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is one of the most common improved oil recovery method in the world. High residual oil saturation at the end of this method is due to low macroscopic sweep efficiency and viscous fingering. It can be improved by the mobility control during polymer solution injection. In this study, by of silica/ the effect of it on IFT, viscosity, and was investigated. In addition, the performance of in high salinity water was studied by using nano particles. The zeta potential results show that the stability of polymer solution was enhanced in of nano particles in high salinity water condition. Also, the lowest IFT was obtained for contained 1 percent nano silica (18.34 ), and the most tendency to water wet conditions was provided for this concentration. In addition to, 1 percent nano silica/ has the best performance on formation water viscosity and improved the mobility ratio to 1.07, which it can increase the oil recovery.

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Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles are highly regarded in drug delivery due to bioavailability, better encapsulation, controlled release and low toxicity. Drug encapsulation in polymeric nanoparticles may improve the therapeutic effects of these compounds. Polymers are divided in two types: natural and synthetic. Chitosan, as a natural polymer, can have many applications in drug delivery due to good properies. The purpose of this study is to optimization of the production of chitosan nanoparticles for drug delivery. Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared according to ionic gelation method and characterized. Prepared nanoparticle morphology investigated using SEM and particle size distribution, and surface charge and polydispersity index (PDI) were determined by Nanozeta Sizer. FTIR spectra of the lyophilized samples were recorded and proved the formation of nanoparticles. This study has shown that the particle size and zeta potential can be controlled by a change in the ratio of the weight and volume of chitosan and pH adjustment.

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 In the current study, fish-isolated protein (FPI) was extracted by alkaline pH method from the wastes of the head and fins of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) and Iranian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) and its composition, functional and structural characteristics were investigated. The results showed that the extraction efficiency according to the wet weight, the protein recovery of FPI, and the dry matter recovery of FPI from the Siberian sturgeon was higher than that of Iranian sturgeon. The results showed 91-94% protein in FPI of two species. The results did not show any significant differences between the proximate analysis and TVB-N (P> 0.05). The water absorption capacity, foaming capacity, and stability of FPI were shown at 30, 50, and 50%, respectively. The whiteness and transparency index of the FPI extracted was low. The results of particle size and zeta potential (P< 0.05) showed that the size of FPI particles in both samples is about a micron and they have a negative charge, so they can be easily used in colloidal systems. FTIR spectroscopy in both samples showed all the absorption peaks related to the main bonds of the protein structure. In general, considering the large amount of sturgeon waste in processing, and the amount of protein, functional properties, and nutritional value of FPI extracted from two species of sturgeon, there is the possibility of using them in human food and sports supplements.

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The melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is one of the important ornamental plant pests in urban regions. In this study, the microemulsion system was developed using cypermethrin insecticide as the active ingredient, xylene as the solvent, and surfactants including Tensiofix 8427 + SDS, and Tensiofix 8427 + SLS, and 1-butanol (cosurfactant), as stabilizer. The optimal microemulsion formulation was determined using a pseudo-ternary phase diagram using the water titration method. The microemulsions mean droplet sizes were in the range 11.2–22.8 nm. The droplets of all three formulations were spherical and uniformly dispersed in water. The mortality percentage was 66.66, 56.66, and 55.00% 24 h after aphids exposure to C_1-250 (cypermethrin: Tensiofix 8427 + SDS + 1-butanol: water, at the ratio of 10:20:70), C_2-250 (cypermethrin: Tensiofix 8427 + SLS + 1-butanol: water, at the ratio of 10:20:70), and C_3-250 (cypermethrin: Tensiofix 8427 + SLS + 1-butanol: water, at the ratio of 15:30:55), which increased to 92.86, 89.29, and 83.94%, 48 h after exposure, respectively. The results revealed that the microemulsion formulation containing cypermethrin 250 g/L was more effective in controlling A. gossypii than cypermethrin technical material and 150 g/L cypermethrin-based microemulsion.

 

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The use of hydrocolloid is a method for suspension stabilization and solid particle suspending in drinks. In this study, the effects of adding three different hydrocolloids including gellan, tragacanth and high-methoxy pectin at three levels: 0.02, 0.05 and 0.08 of the binary combination on the stability, rheological properties, zeta potential and the activation energy were examined. The results showed that the addition of all hydrocolloids increased the stability and prevented the serum separationand also precipitation of protein. All the treatment prevented the serum separation significantly (p < 0.05). The least serum separation and the best sensory properties were gained by the formulations containing 0.02-0.08% (pectin-tragacanth) and 0.02-0.08% (tragacanth-gellan), respectively. Power law was the suitable mathematical model to predict the flow behavior of stabilized doogh. Zeta potential and activation energy were determined in the range of 9.10 to -16.6 mV and 9.37 to 18.34 kJ/ mol, respectively.

