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Moving around the city, in any form, entails various material and immaterial costs. For this reason, any change in these costs quickly reflects in traveler behavior. One of the factors that is easily measurable and whose effect is quickly seen in the reaction of passengers is the change in fares. Usually, when fares or fuel prices change, citizens try to make their choices in a way that will result in the lowest cost. If city managers are fully aware of the possible choices of citizens, they can carry out the necessary planning. For this purpose, this study was conducted in a descriptive and analytical manner. The goal was to determine how changes in fares and other costs drive passenger behavior and how the public transportation system responds to this behavior. The required data was obtained from the Mashhad Municipality Transportation Organization and analyzed using the comprehensive vector auto regression method. The study findings showed that eliminating or reducing the cost significantly changes the use of public transportation. Of course, with these changes, different transportation methods do not accept the same load. In addition, if fare changes coincide with external shocks such as changes in gasoline prices, parking costs, etc., passenger density in public transportation will increase significantly. In this situation, each type of system (bus, subway, etc.) will attract a different share of passengers. In this case, policies should be implemented in a way that, while appropriately responding to citizens, does not cause disruption to the urban transportation system.

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  This study shows the integration of e-commerce and advanced algorithm-based learning to establish a sustainable economic system and foster cultural education. The research also investigates the impact of rural aging on the utilization of several different land types, including arable land, forest land, and transportation land. The incorporation of e-commerce platforms offers advantages such as resource consumption reduction and efficient supply chain management, enabling broader market access and sustainable production and consumption. However, challenges related to data privacy, algorithm bias, and the digital divide need to be addressed for inclusive access. An artificial neural network (ANN) was constructed to analyze the impact of resource consumption and cultural exploration on market access, ethical practices, and data privacy. The ANN predictions showed that cultural exploration is most prominent with restricted market access, while data privacy is inversely related to ethical practices and market access. Regardless of consumption levels, resource consumption leads to increased data privacy. The study also found that rural aging has a significant negative impact on urban, industrial, and transportation land, but no significant impact on arable, forest, and garden land. The impact varies between towns and townships, with rural aging reducing urban and industrial land in towns but promoting the expansion of forest and grassland in townships. The results show the promising avenues for sustainable economic development and cultural education through the integration of e-commerce and advanced algorithm-based learning, while emphasizing the need to address key challenges and the implications of rural aging on land use for sustainable development.

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The main concern in fish transportation is minimizing stress during transportation. In this study, the effect of zeolite and clove essence in terms of transportation on survival and stress rainbow trout was investigated. 4 treatments (each treatment included 3 replicate) including control treatment, clove essence (25 mg/l), zeolite (14g/l) and clove essence (25mg/l) + (14g/l) were considered. 156 fish (with average weight 80 ± 4.4 g) were randomly distributed with a 130 kg/m3 density. At time zero, 6, 12 and 18 hours after starting transportation, survival rates, cortisol and glucose levels (as indicators of stress) were measured and analyzed. In the end, results showed a significant difference in the survival rates that control treatment had the lowest survival rates (P

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Reducing consumption of fossil fuel, is a key effort to promote sustainable development. Transportation sector is one of the most important parts of fuel consumers. Urban form is one of the most important and effective factors in fuel consumption in transportation sector. Urban form includes some criterions such as density, mix land use and internal development of city. In order to reduce fuel consumption in transportation sector, urban form should be changed. This issue is more necessary due to increasing urban population and urban sprawl. Resident’s use of private car increases with distance from city center and lack of proper public transport system. This not only causes increasing of the fuel consumption, but also it increases emission of greenhouse gases, noise pollution and traffic congestion.  The present study has followed explanation of relationship between urban form and energy consumption in transportation sector. For this purpose, the theory of urban form, including compact city, transit-oriented development and Neo-traditional development and studies in other countries are surveyed and analyzed. Research findings indicate that socio-economic characteristics and physical variables and urban form are affected the usage of private car and fuel consumption in transportation sector. This study which is based on the findings of survey and analysis, seeks to develop a general conceptual framework for understanding the effective factors in Households Fuel Consumption in Transportation Sector.

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In the last decade, there has been more attention towards the assessment and improvement of construction  phase embodied energy. In addition to buildings maintenance energy, large amounts of energies are consumed in construction process which is called embodied energy. This research results from recording all types of energies used in construction phase and presenting a numerical calculation method to assess the embodied energy of area unit and also decreasing this energy to its lowest possible limit. In order to achieve the minimum embodied energy, three energy consuming phases are calculated for 1400 square meter case study; which are material embodied energy, transportation energy and erection and on-site energy. Deviation of total embodied energy for the area shows 795.14 GJ/M2 as embodied energy. This digit is a reliable benchmark for comparing these three energy consuming phases and also comparing this construction system with other ones. Total embodied energy it the result of all three parts. But analysis of them shows that it's necessary to substitute some materials with more optimized ones. The result of this substitution decreased the embodied energy to 12.75 GJ/M2 and which is about 1.6% of the first measured embodied energy.

