter (OM) in the agricultural soils of Iran is responsible for the poor physical condition of these soils. Thus, increasing soil OM is very important. On the other hand, the eutrophication of surface water caused by continuous use of phosphorus (P) fertilizer has created an interest in the combined use of organic wastes and P fertilizer. Hence, the present study was undertaken to study the effects of several levels of municipal waste compost (MWC), poultry manure (PM) and P on the growth and elemental composi-tion of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and on selected soil chemical characteristics. There was a consistent increase in the shoot dry weight as the levels of MWC, PM or P increased. How-ever, rice shoot growth was stimulated more by MWC than by PM and the enhancing effect of P on shoot growth was greater in MWC-treated plants than that of PM. Shoot P concen-tration increased with increasing levels of MWC, PM and P, whereas nitrogen (N) concen-tration was only affected significantly by the two organic wastes. Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration was suppressed by P supply in PM-amended soil and was not affected by MWC treatment. Rice seedlings treated with either of the biosolids accumulated more Fe, Zn, chloride (Cl) and sodium (Na) but less manganese (Mn) than the control plants. Fur-thermore, rice plants grown on MWC-amended soil contained higher Fe and Mn and lower Cl and Na than those grown on PM-treated soil. In the present study, lead (Pb) and cad-mium (Cd) concentrations did not follow a definite pattern with either of the organic wastes, whereas they increased with P application. Post-harvest soil sample analysis indicated that soil addition of MWC and PM increased concentrations of soluble salt, OM, N, NaHCO3-soluble P and DTPA-extractable Fe, Mn, Cu, and Pb.