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Showing 34 results for Shiraz
Volume 2, Issue 8 (9-2005)
Abstract
Mirhashemi , M. ,Ph.D.
Abstract:
Maktabi Shirazi, an outstanding poet of the late 9th and early 10th century, has a versified story entitled “Leili-va-Majnoon” comprising over 2160 Couplets. This imaginative poetic work is a specimen of Nezami’s “Leili-va-Majnoon”. Among specimens of Nezami’s work, Maktabi’s literary work is a successful one.
The characteristics of Maktabi’s poem include: dealing with principles of tale’s actions; avoiding from strange descriptions; using the conversational words and explanations very frequently, using nice and in several cases new compounds; using some archaic applications of words, grammar and syntax; creating various images and using exaggeration.
Volume 3, Issue 5 (8-2018)
Abstract
This article whit a descriptive-analytic method studied and compared two poet’s descriptions about the nature’s perspective. Conclusion: After comparing two poets various description subjects the research conclusions show that they enjoyed a nice and subtle humor as well as sweet speech and rich hobby, that provided for them a great power to describe the nature. Some of their descriptions of the nature have the color of the aristocracy. It seems that Mutran in describing some elements of the nature was under the influence of Arabic literature and Qaani influenced of Persian literature.
Volume 3, Issue 9 (7-2006)
Abstract
In this study, 70 ice cream shops, in the city of Shiraz, were randomly selected and ranked into 3 grades (1 to 3) according to the apparent hygienic condition of the shops and their workers. Seventy traditional Iranian ice cream samples were collected and total bacterial count, enterobacteriacae count, Staphylococcus aurous coagulase positive count, E. coli, Salmonella as well as acidity, milk solids non fat (MSNF), fat and total solids were examined, in accordance with the Iran national standard. Nearly all samples failed for total bacterial count whereas, only 92.6% of samples failed for enterobacteriacae count, 36.6% for staphylococcus count, 20% for E. coli contamination, 7.8% for acidity, 80% for MSNF, 70% for fat content and 1.5% for dry matter. Salmonella was not detected in any sample. Staphylococcal count was high in 50% of grade 3 and 16.7% of grade 1 shops and the difference was significant between the two types of shops. In other experiments, no significant difference was observed among the various grades of shops. This study showed that traditional Iranian ice cream produced in Shiraz had low hygienic qualities and potentially high risk for consumers and there is no significant correlation between apparent hygienic condition of shops and their workers and the hygienic quality of their products. In addition, the nutritional value of this product, as a dairy source, may be undesirable.
Volume 4, Issue 1 (4-2023)
Abstract
Aims: Movement is a means for percipience the urban space and the concept of the city is expressed through movement within it. But today, the image of the city that can be seen while moving (whether on foot or on horseback), it does not induce a concept other than relocation and transfer.
Methods: the research method is descriptive-analytical (content analysis), in order to objectively and qualitatively describe the content of the concept of movement and rest, using texts and documents (written, oral and visual) in a systematic and purposeful way.
Findings: Positive and purposeful movement in cities and meaningful moment (a movement that during going somewhere, be positive impact on the sensibilities of the citizens), and the rest that calms the audience in urban spaces, it has not been seen in modern city. the point of this research is recognition of principle of movement and rest, and its application in organization urban movement systems.
Conclusion: the case study, is the Quran Gate of Shiraz, which is a successful example in applying the principle of movement and rest in all its dimensions. according to research conducted in order to organize urban movement systems it is necessary to pay special attention to the spiritual dimension of movement (meaning to movement and rest) and change the single-movement system (in the past) to simultaneous movement systems (in today's cities).Volume 5, Issue 4 (12-2023)
Abstract
Introduction
Diplomacy is interaction with societies for securing benefits, increasing influence and reducing vulnerability through the least cost and efforts to prevent hostilities and increase political and economic cooperation and exchange of knowledge, art and preparation of foreign relations. Management diplomacy is a non-violent method with the aim of achieving interests and values and improving the political and economic position of a country in the world. Through official and unofficial representatives, diplomacy helps the government collect, coordinate and secures the public interests of the country. After the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 and the emergence of nation-based government, the principles of diplomacy were established, though their history goes back to before Westphalia. Since the traditional diplomacy is only concerned with affairs between governments, the management of relations between countries, and the search for national interests, it is unable to respond to the current complexities of the world. Because after the Cold War, power has spread on a wider level [5], and the national sovereignty and the monopoly of the governments are weakening. At the beginning of the 21st century, NGOs and multinational companies played an increasing role in diplomacy. On this same basis, public diplomacy is the establishment and review of interaction between new players in the international arena beside the governments.
Cities and urban institutions are international actors that have created the new concept of urban diplomacy. Relying on the increasing attention to the economy and economic activities and aligning with the process of globalization and with proper use of diplomacy, cities are trying to protect their interests against the challenges of the global economy and the expansion of the security field in the appropriate and specific area of relations, i.e., the global network of cities, to increase opportunities in the fields of Foreign capital attraction, technology transfer, export of services and expansion of foreign trade. In this way, cities want to find a superior position in the field of global decision-making. Therefore, to reduce and monitor conflicts along with peace, interaction and sustainable income for local and global citizens, urban diplomacy is a set of urban policy tools and processes, institutions and economic, political, social and cultural arrangements of urban management in the form of local governments.