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One of most important requirements for every state in the political management of the national space is development of national and international transportation networks as one of criteria of development. National transportation is in connection with information, thoughts and human movements throughout different regions of the country and also with global system. The main question of the research is that “what is the situation and ranking of the states in the national and international transportation network and which strategies should Iran take regarding its position in this system?” The research method adopted here is descriptive-analytic and data gathering procedure is based on library findings. EXCEL is used to measure the states performance in national transportation network using Matrix and SAR methods. In national transportation, four modes of railroad, road, sea and air are selected, and 6 variants are selected for each of the modes, totally 24 variants. The data are collected for 180 states and then are analyzed. Based on the findings, in national transportation the states are categorized into five categories. Iran is ranked in third category (with global rank 53) and has a middle performance and is ranked 4^th in regional level.

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In a greenhouse experiment, the effects of Glomus intraradices and indigenous mycorrhizal isolates from soils under plow and no-till treatments on the uptake of 32P placed at 1, 2.5 and 4 cm from the roots of white clover (Trifolium repens) in 23, 37 or 46 days after planting were compared.Spores of the indigenous fungi were mostly a mixture of Glomus mossea, G. clarum, G. caledonium and G. claroideum . The colonization of the roots with regard to hyphae, vesicle or arbuscules was significantly different among fungi. Uptake of 32P from different distances from the roots was strongly dependent on the mycorrhizal isolate used and the plant-symbiont age. Indigenous fungi were more effective in translocating 32P from short distances compared with G. intraradices as measured in the plants. At the age of 46 days, for example, fungi from no-till and plowed plots transported 8-10 times more 32P to the plants as compared with G. intraradices, when32P was placed at 1-cm distance from the roots. These differences, however, disappeared when 32P was placed at 2.5 or 4 cm from the roots. As the plant-symbiont grew older, relatively more 32P was translocated to the tops and the differences between fungi in this respect became more pronounced. In 21-, 37- and 46-day-old plants, for example, and when 32P was placed 1 cm from the root surface, 18, 21 and 56%, respectively, of the absorbed 32P was translocated to the tops in plants inoculated with fungi from plowed fields. Progressively lesser amounts of total absorbed 32P were translocated to the tops as 32P was placed farther away from the roots. For example in 46 days after planting 51, 30 and 11% of total absorbed 32P was translocated to the tops when 32P was placed at 1, 2.5 and 4 cm from the roots, respectively, white clovers being inoculated with fungi from no-till soil. It is concluded that the native mycorrhizal fungi , after a long period of different tillage practices, may have different effects on the partitioning of absorbed phosphorus within white clover.

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In Iran, oil products are the most valuable export, 30% of which (Crude Oil) is used domestically every year. Countries like Iran depend heavily on oil revenues. One of the main sectors for consumption of crude oil in Iran is the transportation Industry. This paper aims to measure and estimate fuel productivity in land transportation in Iran using available data from 1973-2003. The function of fuel productivity is estimated using time series analysis, and the co-integration with stationary variables have been accounted and analyzed. At this stage, initially the co-integration variables of the model are known, and then, the structure of the model and the number of optimal orders are identified. The next step however, determines the number of co-integration vectors of the model which eventually with some restrictions estimate the fuel productivity function within the land transportation sectors e.g. rail and road.

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Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the hematological parameters in Cyprinus carpio juvenile feeding of Basilli sp. probiotics in the condition of before and after long distance transports.
Materials & Methods: In this experimental research, 180 carp juvenile were stocked in 2 tanks (capacity 400-L) for 45 days. Fish juvenile in one tank was feeding with multi-strain probiotic (Protexin) were used at a concentration of 1×10⁷ CFU/ liter and fish in the other tank was not consumed probiotic. At the end of the feeding trial, the carp juvenile from both treatments randomly were packed in plastic bags (40-L) at the density of 1kg/bag (~20 fish/bag). The juvenile feeding previously from probiotic were packed in 2 treatments with/or without of NaCl in water. Also, the juvenile feed of the control tank was packed in bags as the control. The bags unpacked after 12h and blood samples were taken from 10 fish in each replicate and hematological parameters were compared among the groups.
Findings: Results indicate that WBC, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, MCV, MCH, MCHC and leukocytes differential count are affected by after transport stress and before the catching (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the amounts of RBC and hemoglobin in experimental treatments (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Based on the results, finding of this study indicated that feeding of common carp juvenile with Basilli sp. probiotics had positive effects on blood parameters after long-distance transportation in plastic baggage, thereby if used in diet, it can be good alternatives to salt.

