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In order to understand the importance of particle size and agglomeration for nano-eco-toxicological studies in aquatic environments, the acute toxicity of two different types (suspended powder and colloidal) of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were studied in alevin and juvenilerainbow trout. Fish were exposed to each type of AgNPs at nominal concentrations of 0.032, 0.1, 0.32, 1, 3.2, 10, 32, and 100 mg/L. Lethal concentrations (LC) were calculated using a Probit analysis. Some physical and chemical characteristics of silver nanoparticles were determined. In the case of colloidal form, particles were well dispersed in the water column and retained their size; but in the case of suspended powder, particles were agglomerated to large clumps and precipitated on the bottom. In alevins, the calculated 96 h LC50 values were 0.25 and 28.25mg/L for colloidal and suspended powder AgNPs respectively. In the case of juveniles, the 96h LC50 of colloidal form was 2.16mg/L, but suspended powder did not caused mortality in fish even after 21 days. The results showed that both in alevin and juvenile stages, colloidal form is much toxic than suspended powder; this shows increase of nanoparticles size due to agglomeration, will reduce the toxicity. Silver nanoparticles are toxic materials and their release into the water environment should be avoided.

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The effect of cadmium on hematological and biochemical indices of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) exposed to subacute (0.65ppm) and acute (3.25ppm) concentrations for 96-h test period was assessed. The results showed that Hb, Hct, RBC and MCV significantly decreased in low concentration of cadmium (p<0/05), while MCH, MCHC, WBC, glucose and cortisol were significantly (p<0/05) higher than control group in both low and high concentrations. This study reveals that some hematological and biochemical indices of silver carp, such as cortisol, can be used as suitable biomarkers in tracing Cd²⁺ contamination within water bodies.

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Edible films and coatings are a thin layer of material that used on the surface and between different layers of nutrients. Biopolymers such as polysaccharides, proteins, lipids and their mixtures are used for the preparation of the edible films and coatings. Due to consumers demand for access to high quality materials and their concern because of the problems caused by the use of artificial preservatives, as well as environmental concerns arising from the accumulation of synthetic polymers, the idea of using biodegradable biopolymers as a replacement for the plastic packaging was strong. Efficiency and functional properties of edible films and coatings is dependent on intrinsic properties of ingredients of films, namely, biopolymers, plasticizer and other additives. The useful properties of edible films and coatings are capability of eating and biodegradation of them. Some properties of edible film sand coatings, such as preventing moisture transport and volatiles out of food, selective throughput oxygen and carbon dioxide, delaying surface dehydration, tissue changes, barrier against fat sand oils transports, increase nutritional value, preventing dripping, microbial growth and rancidity, Maintaining the quality of Aquatic and their products against physical damage caused by their transportation, increase the shelf life of them. For industrial use, more scientific studies are needed to determine the mechanisms of the film formation from biopolymers for optimizing their properties. Biodegradable compounds used in this study for aquatic coating and their effects on maintaining the quality of fish and their action mechanism has been investigated.

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Adult caddisflies were collected from the spring area located in the Blinajë Hunting Reserve in Kosovo between May and September 2022. In this study, we identified 21 species belonging to 9 families of caddisflies (Goeridae, Hydropsychidae, Hydroptilidae, Limnephilidae, Philopotamidae, Polycentropodidae, Psychomyiidae, Rhyacophilidae, and Sericostomatidae). The genus Orthotrichia Eaton, 1873 and species Orthotrichia tragetti Mosely, 1930 are reported for the first time from Kosovo. Agraylea sexmaculata Curtis, 1834 is reported from Kosovo again after more than one century. Several other narrowly distributed endemic species were also identified, including Rhyacophila macedonica Karaouzas, Valladolid & Ibrahimi, 2022 and Tinodes janssensi Jacquemart, 1957. This study contributes to the knowledge of the caddisfly fauna of the Blinajë Hunting Reserve in Kosovo and highlights this area for its interesting composition of caddisfly species.

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The present study is on the morphology and molecular data of the genus Dineutus MacLeay, were collected from the Eastern Ghats mountains in Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu states located in the eastern Ghats of India. The morphological identification was based on elytral spines, setation on paramere and structure of the median lobe. Molecular characterization was based on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16s ribosomal RNA gene. Species identified as being D. indicus, D. spinosus, and D. unidentatus. Phylogenetic trees were constructed for both genes, and the COI fragment shows raw genetic distance between 10–12% among the three species of D. indicus, D. spinosus and D. unidentatus, whereas 16s gene shows a divergence of 4–5%. The present study contributes five novel mitochondrial COI and five ribosomal RNA sequences for D. spinosus and D. unidentatus for the first time from India.

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Caddisfly sampling conducted during August 2021 from the Gurgur River in the Sabalan Mountains, Ardabil province, Iran, revealed the first record of Glossosoma unguiculatum Martynov, 1925 for Iran. Previously, this species had only been known from few localities in Turkey, the Caucasus and Kazakhstan. The morphology of male genitalia in the collected specimens generally corresponds to the described species, with the exception of a less incised ventral margin of the abdominal segment IX in ventral view, which may be attributed to geographical variability. This discovery marks the second species of the genus Glossosoma Curtis, 1834 found in Iran.