Urbanization is directly tied to modernization, industrialization and the wisdom-based sociological process. Today in the world, cities are more important than any issue, and as a political-social unit, they are growing in terms of power in the age of globalization. Cities are the driving force behind the development and economic growth of countries and more income, better health, and a better life; all indications of the reasons for urbanization's growth.
research method
The method of this research is mixed in that, according to the qualitative and quantitative data, the analysis tools and methods are inevitably qualitative and quantitative as well. The present article tried to use different tools, such as document and library fields, interviews and websites. The research is theoretical-applied and descriptive-analytical according to its nature and method. In accordance with the library data, four main components of the research were identified, and corresponding to them, indicators that can act as effective factors of sisterhood relationships in urban development were extracted.
Research findings
Based on the library sources and data and the background of the research conducted in the first step on the establishment of sisterhood relations between metropolises and urban development, twenty-six important indicators were identified. In the second step, these twenty-six indicators were placed into four main components, including: 1) political and sustainable security; 2) economic development; 3) development of human resources; and 4) socio-cultural development. The political component, sustainable security and human resources development have six indicators each, and the economic development and socio-cultural development components have seven indicators each.
conclusions
In establishing sisterhood relations, urban diplomacy and its impact on the urban development of Shiraz metropolis, the results obtained from two categories of library and field sources show some effective factors. According to the amount of research, a variety of indicators were identified in this field, which are placed and analyzed in four basic components: 1) political and sustainable security; 2) economic development; 3) human resources development; and 4) socio-cultural development. The findings showed that, compared to the past, sister city ties have had a great impact on the development of Shiraz metropolis.
Expansion of the globalization process of metropolises in bilateral and multilateral arenas and in the political, economic, social and cultural fields has a significant impact on strengthening the growing international interactions, realizing foreign policy goals and securing the interests of governmental and non-governmental actors in the international arena. The communication of cities in the process of multilateral interactions of economy and global politics and bilateral political and economic cooperation emphasizes the role of local officials as vital elements in order to strengthen friendly relations, resolve international conflicts, improve inter-nation and inter-city relations, and make appropriate use of diplomacy to increase opportunities in the fields of attracting foreign capital, transferring new technologies, exporting services, expanding foreign trade, strengthening the tourism industry, getting access to global markets, and protecting human interests against global problems and challenges. Shiraz metropolis also seeks to develop diplomacy with a number of cities in other countries through the conclusion of sisterhood agreements and various memoranda of understanding. Despite the opportunities and necessities that Shiraz has for the presence and promotion of productivity in the field of urban diplomacy, due to numerous obstacles, it does not have a suitable position in the field of urban diplomacy. Considering the obstacles of foreign relations and sanctions at the international level, paying attention to Shiraz's active role in the field of urban diplomacy is a double necessity. In this regard, goal-setting and macro-policy, as well as institution-building, planning and capacity-building with the aim of Shiraz cooperation in the field of urban diplomacy and playing an active role on international scientific, professional and specialized forums, are accessible due to its high capacity. The urban management complex, i.e., councils and municipalities and other service organizations, can benefit from seeking participation and maximum Participation by using the tools of active urban diplomacy in international urban organizations and, through each other's successful experiences, actively participating in global and local governance.
Volume 6, Issue 4 (11-2018)
Abstract
Aims: One of the most commonly used applications in forestry is the identification of single trees and tree species compassions using object-based image analysis (OBIA) and classification of satellite or aerial images. The aims of this study were the valuation of OBIA and decision tree (DT) classification methods in estimating the quantitative characteristics of single oak trees on WorldView-2 and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images.
Materials & Methods: In this experimental study Haft-Barm forest, Shiraz, Iran, was considered as the study area in order to examine the potential of Worldview-2 satellite imagery. The estimation of forest parameters was evaluated by focusing on single tree extraction using OBIA and DT methods of classification with a complex matrix evaluation and area under operating characteristic curve (AUC) method with the help of the 4th UAV phantom bird image in two distinct regions. Data were analyzed by paired t-test, multivariate regression analysis, using SPSS 25, Excel 2016, eCognation v. 8.7, ENVI, 5, PCI Geomatica 16, and Google Earth 7.3 Software.
Findings: The base object classification had the highest and best accuracy in estimating single-tree parameters. Basic object classification method was a very useful method for identifying Oak tree Zagros Mountains forest. With using WV-2 data, the parameters of single trees in the forest can extract.
Conclusion: The accuracy of OBIA is 83%. While UAV has the potential to provide flexible and feasible solutions for forest mapping, some issues related to image quality still need to be addressed in order to improve the classification performance.