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The partial differential equations for water flow and solute transport in a two-dimensional saturated domain are rendered discrete using the finite difference technique; the resulting system of algebraic equations is solved using a dynamic programming (DP) method. The advantage of the DP algorithm is that the problem is converted from solving an algebraic system of order NC(NL-1) NC(NL-1) into one of solving a difference equa-tion of order NCNC over NL-1 steps and involving NL-1 matrix inversions of order NCNC. The accuracy and precision of the solutions are shown by comparing the results with an analytical solution and calculation of mass the balance. In addition, the perform-ance of the DP model was compared with the results of the MOC model developed by US Geological Survey. In all cases, the DP model showed good results with sufficient accu-racy.

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Objective: Recent studies suggest that intermittent and prolonged normobaric hyperoxia (HO) results in ischemic tolerance to preventing ischemia brain injury. In this research attempts were made to see the changes in excitatory amio-acid transporter 3 (EAAT3), TNF-α levels, and NF-κB activity following prolonged and intermittent NBHO preconditioning. Materials and Methods: Rats were divided into four experimental groups, each with 21 animals. The first two groups were exposed to 95% inspired HO for 4h/day for 6 consecutive days (intermittent HO; InHO) or for 24 continuous hours (prolonged HO; PrHO). The second two groups acted as controls, and were exposed to 21% oxygen in the same chamber (normobaric normoxia, RA; room air) continuously for six days (intermittent RA, InRA) or for 24 hours (prolonged RA; PrRA). Each main group was subdivided to MCAO-operated (middle cerebral artery occlusion), sham-operated (without MCAO), and intact (without any surgery) subgroups. After 24h, MCAO-operated subgroups were subjected to 60min of right MCAO. After 24h reperfusion, neurologic deficit score (NDS) were assessed in MCAO-operated subgroups. Immediately and 48h after pretreatment, blood sampling for assessment of serum TNF- levels were purformed. Then, the effect of InHO and PrHO on serum TNF- levels, NF-κB activity and EAAT3 expression were measured. Results: Preconditioning with InHO and PrHO decreased NDS and upregulate EAAT3 and increase serum TNF-α level and NF-κB activity significantly. Conclusion: Although further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms of ischemic tolerance, InHO and PrHO seems to partly exert their effects via increase in serum TNF-α levels, NF-κB activity and upregulation of glutamate transporters.

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Tourism is an old concept. Since the 1960's economists in the field of development have referred to tourism as an industry. With the turn of the century the tourism industry has become a major source of income and an important foreign currency provider. According to WTO reports this industry ranks third in securing foreign cash at a worldwide level and after petroleum and automobile industry is the biggest industry. Based on the WTO reports the statistics on tourism have been on an expansion path in all areas. Concomitant with this fact, the planning and investing to take advantage of the benefits of this growing industry has been intense too. Countries with old and historical attractions and ancient monuments have been able to attract more tourists. On the other hand countries with less ancient attractions have tried to attract tourists through other means such as unique recreation centers and natural sceneries. After security, the main factor for the development and progress in the tourism industry in each country is a well established and efficient transportation system. Therefore, paying attention to tourism infrastructure and the underlying facilities such as roads and transportations are major challenges that every country must deal with if they plan to really benefit from tourism. The D-8 countries consisting of Indonesia, The Islamic Republic of Iran, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Turkey, Malaysia, Egypt and Nigeria in their first gathering in the June of 1997 in Istanbul, Turkey formally agreed, among other issues, on mutual and bilateral cooperation in the area of tourism. Therefore, this study is an attempt to evaluate the potentials and also set the grounds for the fulfillment of one of the objectives of the D-8 member states' mandate. In this research a simple method of computing tourism potentials among the D-8 countries for the year 2005 is employed. The results indicate that Indonesia, The Islamic Republic of Iran, Turkey, Malaysia and Egypt have good opportunities in tourism. However, in most cases such opportunities have not been fully utilized..

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Fuild models as one of the precise techniques for gas discharge modelling require swarm parameters. In this paper the continuty equations for electron transport and energy transport to calculate these parameters via electron energy distribution funaction (EEDF) resulted from two-terms approximation of boltzmann equation, are developed. The simualtion and calculation results containing mobility and diffusion cefficient, mobility and energy diffusion coefficient, Townsend coefficient, rate coefficient, consumed power (including elastic and inelastic power loss, the requied power for growth of electrons) for different types of gases (including argon, nitrogen, oxygen, SF6 and air) are presented and evaluated. Also accuracy of some common approximations e.g. assupmtion a Maxwellian EEDF are studied.