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The diversity and distribution of aquatic and semi-aquatic Hemipterans were studied from Amrabad and Kawal Tiger Reserve of the state Telangana. This report documents 38 species of aquatic and semi-aquatic hemipterans belonging to 22 genera and ten families from Amrabad and Kawal Tiger Reserve. Interestingly, 20 species were noted as additions to the state of Telangana. Two species Ranatra libera Zettel, 1999 and Rhagovelia sumatrensis Lundblad, 1933 were observed, where both species are new distributional records to peninsular India. Kawal Tiger Reserve (KTR) showed higher species diversity than the Amrabad Tiger Reserve (ATR) with respect to species richness. The present report is the first documentation from both tiger reserves on aquatic and semi-aquatic hemipterans from the state of Telangana.

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Status of heavy metal contamination of foods with animal  and aquatic animal origin in Iran The status of heavy metals contamination in foods with animal and aquatic animal origin was studied. In spite of limited studies about foods (except fish and edible marine foods), data shows low contamination of milk with lead but relatively high level of cadmium in this product. Iron contamination was found in high level in milk in the industrial areas. Concentrations of lead and copper were found relatively high in some imported infant milk powder. In some fishing areas in Khazar, the concentrations of lead and cadmium were higher than international standards. The same situation is seen in south sea’s fishery products for lead ,cadmium and nickel.  In a survey in 2005, mercury level was found higher than permitted level in white fish hunted from central Khazar’s fishing area. Shrimp was found relatively free and safe for heavy metal contamination. Other marine foods such as oyster contamination with nickel and vanadium were observed. The sole study about red meat shows lead contamination in low percentage of studied samples.  

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Caddisfly sampling conducted during 2023 in the Bistrica e Shalës River, belonging to the Ibër basin and in the Mirusha River, belonging to the Drini i Bardhë (White Drin) basin, revealed the first record of Stactobiella risi (Felber, 1908) for Kosovo and for Ecoregion 5 (Dinaric Western Balkans). Previously, this species had only been known from few localities in Europe. The morphology of the male genitalia in the collected specimens generally corresponds to the described species, with the exception of a less apically elongated inferior appendages in lateral view, which may be attributed to geographical variability. This discovery increases the knowledge about the distribution of family Hydroptilidae in Kosovo and the Balkans. In addition to this we provide a list of sympatric species in both localities including few rare species such as Hydropsyche botosaneanui Marinković Gospodnetić, 1966 and Rhyacophila macedonica Karaouzas, Valladolid & Ibrahimi, 2022.

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The Palni Hills, part of the Western Ghats Mountain range in southern India, constitute a biodiversity hotspot, and their high elevation creates unique ecological conditions. Despite global recognition of the region as a biodiversity hotspot, many taxonomic groups remain poorly studied, including mayflies. We conducted a survey of mayflies in the Palni Hills to document the current diversity profile and analyse their altitudinal distribution patterns, ranging from 346 to 1685 m asl. Our sampling from April to October 2023 covered eleven sites, resulting in the collection of 788 individuals, representing 24 species, 16 genera, and six families. Four species are reported for the first time from Palni Hills. Notably, the families Baetidae, Heptageniidae, and Leptophlebiidae were the most species-rich, although individual population densities remained low. We have provided the updated taxonomic hierarchy, current diversity profile, and abundance of mayflies of Palni Hills. We have also highlighted the knowledge gaps in the taxonomy and distribution of Ephemeroptera within this study area

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Recently, some natural products have been used in the fields as alternative to synthetic compounds, to minimize the negative impacts to the environment. This study aimed to verify the effects of Neem-based bio-pesticide in causing acute toxicity for a fish and chronic toxicity for a microcrustacean. To this end, Danio rerio and Daphnia magna were exposed to various concentrations of a Neem-based oil formulation. In the first experiment, adults of D. rerio were exposed for 96 hours to different concentrations to determine the median lethal concentration (LC_50-96h). For D. magna, first an acute toxicity test was performed to determine the median effective concentration (EC_50-48h). Based on the EC₅₀ established in the acute test, the concentrations for the 21-day chronic toxicity test were determined. Endpoints evaluated were reproduction (number of neonates produced) and size of D. magna.The median lethal concentration for the fish was 0.22 mL L^-1, and the median effective concentration (EC_{50 - 48h}) for D. magna was 0.17 mL L^-1. In the chronic test, all concentrations affected reproduction and size of D. magna. The formulation tested may be hazardous to aquatic organisms.