Materials & Methods: In this experimental study Haft-Barm forest, Shiraz, Iran, was considered as the study area in order to examine the potential of Worldview-2 satellite imagery. The estimation of forest parameters was evaluated by focusing on single tree extraction using OBIA and DT methods of classification with a complex matrix evaluation and area under operating characteristic curve (AUC) method with the help of the 4th UAV phantom bird image in two distinct regions. Data were analyzed by paired t-test, multivariate regression analysis, using SPSS 25, Excel 2016, eCognation v. 8.7, ENVI, 5, PCI Geomatica 16, and Google Earth 7.3 Software.
Findings: The base object classification had the highest and best accuracy in estimating single-tree parameters. Basic object classification method was a very useful method for identifying Oak tree Zagros Mountains forest. With using WV-2 data, the parameters of single trees in the forest can extract.
Conclusion: The accuracy of OBIA is 83%. While UAV has the potential to provide flexible and feasible solutions for forest mapping, some issues related to image quality still need to be addressed in order to improve the classification performance.
Volume 6, Issue 23 (10-2013)
Abstract
Multiple theories are proposed in respect of cognitive linguistics among which, "conceptual metaphor" and "image schema" have the highest importance. image schemas are some structures of cognitive process which are formed because of the physical experience of human in contact to the external world and provide the possibility for understanding and analysis of abstract concepts. Image schema have different species such as, containment¬¬ Schemas , path Schemas , force Schemas. Cycle Schemas is one of the kinds of image schemas which can be formed by natural or conventional mapping. Abstract concepts of cycle schemas in the poems of Sa’di can be placed in to three categories: 1) request; 2)complaint; 3)desertion. And the abstract concepts of cycle schemas in the poems of Hafez can be placed in to three categories: 1) request; 2)complaint; 3)submission. The cognitive analyses obtained from the cycle schemas of these poets include: 1) sa’di’s understanding of time movement is liner and Hafez’s understanding of it is circular. 2) sa’di’s liner movement understanding indicates to realization and Hafez’s circular understanding indicates to his idealization. 3) Because of liner movement understanding Sa’di is placed in to tragic human-being group and due to circular movement understanding Hafez is regarded as spic human. 4) The form of the vocabularies’application and general structure of the poems indicate to the decentralization of Sa’di and centralization of Hafez.
Volume 7, Issue 3 (12-2017)
Abstract
Man is considered as a successor to God Almighty on the earth in Islamic teachings. Therefore, man as the Divine Caliph should seek to manifest those qualities that lead to an environment conducive to human life and the development of the earth. When encountering phenomena and his own actions, he must observe some principles, the most important of which such as the observance of justice can be inferred from the nature (as the divine creation). To understand the fundamental of a school of thought that fosters the protection of the nature and natural elements as a strong culture and belief in a given society, one needs to take into account the origins of such a school. When encountering the nature and natural components, the Iranian culture uses the Holy Quran as one of the most important sources whose teaching and doctrines form and direct the Iranian culture.
Addressing the components of natural identity affecting architecture and as emphasized in Quranic verses and traditions, this paper explores natural elements as the main variables of “life” and their role in the Islamic-Iranian residential architecture especially “yards”. In current study, residential architecture of Shiraz is like link in the chain that links two introspective and extrovert architecture in central points and other points of Iran.
In total, Shiraz residential architecture and its houses has been dedicated this city. In general, it can be said that one of the richest examples of residential culture of Iranian architecture is in Shiraz traditional houses.
The historical houses constructed in Zand, Qajar and Pahlavi eras were used as the sample under study. In addition, some solutions were provided for the current period so that thinkers can be able to take into account the pure Islamic life. Selective houses include Mohtasham house, Kazamzadeh house and Akbari house from Zand era, Forough-al-molk house, Manteghi-nejhad house and Atrvash house from Qajar era. Also, Shapouri house, Mohandesi house and Rashali house from Pahlavi era have been studies as other samples.
The main questions:
Are there any climate elements in Shiraz residential architecture of zand, Qajar and Pahlani eras?
How climate elements have been effective on identity of architectural form in each period?
So, in this article climatic components and elements effective in Iranian traditional architecture have been studied. These components include wind, sunlight, humidity and plants and some climatic components such as balcony, central courtyard, windows area, height difference between building and courtyard. These parameters have been analyzed in samples case studies.
Research study:
A qualitative research method was used and the data were collected through library sources and documents.
In field studies structure of Shiraz residential architecture has been attention in Zand, Qajar and Pahlavi periods. In sample case studies natural components of identity in architecture have been analyzed as the main parameters.
The results suggest that there is a relationship between verses of the Quran and hadiths and paying attention to “life” and “the issue of residence in the Islamic-Iranian architecture” as manifested in the elements of natural identity in each climate.