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Accessibility planning, because of integrating both land use and transportation system, have a significant role in the process of urban planning and design. significance was proposed since 1950S especially after the war between Israel and Arab nations in 1970S that caused increasing in oil price and criticizing of auto city urban design pattern. This pattern led to separation of living and working locations, urban sprawl, increasing use of car for work trips, more use of fuel and finally air, noise and environment pollutions. One of the important methods for overcoming this problem is accessibility planning. Accessibility means “reducing distance between the locations of home and work” or “easy reach to destination”. The purpose of the research was to investigate inequitable distribution of bus accessibility index. Thus, Hanson’s reformed model was implemented based on population, employment and distance variables between the local boundaries (12 zones) of Mashhad city using geographical information system (GIS). The results of this research showed that dominant transportation system is car usage (27.8% of total trips). Public transportation (bus usage) by 24% of the total of trips stands in the second stage. Mashhad has not any rail routes (monorail or metro). Also the results showed that accessibility value is oriented from northeast to southeast, i.e. toward the new zones of the city’s development plan. Finally, calculations showed that direct accessibility to bus is 88% of area and 86% of population (equivalent to 25.49 Sq km and 342987 people).Therefore, applying of accessibility planning method is necessary for construction of new bus routes or changing of the present bus routes for full coverage of the city especially the deprived areas of Mashhad.

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Abstract- In this study, first the six axle depressed center wagon modeled with computer then its suspension optimized for transporting of high weight transformers in vertical direction on straight rails . For this purpose, We simulate dynamics of depressed center wagon in two ways,one by ADAMS / Rail software and by newton-euler analysis Dynamics method. Non-linear equations of motion and kinematical constraints have been solved in time domain. Then we define parameters that are influence on dynamics behavior of suspension element of the six axle depressed center wagon. In addition, optimization function defined base on Non Operating Shock Specification (NOSS) factor that is factor of Vulnerability when carry transformer. And in the end, suspension of this wagon optimized for Transporting of Transformers by perform many simulations on variation interval of choice parameters. Results show that stiffness of suspension element must change a little to dynamics behavior of depressed center wagon is improved.

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Aims: Procuring enough raw materials is a crucial decision faced by industries’ logistics managers to sustain production lines and improve the competitiveness of an industry within the global market. The current study, therefore, developed a linear-based inventory model with transportation planning to analyze the current procurement network, which is outsourced from different pathways, and propose possible logistic scenarios to improve inbound logistics decisions involving inventory levels and the effort of transporting the logs to the manufacturing destination. In addition, the flow of multiple various raw materials from terminals, private farms and illegal sources was considered. 
Materials & Methods: Since 2017 a large number of forest companies in northern Iran have been in crisis due to insufficient wood supply to retain their production line demands as a result of the logging ban policy over commercial forests. Therefore, they have to purchase logs or trees from far-distant terminals, between 100 and 150 km, and low-quality timbers, either from private farms or illegal sources. This situation has negatively hampered planning of transportation activities and unit delivery costs of raw materials. The model was applied to a realistic region-wide forest covering 23,000 km² with 172 forest companies that stretch across 20 cities in northern Iran. We assessed sensitivity of the model inputs, such as changing inbound logistics through reducing, increasing or removing illegally sourced timbers from the current supply-chain network. 
 

