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Little would be gained by discussing the nutritive value of bread in human diet. Fortification of bread with protein especially whey powder has been the center of attention in many countries. In this study Hamburger dough's containing 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4.5 and 7.5 percent whey powder were Prepared. Chemical composition of whey powder and wheat flour was measured and also dough rheological properties were evaluated by ICC and AACC methods. Regarding rheological results, treatments contained 3 and 7.5% whey powder were prepared. Crust color, crumb texture, flavor and volume of breads were evaluated by ten expert and trained panelists using a 0-9 point scale. Overall acceptability of breads was ranked by Phisher and Yaths method. The effect of whey powder on the staling rate of bread was evaluated by scoring test. Development time and resistant of doughs containing 1.5% and 7.5% whey powder was increased. Valorimetric value of dough with 7.5% whey powder was higher than other treatments. Addition of whey powder increased the elasticity of dough's and improved the volume and quality of breads. The result of sensory analysis indicated that crust color, crumb texture, flavor and volume of Hamburger bread containing 3% whey powder achieved highest score and the rank of this treatment concerning the overall acceptability was highest. From staling rate point of view mean scores of samples contained 3% and 7.5% whey powder were greater than control. Regarding the chemical, rheological and sensory characteristics, Hamburger bread contained 3% whey powder was considered the best.

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Making and using dried products because of high losses of unprocessed product during transportation, economical benefits of grocery, special weather in Iran, good marketing etc. has been increased. In this research, kiwifruit slice favorite in two ripeness levels (stiffness 0.5 and 1.5), two cultivars (Monty and Hayward) and three moisture levels (15, 20 and 25 %wb) is evaluated by sensory evaluation. In this test sense qualities as color and appearance, chew ability, taste and flavor and general favorite are considered. Primary test in preparing kiwifruit slice showed that moisture contenttime curve during the first 7 hours is linear and after that it becomes exponential. Also the shortest time to dry is for Monty variety with more ripeness (0.5 kg) and the longest time refers to Hayward with less ripeness (1.5 kg). Results showed that in general the greatest score is dedicated to Hayward with more ripeness and moisture of 20 %. The least score is of Monty with less ripeness and moisture of 15%.Hayward variety due to better odor and flavor and more soluble sugar, has special advantage. It is concluded that Hayward variety with ripeness of 17% Brix index and moisture of 20% is the best option to make kiwifruit slice.

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One of the most effective surfactants, which is increasingly used to retard the staling of bread, is Sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL). This research was carried out to assess the staling of flat bread containing different levels of SSL with different methods. Therefore, Taftoon bread was baked from dough containing 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75% SSL with standard method, sensory and staling evaluations were done on days 1, 2 and 3 by means of 5 trained panels of referees. Moisture content of the breads was determined in the same days with standard method. The texture of breads was evaluated by tensile, compression and shear tests on days 1, 2, 3 and 4 with Instron. Trained panel of referees could not find any significant difference between the sensory characteristics of breads but showed that chewing ability of the bread containing 0.50% SSL was improved from 5.5 to 6.1. Results of texture measurement showed that the force required to compress, shear, and tensile breads was reduced in breads containing SSL With regard to the results of the other tests; we could reveal that compression test was not suitable for Taftoon bread, which is flat bread and has a low thickness. Moisture of the breads did not change significantly on the tested days. The scores of staling were reduced, although most of them were not significant and this decrease was from 3.4 to 1.8 for the standard and from 3.6 to 2 for the bread containing 0.25% SSL and from 2.4 to 2.6 for the bread containing 0.50% SSL and from 3.7 to 2.4 for the bread containing 0.75 %SSL. Therefore we could conclude that by using sensory evaluation and texture analysis together, we could assess the bread staling.

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The effects of cooking methods on sensory attributes and physical properties (firmness, normal shear, cooking loss and color based on L*, a* and b*) of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillet was investigated. The study was based on application of autoclavingat 120 °C for 5 and 10 minutes, deep frying of the flour coated fillet at 180 °C for 2 and 5 minutes and microwaving at 600 watt for 2, 4 and 6 minutes. Cooking loss significantly differed among the cooking methods, the highest of which occurred in 6 minute microwaved treatment. The highest and the least color changes were, respectively, recorded in coated fillet fried for 5 minute and for 2 minute microwaved fillet treatment. In terms of normal shear results, control and 2 minute fried fillet treatment had the hardest tissue, respectively. Also the penetrate tests revealed a significant difference between control and other treatments (p< 0.05) as the hardest tissue was the one that fried for 5 minute and the softest one was the control. However, the highest score was allocated to the fried and 6 minute microwaved treatments by the panelists. Based on the sensory evaluation, fillet fried for 5 minute was found as a preferred cooking method.