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This study investigated the total phenols and flavonoids content, antioxidant potential (based on DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging methods), and antibacterial mechanism (based on disk diffusion agar, well diffusion agar, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration) of ethanolic extract of Mentha aquatica. The extract contained significant levels of bioactive phenolic compounds (total phenol: 88.47 ± 0.32 mg gallic acid per gram of extract; total flavonoids: 39.15 ± 0.25 mg quercetin per gram of extract) with acceptable ability in scavenging DPPH (58.50 ± 0.57%) and ABTS (51.44 ± 0.32%) free radicals. The growth of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria, especially Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) in comparison with Gram-negative pairs (Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis) was strongly inhibited by the plant extract. In general, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteritidis were the most sensitive and resistant microbial strains to the ethanolic extract of M. aquatica, respectively. The present study showed that the ethanolic extract of M. aquatica with significant antioxidant and antimicrobial properties can be used to develop new natural preservatives for food and medicinal purposes.

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Biomass is an important parameter in studying a variety of energetic processes in food webs, community structure, and composition of aquatic organisms. Biomass determinations are based on direct weighing of animals, biovolume determination, and length-weight conversion. Although direct weighing of individual organisms is the most accurate methodology, its application is not very common due to its time consuming nature. Length-weight regressions are the most widely used approach for estimating benthic invertebrate biomass because they are less time consuming and more precise than other methods. In this research, length-weight relationships are evaluated for the most common benthic invertebrates found in an Iranian mountain river in the Southern Caspian Sea Basin by fitting the power function (linearized by logarithmic transformation) to data of wet and dry weights against body length of aquatic invertebrates at both family and order level. A general predictive equation was also obtained for all individuals measured in this study. Regressions obtained were significant at a P value of < 0.05 and explained a high proportion of variation of the dependent variable, as expressed by the correlation coefficient (r= 0.82-0.99). Regression equations obtained in this study for three major orders of aquatic invertebrates were also compared to those in previous studies from different geographical locations. Relationships developed in this study, can be useful for future assessments of benthic community structure and for understanding the importance of these invertebrates in the energy flux of the river.
 

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Aim and Introduction 
In the last decade, the design of the green supply chain network has become very important due to the increase in competition in global markets to achieve success, which requires the simultaneous commitment and cooperation of suppliers, manufacturers and distributors in the form of a network. One of the generalizable fields of the green supply chain network is the aquatic processing industry as one of the most important food industries that has paid less attention to optimize its supply chain in order to provide environmental benefits. In recent decades, the demand for food has increased more than the capacity to provide resources for it. Hence, the traditional food supply chain can no longer effectively manage demand. The increase in world population, globalization, global warming, drought and groundwater crisis in recent years have led to the loss of natural resources needed for animal husbandry and the reduction of marine reserves in Iran as well as in other Middle Eastern countries. The expansion of aquaculture farms has not only contributed to the development of sustainable food in the country, but has also been very effective in preserving endangered species. The aquaculture industry has grown significantly in recent decades. In this industry, green supply chain network design seems to be critical for aquatic processing.
Methodology
This study is a descriptive research and applied one in terms of purpose. In this research, after examining the theoretical foundations and experimental background, the network design was proposed. The aquatic supply network was designed in three levels, for four farms, three factories, and two customers. The first level includes aquaculture farms. The second level consists of models of aquatic processing factories. The third level includes customer networks. Of course, other levels of the aquaculture supply chain, i.e. retailers, can also be considered in network design. Then the appropriate mathematical model was formulated and validated with a case study. LP-metric method was used to solve this model. The GAMS software was used in this study.
Findings
In this research, the network of green aquatic management has been designed to achieve the goals of minimizing costs and carbon dioxide emissions and maximizing the capacity of units at three levels for four farms, three factories, and two customers. In this research, after drawing the network of the problem and explaining the mathematical model, it was solved using the comprehensive criterion method with p equal to 1, 2, and 3.
The value of the objective function was calculated with p equal to 0.09. By increasing the value of p, it became clear that there is no distance between the values of the objective functions and the ideal values. Then, the value of decision and binary variables was calculated. The first factory has the highest aquatic receiving capacity from the second, third and fourth farms.
Discussion and Conclusion
In order to achieve the goals with an emphasis on reducing the carbon footprint, the first factory should process the third product, the second factory should process all three types of products, and the third factory should process the second product. In this research, certainty is considered for the parameters. If the surrounding environment is very dynamic, this turbulence can increase the uncertainty of model parameters. Therefore, it is suggested to solve the research model assuming uncertainty in the parameters in other researches. In this research, the same weight has been considered for three purposes.
In this study, it is assumed that the transportation cost between nodes depends only on the distance. It is important to note that the cost of transportation between two points can be affected by various factors. Therefore, it is suggested to pay attention to these factors in other researches. Using the research model can minimize the total costs in the aquaculture network and maximize the capacity of using the components of the entire chain, bringing the environmental destruction to the lowest level. Therefore, it is suggested to use this model. One of the factors affecting the production and emission of carbon is the number of car trips. In other words, the lower the number of trips (carrying times), the lower the emissions. It is suggested managers to use a means of transportation with a higher capacity. Timely servicing of goods transport vehicles can also be effective in carbon emissions. It is recommended to periodically repair the car. In the chain under study, most of the cars were worn out and without fuel consumption reduction technology. It is suggested to replace the old vehicles carrying goods with modern and high-tech vehicles. It is recommended to use gas-fueled vehicles for transporting goods.