Volume 7, Issue 13 (9-2020)
Abstract
The sensitivity of the text of the Qur'an requires careful evaluation of its translation. Such evaluation requires a scientific basis and a comprehensive model. In recent years, evaluators have used Translation evaluation models in evaluation of Quran translation, but those models are not designed to criticize the translation of a sacred text. Given the specific features of the Qur'an, its translation evaluation requires a distinctive and indigenous model. In order to design such a model, it is necessary to examine the models presented in translation studies. To this end, this paper studies the Garces’ model and its efficiency in evaluating the translation of the Qur'an. For this purpose, present paper evaluates the TT-oriented translation of Makarem and looks for efficient and inefficient components of the Garces’ model and its advantages and disadvantages. This study shows that the components of definition, expansion, Transposition, Modulation Explanation, creative expansion, inappropriate expression in TT, elaboration, and Variation in the use of rhetorical figures are the most efficient components in evaluating of Quran translation. On the other hand, Suppression of committed subject, Suppression of marginal text and Moderation in conversational expressions are inefficient and the other components have little efficiency. The advantages of the Garces’ model are its multilevel and minimized components, as well as its special attention to the rhetorical figures. The disadvantages of this model are the general division of the components into positive and negative, regardless of their necessity, some components interference, and the lack of components for discursive cohesion.
Volume 8, Issue 31 (9-2011)
Abstract
Aliakbar Bagheri Khalili, PH.D.
Manireh Mehrabi Kali
Abstract
From the perspective of Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961 AD), the collective unconscious, is the source of historical experiences and these experiences are manifested through ancient patterns. Mask, shadow, anima, animos and self/mandala, are the most ancient patterns which are also manifested in literary works. Jung believes that the ancient patterns very effective in the formation and evolution of personality. According to this theory, contrasts and conflicts of personality types and social classes in the poems of Hafez are compatible to mask and shadow of Jung and dictums such as spoiled and distinctness are responsible to define the opposition of shadow mask are responsible. The most important masks of Khawaja Shams al-Din Muhammad are: guardian and, pious. In these shadows, Khawaja shows himself less than what it is, so that there is no or less than what will happen. It has been an attempt to achieve balance, follow through to perfection. In this way, he constructs "I", “mask” and “shadow” bring the unity of the personality of "knavish".
Volume 9, Issue 4 (2-2020)
Abstract
Aims: The present study aims to measure the perceptual quality of sound in the case study of “Darvazeh Isfahan” of Shiraz (a public urban space) in two objective and subjective dimensions.
Participants & Methods: The study method in objective analysis is using acoustic simulation software and measurement of five acoustic components and characteristics of sound including sound pressure level (SPL), sound clarity (C), and sound transmission index (STI). Mental dimension analysis was conducted through direct interviews with people in the space during the day, at three intervals in the morning, noon and afternoon. In the interview process, interviewees were asked to respond to the three components of voice information, voice perception, and auditory rating. Simultaneously, the audio content of the study area was recorded using a calibrated voice recorder.
Findings: The results of the analysis in objective dimension indicate the lack of space acoustic transparency in the contextual and background noise measurement components. Although the audio quality of the sound is normal at all three intervals, in some cases the sound intensity level is poor. The direct sound transmission index is in normal condition. On the subjective side, different audio content was heard over three intervals. In the morning, interviewees identified the buzzing, motorcycling, walking and talking. At noon, in addition to the audio content mentioned, the sound of music was also heard. In the afternoon, motorcycles, cars, and people’s conversations were the main audio content of the space.
Conclusion: Through overlaying the objective and subjective analysis, it has identified the subareas of the study space that have difficulty in perceiving the quality of sound. In summary, location-based urban design solutions for improving perceptual sound quality under problem areas are presented. Despite the fact that the present study might be restricted to a urban space in Shiraz, the findings could impart fruitful information for implicating appropriate acoustic vitality guidelines in urban public spaces.
Participants & Methods: The study method in objective analysis is using acoustic simulation software and measurement of five acoustic components and characteristics of sound including sound pressure level (SPL), sound clarity (C), and sound transmission index (STI). Mental dimension analysis was conducted through direct interviews with people in the space during the day, at three intervals in the morning, noon and afternoon. In the interview process, interviewees were asked to respond to the three components of voice information, voice perception, and auditory rating. Simultaneously, the audio content of the study area was recorded using a calibrated voice recorder.
Findings: The results of the analysis in objective dimension indicate the lack of space acoustic transparency in the contextual and background noise measurement components. Although the audio quality of the sound is normal at all three intervals, in some cases the sound intensity level is poor. The direct sound transmission index is in normal condition. On the subjective side, different audio content was heard over three intervals. In the morning, interviewees identified the buzzing, motorcycling, walking and talking. At noon, in addition to the audio content mentioned, the sound of music was also heard. In the afternoon, motorcycles, cars, and people’s conversations were the main audio content of the space.
Conclusion: Through overlaying the objective and subjective analysis, it has identified the subareas of the study space that have difficulty in perceiving the quality of sound. In summary, location-based urban design solutions for improving perceptual sound quality under problem areas are presented. Despite the fact that the present study might be restricted to a urban space in Shiraz, the findings could impart fruitful information for implicating appropriate acoustic vitality guidelines in urban public spaces.