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According to mainly importance of the sensory characteristics of meat products from consumer viewpoint, increasing of the consumption of meat products, the existing articles addressed in literature about of principally effect of fat, water and fat replacers on sensory characteristics of meat products, this research carried out for evaluation of sensorial characteristics of high fat sausage and low fat sausages with 60% meat in National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Gooshtiran company in 2006. This study was done by explorer and experimental methods. The treatments were produced in three replicates totally twenty one formulas. Sensory characteristics of all treatments as colour, taste, juiciness, firmness and palatability evaluated by 8 trained panelists using eight-point scale and acceptability evaluated by 31 in-house panelists using ranking test. The main treatments (three replications) were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and then the means were compared with Mann-Whitney U. Spearman,s rho Correlation were used to determine the correlation among sensory characteristics of treatments. All low fat formulas had higher red colours and were juicy and more acceptable than the control (P<0.05) but were not significantly different in taste and firmness. Colour was medially and positively (r =0.55) correlated with firmness. The correlation between colour and taste (r =0.47) and correlations between taste with juiciness (r =0.41) and firmness(r =0.38) was weakly and positively (P<0.05). The significant correlations were not observed between palatability and acceptability and with each other sensory characteristics. Juiciness was negatively correlated with firmness but was not significantly different. As a result, there is possibility of sensory evaluation of produced sausages and can be as criteria for selection of the best formulation.It is recommended that evaluation of sensory characteristics and the application of panelists be studied in future researches for formulation and production of meat products.

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  Over the past few decades, microwave processing and its high potential capabilities has attracted food scientists where they preferred to replace the old and time-bearing prevalent methods with this swift and simple method. Application of microwaves for microencapsulation is an innovative and new method in which the core and shell were combined at an appropriate ratio and treated by microwaves in order to microencapsulate the core material by coating one. In this research, the citric acid powder at two various size (100–500 and <100 micron) was microencapsulated at different ratios (1:5 and 1:10) by casein and inulin, at various microwave powers (up to 1200 W) for 50 to 250 seconds. Findings of qualitative evaluation of microcapsules by laboratory binocular, scanning electron microscope photographs as well as particle size analysis illustrated that the optimum conditions namely ratio and microwave power for microencapsulation of citric acid by both casein and inulin were 1:10 and 1200 W with slightly different treating time where it was 150 and 50 seconds, respectively. In the next step, these two microcapsules along with uncoated citric acid powder as well as commercial microcapsules of citric acid were added to the ribbon type chewing gum and the sensory evaluation regarding texture, stability of sour taste and aftertaste was done by a semi-trained taste panel. The findings revealed that in terms of sour taste stability and aftertastes, the chewing gum containing citric acid microencapsulated with inulin had highest score whereas with regard to texture one treated with the commercial microcapsules gained the highest score. In addition, the lowest sensorial scores were belonged to samples which treated by citric acid microencapsulated with casein. Finally, for the first time on a real foodstuff the practical capability of this novel, simple, low cost, and rapid microencapsulation technique was confirmed.

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  The date powder produced from ″Shahani″ variety under optimize condition (600 mmHg vacuum and 75 ^°C) was used in formulation of chocolate toffee as sweet replacer in proportion of 25, 50, 75 and 100 % of sugar which is commonly utilized. Then, texture, color and energy content of product were compared with a blank sample having no date powder. Finally, organoleptic qualities of the produced toffee (odor, flavor, chewiness, sweetness, apparent color) were evaluated by a group of 30 panelists. Statistical results showed that the samples with 50% (odor: 3.2; flavor: 3.5; chewiness: 3.4; sweetness: 3.5 and apparent color: 3.7 score) and 75% (odor: 3.5; flavor: 3.3; chewiness: 3.6; sweetness: 3.3 and apparent color: 3.5 score) of date powder had the highest score in comparison with common chocolate toffee.    