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In many industrial processes, in the middle stages of production, the final product or residuals contains aqueous suspensions. The instability of suspensions is one of the main challenges towards the mentioned processes. Present study is the result of an experimental investigation that analyzed the effect of Silica nanoparticles on the stabilization of Zirconia microsuspension. The effect of Zeta potentialof micro and nanoparticles on theperformance of the stabilization method by generation of nanoparticle halos were studied experimentally. The turbidity of microparticle suspension, was measured before and after addition of nanoparticles at different PH values. The results of experiments shows that for all PH values, the addition of nanoparticles increases the stability of the suspension.The achieved stability is due to the formation of nanoparticle halos that has been observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Nanoparticle halos decreases the Wan der Waals attractive force and increases the electrostatic charge of microparticles and consequently increases the stability of the resultant suspension.The strength of the stability varies with PH values due to the difference in the electric charge. The maximum stability occurs at the isoelectric point of Zirconia microparticles. When microparticles have relatively low electric charge, the potential sink around them are deeper and thus more nanoparticles form halos. The minimum stabilization also occurs when the microparticles have relatively high electric charge that increases the repulsive force between micro and nanoparticles.

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Complex coacervation is generated through electrostatic interaction between oppositely charged biopolymers (proteins and polysaccharides). Complexation via electrostatic interactions can lead to formation of soluble or insoluble complexes. In the current research, the production and characteristics of the complexes formed from whey protein concentrate (WPC) and gum tragacanth (GT) were evaluated. In order to find the optimum pH for complexation, absorbance of protein-polysaccharide mixtures were measured at a wide range of pH (2–8), Furthermore, particle size, zeta potential, microstructure and rheological properties of the complexes were investigated. Based on the results, the best condition to form complex between WPC and GT was found to be at pH=4.5. With Increasing the amount of GT up to 0.75% w/w in a constant protein concentration (0.5% w/w), the lowest and highest particle size for WPC- GT complex was found at protein: polysaccharide ratio of 1: 1 (3018 nm) and 10:1 (4070 nm), respectively. Zeta potential changed from +3.11 mV (0% gum tragacanth) to -6.82 mV due to addition of GT (0.75% w/w). Microscopic images showed the presence of separate spherical particles, except at the concentration of 0.05% w/w. The appropriate rheological model to predict flow behavior of complexes was depended on protein-polysaccharide ratio and the dominate flow behavior index was found to be shear thinning. Increasing of TG concentration lead to lower flow behavior index as well as higher apparent viscosity, consistency coefficient and the yield stress

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In situations involving large zeta potential, the classical Poisson-Boltzmann theory of electrolytes breaks down and a modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation which takes into account the finite size of the ions must be utilized. In addition, most biofluids cannot be treated as Newtonian, therefore, simultaneous effects of finite size of the ions and non-Newtonian behavior of the fluid in combined electroosmotic and pressure driven flows have been examined in the present study. The Governing equations are solved by a finite-difference-based numerical procedure in a rectangular microchannel. The ion size is introduced into the modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation by the steric factor, which allows considering the ions as point charges or finite sizes. Considering the ionic finite size, generally enhances the velocity of the shear-thickening fluid, while reduces the velocity of shear-thinning fluid. The Cross sectional aspect ratio is also considered and it was found that the adverse pressure gradient greatly affects the velocity profile, when aspect ratio increases, while velocity profile is less sensitive to aspect ratio variations in favorable pressure gradients. Furthermore, friction coefficient of both shear thinning and thickening fluids increases with the increase in zeta potential for point charge model, which for finite size charges decreases. Cross sectional averaged velocity reduces under steric effects for shear thinning fluids at large zeta potentials, while it is slightly influenced by shear thickening fluids.

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Doogh is a traditional Iranian drink prepared by adding water and salt to yoghurt and sometimes flavoring. Instability a major problem which is the result of low pH (<4.00) and aggregation of caseins. The aim of this project is to distinguish the effect of psyllium husk hydrocolloid on the stability and sensory properties of Doogh. In addition, two different edible color added to the product to enhance sensory properties by vision attraction. Hydrocolloid added in three concentration (0.25, 0.75 and 1.25%) and edible colors (β-lain and curcumin) were used for 5, 10 and 15% in samples. Serum separation, zeta potential, flow behavior, Colorimetry and sensory properties was measured during this research. Results obtain that as the concentration of hydrocolloid increase, instability in Doogh decrease and the most stable sample contains 1.25% hydrocolloid (the highest) and 5% color (the least), measurements of zeta potential also showed the same results. In sensory analysis, hydrocolloid and color at the level of 1.25% and 10%, respectively, achieve the highest scores.  Viscometry measurements showed that, Newtonian behavior of Doogh samples isnchr('39')t affected by hydrocolloid concentration. Finally, we conclude that the best sample, that shows the best results in all measurements, contains 0.75% hydrocolloid and 10% for both edible colors.

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In this research, novel vitamin E loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) and Lipid Nanocapsules (LNCs) were produced and their physicochemical properties were characterized. The optimum ratio of liquid to solid lipid and vitamin to total formulations were determined. Particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and encapsulation load of optimum formulations were evaluated. Optimized formulations had encapsulation efficiencies of 95 and 99% for NLC and LNC, respectively. X-ray diffraction results indicated a new crystalline lattice with lower degree of crystallinity for vitamin E nanocarriers in comparison to bulk fats because of curvature effects. Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy showed that there were no adverse reactions between vitamin E and lipids. Release profile and kinetic modeling were investigated in gastrointestinal media that showed developed nanocarriers can protect vitamin E against acidic condition by decreasing its release in gastric media (release percentage of 29 and 4% for NLC and LNC in gastric media, respectively). Milk was fortified with vitamin E loaded nanocarriers and its sensory evaluation indicated their potential application for production of functional food.

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