Volume 9, Issue 37 (3-2021)
Abstract
Abstract
The epic of Khavaran-Nameh, composed by Ibn Hessam Khosfi, is a unique work in the field of literature and painting in the Turkmen era in the 15th century. It is one of the best-known Shi'at books composed in Masnavi style and has been a novelty in Iran’s history of literature and art bearing both epic and religious genres. The first illustrated manuscript of Khavaran-Nameh belongs to the painting school of Shiraz-Turkmen. Along with its literary texts, unique paintings with epic and religious themes were also created and the painter tried to convey the good and evil in different social classes, from the highest attributed to prophets and imams, to the royals, courtiers, ordinary people, and at last, underlings and sinners. The goal of this research, firstly, is studying and identifying the characters existing in the text and illustrations of Khavaran-Nameh, and secondly, it aims to compare their pattern of clothing according to the literary text of the narratives. The research questions are: what is the relationship between the text and the illustration in describing and representing different characters in the paintings and stories of Khavaran-Nameh? What similarities and differences can be observed in diverse clothing of these characters? The results of this study show that the characterizations in the text and the illustrations of Khavaran-Nameh are largely consistent. However, there are certain differences owing to various religious beliefs and artistic tastes. The difference between the text and the illustration is more distinct when the clothing pattern of characters are compared.
There are several studies in the literature concerning Khavaran-Nameh. Tazian-Nameh Parsi is the abstract of the literary text of Khavaran-Nameh (Khusfi, 2003). Butiqayeh Ghesse-haye Boland A’amiane Farsi: Romance-e A’am provides illuminating information on folk literature and supernatural creatures (2019). There are several studies on Khavaran-Nameh that analyze the illustrations, too. Two prominent instances are “Interpretation of Khavaran-Nameh's Paintings: an Iconology Approach” (Akhavani and Mahmoudi, 2018) and “Khavaran-Nameh from the Perspective of Miniature with an Emphasis on the Influential Factors on the Formation of Artwork and the Analysis of its Symbols” (Memarzadeh, 2011).
Aims, research questions, and hypotheses
This study aims to analyze different characters in the text and the illustrations of Khavaran-Nameh as well as the characters’ clothes based on their social status and rank. The questions were posed as follows: What social classes and characterizations have been used in the text and illustrations of the manuscript Khavaran-Nameh? What is the relation between the characters of the narrative and their clothes in the illustrations? It appears that the miniaturist of this manuscript has been under the influence of religious beliefs and has exaggerated some of the epic or religious aspects while disregarding some others.
Data collection
This quantitative and qualitative study was a basic-applied research with an inductive method, and the data were collected through library-based research. The population of the study included the oldest and the most exquisite manuscript of Khavaran-Nameh preserved at the Golestan Palace library in Iran (no. 7570 at the Museum of Decorative Arts). Given the limited number of illustrations in this manuscript, all of them were studied to reinforce the results of the study.
Analysis and discussion
The characters of Khavaran-Nameh were categorized into five groups in the text: social class, gender, age range, literary aspect, and supernatural creatures. In the social class category, the characters were uniform to a large extent in both literary and pictorial content, and thus, common people had not been illustrated. The male characters were uniform both in the text and the illustrations, and as a result, women were illustrated limitedly. The age ranges of characters were not clear in the text and pictures. In the illustrations of characters, the epic-religious aspects are emphasized more than the romantic. Imam Ali is the most important epic-religious character who is the main subject of miniatures. The illustrations of supernatural creatures were more detailed than the text. The type of clothes that have been illustrated in this manuscript were congruent with the customary clothes at the Turkmen period. This type was similar to the Timurids’ who ruled the eastern part of Iran contemporary to the Turkmen; all pieces including headwear, garments, and footwear were completely alike. Except for the headwear, the illustration of the clothes of religious leaders were similar to that of the kings.
The recognition of different clothes was based on the characters categories. In the social class category, religious characters, courtiers, and Pahlevans shared similar type of clothes except for the headwear. The garments of Imam Ali were the most various compared with that of the other characters from all social classes. A noteworthy point in this manuscript was that common people were not illustrated and could not be analyzed. There was no difference between the clothing of women and men; however, the number of women characters was limited. The distinction between the characters' clothes based on the age range was not clear, but the youth's clothes were different. In epic miniatures subcategory, the troops had helmets and battle equipment; however, Imam Ali was in his common clothes. In the religious subcategory, contrary to the common belief, the clothes of religious leaders were not simple and had many decorations. In the two romantic miniatures, women's clothes were simpler than men. In the category of supernatural creatures, the angels' clothes had many decorations similar to the religious characters and the only difference was having a crown and wings and no footwear. The demons had no other clothing than skirts which symbolizes their lowly existence.
References
Abbasi, S. (2019). The Rhetorics of long folk stories in Farsi: popular romance. Ruzegar.
Akhavani, S., & Mahmoudi, F. (2018). Interpretation of Khavaran-Nameh's paintings: an iconology approach. Visual Arts, 23(2), 23-34.
Khusfi, M. (2003). Persian Tazian-Nameh (translated into Farsi by Hamid Allah Moradi). Markaz-e Nashr Daneshgahi.
Memarzadeh, M. (2011). Khavaran-Nameh from the perspective of miniature with an emphasis on the influential factors on the formation of artwork and the analysis of its symbols. Khorasan Socio-Cultural Studies, 19, 162-177.