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  This study carried out at industrial and laboratorial scale to produce a by- product from pistachio (pistacia vera) named "Pistachio butter" for the purpose of finding a way for better use of shut-mouth pistachios which are not be used as dried nuts, and also considering the importance and global fame of pistachio which Iran has about more than 50% of world production .To do this descriptive- explorative study, pistachios (CT: Fandoghee- Ibraheemi with 16% shut-mouth) were gathered from Kerman gardens, then peeled, milled and mixed with additives containing lecithin, antioxidant, sugar (or salt) and flavoring agents (cardamom and vanilla) and finally packed after kneading and preparing by using pistachios with third skin or peeled. Chemical components of the products also measured according to the standard operations. Produced samples, difference, dependence and relationship of them preparing, by using pistachios with third skin or peeled .At first, 4 treatments from every group of sweet or salt base were made. Then, Sensory evaluations for flavor of treatments were carried out by 5 member instructed sensory panelists, based on scoring test. Treatment with 30% sugar from sweet flavor and treatment with 1% salt from salt flavor were selected which had significant difference with other treatments (p<0.05). Then two selected treatments on society were evaluated by paired preference evaluating method. Sweet base was preferred with significant difference (P<0.05). By selecting sweet base in society, sweet base pistachio butter with vanilla and cardamom were made and again were sensory evaluated by instructed panelists using scoring method. According to the received results pistachio butter with 40% sugar in vanilla treatments and pistachio butter with 30% sugar in cardamom treatments were selected because of no significant difference with 50% sugar treatment and having significant difference with 15% sugar treatment. Two preferred treatments were evaluated by paired preference method on society again, which there was no significant difference between two treatments. At last for studying effect of shelf life on flavor , after 5 months , vanilla and cardamom treatments were evaluated by ranking method using in – house panel, which cardamom treatment with 30% sugar and vanilla one with 40% sugar were selected because of having significant difference with the others ( p<0.05). Physicochemical characteristics of every produced sample with different percents of sugar in vanilla and cardamom treatments were measured. Determining shelf life in durations of 15, 30,45,60,90 and 120 days were done by measuring peroxide and acidity index in terms of oleic acid noting related standard which the result showed high stability in pistachio butter. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics in form of mean and standard deviation were used for quantitative parameters and physicochemical characteristics For sensory characteristics, depend on cases, variance analysis and LSD test, ranking method and freedman test and also two sentence two scope test were used.

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  Soy bean is a rich source of protein and has nutritional and health benefits due to the presence of phytostrogen and its role on prevention of disease, such as cancer- gained much popularity among its consumers. These days variety of soy bean products produced in food industry, eg. soy milk and fermented soy milk. Sensory evaluation of soy milk and soy yogurt have indicated that there is beany flavor which is objectionable to some consumers. In this study chemical, physiochemical and sensorial tests were done on samples of soy yogurt. Nine formulas of soy yogurt were prepared. The ratio of soy milk: cow milk were 70:30, 80:20 and 90:10 and gelatin added  as stabilizer by the percent of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 were used. To achieve a higher total solid and also to improve flavor and aroma of finished product, 2.5 percent non fat dry milk and 1.5 percent whey protein concentrate were added. Viscosity, synersis, acidity, pH and sensory test of formulas were done. Viscosity increased and synersis decreased significantly with the addition of cow milk to soy milk but overall acceptability did not show any significant difference. Sensory analysis of soy yogurt indicated that fortification with 30 percent cow milk and 0.4 percent gelatin gained higher score, when compared with other formulas. To the selected formula with highest score, 5, 10 and 15 percent strawberry flavor was added. Sensory analysis of flavored soy yogurt indicates that fortification with 15 percent strawberry has significantly higher acceptability compared with other formulas.  

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  According to increasing trend of the consumption of ready to use leafy vegetables, mainly impact of freezing on sensory attributes of the vegetables and necessity of determination of the best conditions for frozen storage of leafy vegetables, this research carried out for determination of the best frozen storage time and temperature of Allium ampeloprasum, Lepidium sativum and Stureia hortensis mixtures. This study was done at first for storage of ready to use and comminuted leafy vegetables entitled Ghormeh Sabzi mixture in -9, -12 and -18°C as well as 120, 150 and 180 days by explorer method. At second for frying of vegetables of Ghormeh Sabzi and comparison of sensory attributes of freezed vegetables at each month by experimental method. Sensory attributes all treatments containing color, taste and acceptability were evaluated and compared statistically. The results of freezing temperature in 3 times indicate that color in -18°C is the first rank (P≤0.05). Flavour has the first rank in -18°C in 120 and 150 days but flavour in 180 days in -12°C is the first rank without significant difference with -9°C and -18°C. Furthermore, acceptability in -18°C in 3 times is the first rank. The results of freezing time during 3 temperatures indicate that color, flavour and acceptability are not significantly different. The research results indicate that sensory attributes of the vegetables during 180 days frozen storage is affected by freezing temperature mainly rather than freezing time.  