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In most cases, the place of producing and using hazardous materials is not the same and such materials should be transported from the production line to the consumption place. Because of the dangerous nature of such materials, safety indicators and criteria should be considered. More than 90% of hazardous materials transportation in Iran is by road. This shows the importance of attention to the safety factors. Although transportation departments or local governments are responsible for allocating acceptable paths that reduce risk, transportation companies usually look for some paths with lower travel times and fuel consumption. So many methods have been presented for designing the paths of hazardous materials transportation based on the trade -off between costs and risks of the transportation. Almost in all of them the national hazardous materials transport routing has been a decision for the matter in two levels, the government allocates a subset of the transport network to hazardous materials and the transportation corporations, choose their paths from this subset. However, the issue of justice in the distribution of risk is highly regarded in the states because feeling Injustice in received level of risk, might lead to public opposition to the routing of hazardous materials. Therefore in this research some routing models have been proposed. In the first mathematical model, we just consider the safety of paths and two major goals would be pursued. First we seek ways of minimizing risk in the whole studied path networks, and then this matter would be considered that the risk does not increase in each link more than certain amount, and in fact justice in the distribution of risk be established. This model was bi-level linear and transformed into a single-level mixed integer linear program by replacing the second level by its Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions and by linearizing the complementary constraints. Then we solve the MIP problem with a commercial optimization solver In the second model, in addition to the safety, the economic efficiency of the routes is considered. In fact, in this model, the results of the safety model will be used in a mathematical model with economic-safety approach. The real case study then has been used to evaluate mathematical In most cases, the place of producing and using hazardous materials is not the same and such materials should be transported from the production line to the consumption place. Because of the dangerous nature of such materials, safety indicators and criteria should be considered. More than 90% of hazardous materials transportation in Iran is by road. This shows the importance of attention to the safety factors. Although transportation departments or local governments are responsible for allocating acceptable paths that reduce risk, transportation companies usually look for some paths with lower travel times and fuel consumption. So many methods have been presented for designing the paths of hazardous materials transportation based on the trade -off between costs and risks of the transportation. Almost in all of them the national hazardous materials transport routing has been a decision for the matter in two levels, the government allocates a subset of the transport network to hazardous materials and the transportation corporations, choose their paths from this subset. However, the issue of justice in the distribution of risk is highly regarded in the states because feeling Injustice in received level of risk, might lead to public opposition to the routing of hazardous materials. Therefore in this research some routing models have been proposed. In the first mathematical model, we just consider the safety of paths and two major goals would be pursued. First we seek ways of minimizing risk in the whole studied path networks, and then this matter would be considered that the risk does not increase in each link more than certain amount, and in fact justice in the distribution of risk be established. This model was bi-level linear and transformed into a single-level mixed integer linear program by replacing the second level by its Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions and by linearizing the complementary constraints. Then we solve the MIP problem with a commercial optimization solver In the second model, in addition to the safety, the economic efficiency of the routes is considered. In fact, in this model, the results of the safety model will be used in a mathematical model with economic-safety approach. The real case study then has been used to evaluate mathematical

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Soldier pile consists of the passive reinforcement (i.e., no post-tensioning) of existing ground by installing closely spaced steel bars (i.e., nails), which are subsequently encased in grout and transfer the loads from steel piles to soil. As construction proceeds from the top to bottom, concrete is also applied on the excavation face to provide continuity. Soldier pile is typically used to stabilize excavations adjustment to the buildings to prevent surface movement and cracks in the buildings where top-to-bottom construction is advantageous compared to other retaining wall systems. For certain conditions, soldier pile offers a viable alternative from the viewpoint of technical feasibility, construction costs, and construction duration when compared to ground anchor walls, which is another popular top-to bottom retaining system. This paper addresses soil nails that are installed with a near horizontal orientation and are primarily subjected to tensile stresses together steel piles which act as cantilever beam with horizontal nails as supports. Soldier pile can be used for both temporary and permanent structures based on its service life or intended duration of use. Soldier pile is a form of ground retention used when ground conditions comprise of dense to moderately dense soils such as coarse grain alluviums. Soldier pile systems with lateral nails are used in many excavation projects. This method is one of the appropriate support systems in deep excavations. However, most of the researches have been focused on the effects of wall height on the stability of excavations in static conditions, but with increasing of the use of soldier pile systems in seismic regions, the dynamic stability of these structures cannot be ignored. According to increasing of the usage of the soldier pile systems in seismic active zones, it’s important to study the dynamic behavior of these structures. Hence, in this paper, the seismic behavior of soldier pile systems in Tehran coarse grain alluvium has been investigated. The methodology is based on pseudo-static approach to equalize the dynamic analysis. The numerical modelings have been done according to Finite Difference Method (FDM) to this equalization. Based on slope stability theory, it has been shown that the pseudo-static method is a suitable and simple approach to equalize dynamic behavior. Therefore, in this paper, a similar approach has been used to equalize dynamic behavior of soldier pile systems with considering a proposed pseudo-static coefficient. The failure surfaces in dynamic and pseudo-static
 models efficiency. Network of this case study is the roads network of Fars province that it has 59 nodes and 80 arcs. Two groups of hazardous materials are considered and the risk factor is calculated for each group in all links. Each node can be the potential point of the demand or a point of supply. All paths can be used in both directions, and it has been assumed that the risk of passing hazardous material through the path between two nodes is equal for both directions. Risk index includes three factors, “population under effect”, “the environment assets”, and “the number and importance of road facilities across a link”. Results showed the best possible and the safest and most economical routes, would be obtained by solving the safety model and using the result of this model in the safety-economic model.