.
The epic of Khavaran-Nameh, composed by Ibn Hessam Khosfi, is a unique work in the field of literature and painting in the Turkmen era in the 15th century. It is one of the best-known Shi'at books composed in Masnavi style and has been a novelty in Iran’s history of literature and art bearing both epic and religious genres. The first illustrated manuscript of Khavaran-Nameh belongs to the painting school of Shiraz-Turkmen. Along with its literary texts, unique paintings with epic and religious themes were also created and the painter tried to convey the good and evil in different social classes, from the highest attributed to prophets and imams, to the royals, courtiers, ordinary people, and at last, underlings and sinners. The goal of this research, firstly, is studying and identifying the characters existing in the text and illustrations of Khavaran-Nameh, and secondly, it aims to compare their pattern of clothing according to the literary text of the narratives. The research questions are: what is the relationship between the text and the illustration in describing and representing different characters in the paintings and stories of Khavaran-Nameh? What similarities and differences can be observed in diverse clothing of these characters? The results of this study show that the characterizations in the text and the illustrations of Khavaran-Nameh are largely consistent. However, there are certain differences owing to various religious beliefs and artistic tastes. The difference between the text and the illustration is more distinct when the clothing pattern of characters are compared.
There are several studies in the literature concerning Khavaran-Nameh. Tazian-Nameh Parsi is the abstract of the literary text of Khavaran-Nameh (Khusfi, 2003). Butiqayeh Ghesse-haye Boland A’amiane Farsi: Romance-e A’am provides illuminating information on folk literature and supernatural creatures (2019). There are several studies on Khavaran-Nameh that analyze the illustrations, too. Two prominent instances are “Interpretation of Khavaran-Nameh's Paintings: an Iconology Approach” (Akhavani and Mahmoudi, 2018) and “Khavaran-Nameh from the Perspective of Miniature with an Emphasis on the Influential Factors on the Formation of Artwork and the Analysis of its Symbols” (Memarzadeh, 2011).
Aims, research questions, and hypotheses
This study aims to analyze different characters in the text and the illustrations of Khavaran-Nameh as well as the characters’ clothes based on their social status and rank. The questions were posed as follows: What social classes and characterizations have been used in the text and illustrations of the manuscript Khavaran-Nameh? What is the relation between the characters of the narrative and their clothes in the illustrations? It appears that the miniaturist of this manuscript has been under the influence of religious beliefs and has exaggerated some of the epic or religious aspects while disregarding some others.
Data collection
This quantitative and qualitative study was a basic-applied research with an inductive method, and the data were collected through library-based research. The population of the study included the oldest and the most exquisite manuscript of Khavaran-Nameh preserved at the Golestan Palace library in Iran (no. 7570 at the Museum of Decorative Arts). Given the limited number of illustrations in this manuscript, all of them were studied to reinforce the results of the study.
Analysis and discussion
The characters of Khavaran-Nameh were categorized into five groups in the text: social class, gender, age range, literary aspect, and supernatural creatures. In the social class category, the characters were uniform to a large extent in both literary and pictorial content, and thus, common people had not been illustrated. The male characters were uniform both in the text and the illustrations, and as a result, women were illustrated limitedly. The age ranges of characters were not clear in the text and pictures. In the illustrations of characters, the epic-religious aspects are emphasized more than the romantic. Imam Ali is the most important epic-religious character who is the main subject of miniatures. The illustrations of supernatural creatures were more detailed than the text. The type of clothes that have been illustrated in this manuscript were congruent with the customary clothes at the Turkmen period. This type was similar to the Timurids’ who ruled the eastern part of Iran contemporary to the Turkmen; all pieces including headwear, garments, and footwear were completely alike. Except for the headwear, the illustration of the clothes of religious leaders were similar to that of the kings.
The recognition of different clothes was based on the characters categories. In the social class category, religious characters, courtiers, and Pahlevans shared similar type of clothes except for the headwear. The garments of Imam Ali were the most various compared with that of the other characters from all social classes. A noteworthy point in this manuscript was that common people were not illustrated and could not be analyzed. There was no difference between the clothing of women and men; however, the number of women characters was limited. The distinction between the characters' clothes based on the age range was not clear, but the youth's clothes were different. In epic miniatures subcategory, the troops had helmets and battle equipment; however, Imam Ali was in his common clothes. In the religious subcategory, contrary to the common belief, the clothes of religious leaders were not simple and had many decorations. In the two romantic miniatures, women's clothes were simpler than men. In the category of supernatural creatures, the angels' clothes had many decorations similar to the religious characters and the only difference was having a crown and wings and no footwear. The demons had no other clothing than skirts which symbolizes their lowly existence.
References
Abbasi, S. (2019). The Rhetorics of long folk stories in Farsi: popular romance. Ruzegar.
Akhavani, S., & Mahmoudi, F. (2018). Interpretation of Khavaran-Nameh's paintings: an iconology approach. Visual Arts, 23(2), 23-34.