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A structural study of traditional Iranian breads, in relation with staling has been carried out in this research by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) employment. Popular Iranian flat breads of Barbari, Lavash an sangak were selected and stored up for durations  of  24, 48 and 72 hours. During these time intervals, staling  phenomenon occurred but the rate was varied among different bread kinds. It is evident that staling progress with time lapse, but it is different for 24, 48 and 72 hours of storage times. Microscopic study showed a quicker process of staling in Barbari bread during the first 24 hours of storage. Sensory evaluation was done for all the samples in respective time intervals. Results indicated no significant differences among panel judgements while there existed significant structural differences among bread samples. All samples became staled as compared with control, but Barbari bread became more stale as compared with  Lavash and Sangak. Overall results reveal that retrogradation of starch granules occurs during storage of bread, particularly at time lapses of 48 and 72 hours. Staling phenomenon occurred in all breads while its rates was different. In addition, it was shown that coagulation of gluten network during baking and its intensity during storage was an important factor. Flour components, baking conditions, time and baking process were also important interventing factors.

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Effect of gamma irradiation on total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) and sensory evaluations of Indian white shrimp (P. indicus) held frozen (-18˚C), for 9 months and every 1.5 months, was studied. TVB-N values increased gradually during the storage period rn and decreased with increasing irradiation dose that reached 20.64, 27.45, 34.14, 35.45 mg N/100g flesh, respectively for irradiated and control samples. Also with organoleptic evaluation indicated that, shelf-life of 5, 2.5 KGy samples increased up to 3 months and 1 KGy samples increased up to 1.5 months compared to control samples. rn  

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The red color of pomegranate juice is primarily associated with anthocyanin pigment. Studies showed that anthocyanin has low stability during processing and storage time and color of pomegranate juice decreased significantly over time. Copigmentation between Anthocyanins and copigments such as phenolic acids and flavonoids, is the main color stabilizing mechanism and is regarded today as one of the significant factors of structure stabilization, colorant of Anthocyanin under in vivo conditions. Anthocyanin copigmentation gives brighter, stronger and more stable colors than those expressed by anthocyanin alone. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of Ferulic acid and Tannic acid in concentrations of 230, 460, and 920 mg/lit on the color stability and sensory acceptance of pomegranate juice kept in 5°C during 60 days of storage. In order to investigate the color stability, change in absorption maximum wavelength (Δλmax) and change in maximum absorbance (ΔAmax), Total color difference (ΔE), and total anthocyanin content, all treatments and control were evaluated by spectrophotometer, hunterlab colorimeter, and HPLC respectively in day 1,10,20,30, and 60 in 5°C. Furthermore, the sensory acceptance level of samples was evaluated by trained panelists in first and 60th day in 5°C. The results showed that Total anthocyanin content, Redness (a*), maximum absorbance (Amax), and absorption maximum wavelength (λmax) in treated samples with 230, 460, and 920 mg/lit of Ferulic acid and in treatment with 920 mg/lit Tannic acid increased significantly (P<0.05) during storage period of 60 days compare with the control. Increase in Ferulic acid and Tannic acid concentration decreased the sensory acceptance significantly (P<0.01), Also in treatments with 230, 460, 920 mg/lit of Ferulic acid, the sensory acceptance was higher compared to similar concentrations.

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The purpose of this study was to measure sensory, chemical, microbial, freshness and shelf life of packaged Tilapia fillets by vacuum and modified atmosphere methods compared to fillets packaged by aerobic method at refrigeration. Methods: Treatments consisted of Tilapia fillets packaged by vacuum and modified atmosphere methods. The fillets packaged by aerobic method were as control samples. Findings: TVB-N, PV, TBARS, total bacterial count, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas bacteria, sensory parameters and freshness showed significant differences in experimental and control treatments (P<0.05). The studied factors did not show significant difference in modified atmosphere treatments compared to vacuum treatments (p> 0.05). Coliform, Escherichia coli and anaerobic bacteria were not observed in experimental and control treatments. Sensory evaluation and frshness were better in modified atmosphere treatment compared to vacuum treatment (p> 0.05). Chemical, microbial, sensory factors and freshness had significantly different in the experimental treatments compared to the control sample (p<0.05). The experimental and control treatments had good quality during 14 and 6 days at refrigeration. Conclusion: Considering the absence of significant differences in microbial and chemical quality of experimental treatments and higher sensory evaluation and freshness of modified atmosphere treatment compared to other treatments, modified atmosphere packaging method is recommended for packing Tilapia fish fillet at refrigerator temperature.

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The study of thermal processing on Persian Sturgeon caviar (Osetra) properties (color-texture) through pasteurization and determination of kinetic changes can be used for selection of suitable time-temperature combination to have a high quality product. In this study thermal processing was carried out at 55, 60, 65, 70, and 75°C for 120, 90, 70, 50 and 40 minutes, respectively, then textural indexes(hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness, packability, maximum force) and sensory properties of pasteurized caviar(appearance, odor, texture and taste) were investigated. The result showed that the packability of caviar samples was decreased between 55^oc to 70^oc but it was increased at 75^oc temperature but the other textural properties (hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness, maximum force) were increased with increasing pasteurization temperature. The study of panelists’ sensory evaluation result showed that the temperature of 75^oc in comparison with 55^oc and 65^oc caused significant differences) P<0.01) in appearance, texture and taste of pasteurized products.

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Citrus peel is a natural source of antioxidants and the use of its natural extracts to improve the quality of fish is increasing. The effect of orange peel extract on the chemical and sensory properties of Huso huso fillet when refrigerated (4±1 °C) was investigated. In this study, fish fillets with aqueous solutions of ethanolic extract of orange peel (w / w 5%) or (5 ml of extract in 100 ml of solvent), orange peel extract (w / w 6%) and orange peel extract (w / w 7%) were tested as natural preservatives for 30 minutes. Control samples were immersed in distilled water for 30 minutes. Control and treated samples were packed with ethanolic extract of orange peel and stored for 15 days. Samples are then taken at regular intervals for chemical properties of pH, free fatty acid (FFA), peroxide (PV), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), total volatile nitrogen bases (TVB-N) and sensory evaluation (texture, color, odor and acceptance) were studied. Analysis of the results of chemical tests and sensory evaluation showed that orange peel extract maintains good quality characteristics and increases the shelf life of fish samples during storage at refrigerator temperature. 7% orange peel extract and then 6% and 5% orange peel extract significantly (P <0.01) delayed the oxidation and hydrolysis of fat in the samples that treated with the Orange peel extract.

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In the recent years application of safe methods for flour bleaching instead of chemical agents, such as benzoyl peroxide, is concerned. The researchers showed that ultrasound exposure could be used to improve the oxidation process by aeration. In this study, at first the effect of sonication condition, amplitude (20,50,70% ) and  time (1,3,5 min) and then the effect of soy flour in three levels (4,8,12 %) on color(L^* ,a^*  ,b^*  values),porosity, staling and sensory properties of pan bread were investigated. Results showed that sonication could improve color, texture, overall acceptance and delayed staling of pan bread. Sonication with 70% amplitude in 5 min was the best treatment. Treatment containing 4% soy flour had the best porosity texture and sensory properties. In comparison between sonication and soy flour addition, sonication was the best treatment for improving color, texture and delay staling.  

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Raisin is a principal traditional export product of Iran and has occupied a special position in the foreign trade of the country. During storage period, the product turns sticky and hard due to exudates syrup and moisture loss. To overcome this problem the application of edible coating suggests being of proper assistance. Edible coating may enhance the boundary layer resistance resulting enhanced shelf life of product. In this research the method of Accelerated Shelf Life Testing (ASLT) used for evaluation of storage and sensory properties (texture, colorو taste and overall acceptability) of raisin .Raisin was treated with coating materials based on lipid (glyceryl monoestearate and carnauba wax) with 150 ppm essential oil of thyme (thymus vulgaris) and stored at 20, 35 and 50^oC for 12 weeks. During this period of storage sensory properties were evaluated and estimate the modeling shelf life of raisin. Results showed that coating, affect on texture and color significantly and caused increasing shelf life of raisin. Temperature and storage time also showed significant effects on total sensory attributes. Maximum shelf life (394 days) determined at 20 ^oC for carnauba wax coating with essential oil of thyme based on overall acceptability   and linear regression and second order function had best fit with R²≥0.94 for all of treatments.  

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This study investigated the effect of different methods of cooking on quality characteristics of chicken breast fillet. This assay applied 120 °C autoclaving for 5 and 10 minutes, 180 °C deep frying for 5 and 8 minutes and 600 watt microwaving for 3, 6 and 9 minutes  and compared cooking loss, hardness, normal shear, toughness, L*a*b* color parameters and sensory attributes of cooked chicken fillet. The cutting tests demonstrated that 5 minute deep fried treatment and control experienced the lowest hardness respectively, while the 9 minute microwaved treatment showed the highest hardness and toughness (P<0.05). The 8 minute deep fried (without any flour cover) treatment showed the highest brightness (L*) and lowest redness (a*) values. It must be mentioned that deep fried treatments gained the highest sensory preferences with lowest cooking loss percentage. The study revealed that deep frying is the best cooking method of chicken breast fillet in order to achieve better color, cooking loss, texture and sensory attributes.

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