Khusfi, M. (2003). Persian Tazian-Nameh (translated into Farsi by Hamid Allah Moradi). Markaz-e Nashr Daneshgahi.
Memarzadeh, M. (2011). Khavaran-Nameh from the perspective of miniature with an emphasis on the influential factors on the formation of artwork and the analysis of its symbols. Khorasan Socio-Cultural Studies, 19, 162-177.
.
Mahsa Fatemi, Sedigheh Babaei, Fatemeh Mobrraei, Maryam Mobrraei,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Volume 11, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
The current study was conducted to identify the factors affecting the consumption of fishery products by households in Shiraz. All households of Shiraz city were the research population which 381 of them were randomly selected using simple random sampling method. The face validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed by a pilot study among 30 households of Neyriz Fars, respectively (Cronbach's alpha coefficients were computed between 0.62 and 0.83). The results of path analysis indicated that the households` income, the education level of the households` head, hygiene issues and awareness of fisheries products` benefits had a direct, positive and significant effect on the amount of fisheries products consumption by households. Also, the households’ income and hygiene issues had an indirect and positive effect on household attitudes toward fisheries products and then on the amount of consumption of these products through the mediator variables of awareness of fisheries products` benefits, sensory indicators and preference to buy from the direct market of fisheries. Moreover, the direct effect of awareness of the fisheries products` benefits, it had also an indirect and positive effect on the amount of fisheries products consumption by households through the mediator variables of market preference and attitudes toward fisheries products consumption. Finally, the study suggested that the media could play an effective role on modifying the households` attitude toward fisheries products consumption by educating different types of fish cooking methods as well as improving their awareness regarding the fisheries products` benefits.
Volume 11, Issue 42 (2-2014)
Abstract
Gluten-freebakeryproductsisan important rolein the diet ofcoeliac diseaseandshould besupplied a part ofdailyenergy, protein,mineralsandvitaminsofthese patient's needs. Therefore the aim of this study was evaluation of adding BalanguShirazi gum (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1%) on moisture content, specific volume, porosity, crust color (L*, a* and b* values) and sensory properties (overall acceptance) of sorghum gluten-free semi volume Barbaribread. Crust color and porosity were estimated and analyzed by Image J software. The results showed the moisture content and L* value were increased by adding this gum. However the highest specific volume and overall acceptance in sensory evaluationwere observed in sample including 0.5% BalanguShirazi gum. On the other hand the lowest firmness (2hr after baking) was observed in this sample. Also the samples containing 0.25 and 0.5% BalanguShirazigum had the highest porosity and the lowest firmness (72hr after baking).
Volume 11, Issue 44 (9-2014)
Abstract
Tajlil Jalil, PH.D.
Majid Sariyan.
Abstract
Shirazi was one of the prominent poets of Qajarid era. He has authored a number of Farsi literary texts, which have been included within the framework of a number of treatises in one of his hand-written books named Daryaye Kabir. Given that the approach of literary books in the recent centuries has been consideration of previous books, and promotion, education and recitation of these books, it seems that these treatises are based on a number of works which have been written in India prior to the era of Shirazi. This shows the popularity of Indian books on the topics of eloquence in Shirazi’s time, while emphasizing the fact that there were no innovations for promotion of Farsi eloquence up until the days of Shirazi. The shortness and simplicity of the discussions presented by the compiler are two of the features of the discussed treatises.
Volume 12, Issue 2 (2-2021)
Abstract
Abstract
Upon the establishment of Zand government, social situation of Shiraz urban community which was affected by the ruling board entered a new phase. This social diversity led to some changes in the capital. One of the most important changes at this time was the formation of Kharabatian neighborhood and the activities of prostitutes therein. The neighborhood which started its activities following the social plans of the government left behind different changes in many aspects of the urban society of the capital. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the causes for the formation of this neighborhood and its social consequences in the urban society of Shiraz in the Zand era. The study followed a descriptive- analytical method and used the library data to investigate the research problem. The findings show that controlling and managing the political activists in Shiraz, managing the crisis-stricken society after the fall of Safavids, encouraging the activists to reconstruct and improve Shiraz along with the positive attitude of Karim Khan Zand to this group of females all were involved in the development of this neighborhood. Moreover, the whole kharabatian neighborhood provided a good income resource for the Zand government. One of the social consequences of creating this neighborhood is the disorder in the foundation of families. In addition, since this kind of social activity was in contrast with the social and religious beliefs of the people, it created some popular and legal abnormalities by some parts of the capital society.
Upon the establishment of Zand government, social situation of Shiraz urban community which was affected by the ruling board entered a new phase. This social diversity led to some changes in the capital. One of the most important changes at this time was the formation of Kharabatian neighborhood and the activities of prostitutes therein. The neighborhood which started its activities following the social plans of the government left behind different changes in many aspects of the urban society of the capital. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the causes for the formation of this neighborhood and its social consequences in the urban society of Shiraz in the Zand era. The study followed a descriptive- analytical method and used the library data to investigate the research problem. The findings show that controlling and managing the political activists in Shiraz, managing the crisis-stricken society after the fall of Safavids, encouraging the activists to reconstruct and improve Shiraz along with the positive attitude of Karim Khan Zand to this group of females all were involved in the development of this neighborhood. Moreover, the whole kharabatian neighborhood provided a good income resource for the Zand government. One of the social consequences of creating this neighborhood is the disorder in the foundation of families. In addition, since this kind of social activity was in contrast with the social and religious beliefs of the people, it created some popular and legal abnormalities by some parts of the capital society.
Volume 12, Issue 3 (12-2024)
Abstract
Comparative literature is one of the attractive and very valuable and useful trends in the field of literary criticism, and because the methods of research in comparative literature are different and numerous, there are different schools; In such a way that each researcher chooses the appropriate school or method based on his research method. With the emergence of the theory of reception in the last decades of the 19th century, more attention was paid to the role of the reader and the approach of central perception or reception was formalized. One of the research topics in the field of perception theory is the perception of Persian poetry by Arabic language writers and artists. In this context, Hafez Shirazi has attracted the attention of writers and researchers in the field of literature in other languages, and Arabic-speaking writers have a significant contribution in understanding Hafez's poetry. Among the writers who have paid special attention to Hafez's poetry and presented their views in the form of poetry and prose are Ebrahim Amin Al-Shwarabi and Ali Abbas Zulikha. In this research, two writers' interpretations of Hafez's Ghazal 175 are presented and analyzed and compared, and finally, the writer's opinion is presented as the final opinion. In general, it can be said that Al-Shwarabi's interpretation of verses is more comprehensive than Zuleikha's, but in terms of emotions and feelings, Zuleikha's interpretation is superior to Al-Shwarabi's.
Volume 12, Issue 59 (11-2024)
Abstract
Bijan Samandar (b. 1941 - d. 2018) was a Shirazi poet and lyricist known for his dedication to local themes and vernacular language. This study examines Samandar's local poetry, analyzing the Shirazi dialect and elements of folk culture embedded within his verses. Samandar played an essential role in reviving and enriching Shirazi poetry, artfully integrating colloquial expressions that draw upon words, idioms, and proverbs once commonly spoken by the people of Shiraz. Today, these linguistic elements have faded from the standard dialect, and even among current Shirazi residents, some of these terms have been forgotten. The research, conducted through descriptive-analytical methods, reveals that knowledge of Shirazi vocabulary provides significant insights into the folk culture and subcultures of southern Iran, preserving linguistic heritage. Additionally, examining these terms reveals which word groups were prevalent in Samandar’s time. Furthermore, each term is compared with the Lori dialect, demonstrating the closeness of the Shirazi dialect to Lori.
Volume 13, Issue 2 (6-2023)
Abstract
Aim: One of the proposed solutions to reduce energy consumption is to use nature as a source of inspiration. Surveys show that a large part of energy consumption is related to buildings. Considering that the building facade is the boundary between the interior and exterior space, it should be well-designed to reduce energy consumption. One of the solutions is to use an intelligent shading device that controls the entry of daylight in a hot climate.
Method: This research, with its quantitative nature and simulation-modeling research method, has designed a kinetic shell in a building inspired by the movement mechanism of the Rafflesia to control the daylight of the building in the Shiraz climate.
Findings: The research findings indicate that the petals of the Rafflesia performed their opening and closing pattern in five consecutive movements and can act as a kinetic pattern or as a source of inspiration for the movement of the intelligent shading device of the building facade.
Conclusion: In the current research, the petals are considered with triangle geometry, which opens and closes from zero to 45 degrees at the top. In addition, according to the sun’s path from 7 AM to 7 PM, successive steps of opening and closing the flower take place, which can significantly absorb 20% of the radiation and 10% of sunlight hours. Therefore, the movement pattern of the Rafflesia in the hot and dry climate of shiraz has reduced radiation, which shows the optimal performance of the kinetic shading device.
Volume 13, Issue 2 (9-2023)
Abstract
Globalization process and the rapid development of information technologies have not only led to obvious competition between organizations, but this phenomenon can also be observed among universities. In this context, business intelligence (BI) is understood as a process that collects, analyzes, interprets, and disseminates high-value data and information at the appropriate time for use in the decision-making process. The purpose of this research is to provide a model suitable for higher education organizations and finally to measure the readiness of Shiraz University to implement the BI system. For this purpose, this study was conducted in four stages. At first, the factors affecting the readiness of the organization to implement the business intelligence system have been identified using the systematic review method, then the factors have been refined with the opinion of experts using the fuzzy screening method, and as a result, eight dimensions of management hardware infrastructure, project management, BI team, software infrastructure, BI users, organization and organization culture, and 44 indicators were identified and confirmed. After going through the mentioned steps, the identified factors have been weighted by the fuzzy best-worst method. Finally, the readiness of Shiraz University was measured using the obtained model and the opinions of 60 managers, experts and professors of Shiraz University, who were selected in a purposeful judgment, through a questionnaire. The results showed that Shiraz University has the most preparation in terms of business intelligence users, management, business intelligence team, organization culture, hardware infrastructure, project management, organization and business intelligence software infrastructure.