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Investigating the trend of temperature changes occurring in the Persian Gulf can be used to determine the pattern of climate change in the region and to study the impact of these changes on aquatic habitats in the Persian Gulf waters.  This study was carried out to investigate the changes in sea surface temperature and sea surface temperature anomaly in Kharg and Hendourabi islands by using Environmental Research Division's Data Access Program (ERDDAP) of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and  daily sea surface temperature and sea surface temperature anomaly  were investigated over a 35-year period.The results showed that the average annual surface temperature increased by about 1 °C over 35 years in Kharg and Hendourabi Islands and the average annual sea surface temperature anomaly in these islands were increased by 2 °C. The slope of this increasing trend on Kharg Island was more severe than Hendourabi Island. The most significant bleaching event in the Persian Gulf occurred in 2016-2017, with the highest increase in temperature in 2017. As water temperatures continue to increase in the coming years, the living conditions of the Persian Gulf corals are likely to deteriorate, and only some resistant species can survive in the Gulf.

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The climate is changing and agriculture sector is heavily dependent on climatic changes. Considering the key role of perception and its impact on behavior and given the importance of climate changes in today’s world, the present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors affecting perception and adaptation behavior of farmers in response to climatic changes in Hamedan, Iran. For this aim, first, the factors affecting the farmers’ perception and adaptation behavior were extracted from literature review. Then, a questionnaire was developed, and to determine its validity, the questionnaire was examined by a panel of experts. Further, to measure the reliability of the research instrument, a pilot test was conducted. The statistical population of the research consisted of 115,160 farmers in Hamedan Province and the sample size based on Krejcie and Morgan table was determined as n= 384 farmers. Then, a stratified random sampling with proportional allocation was used. The findings indicated that among the studied variables, knowledge, perception, and belief with path coefficients of, respectively, 0.53, 0.32, and 0.18 had the maximum impact on the adaptation behavior, while the maximum impact on perception belonged to belief and knowledge with path coefficients of, respectively, 0.56 and 0.35. According to the results, knowledge, which had the highest contribution in explaining behavior, was not seen in the Arbuckle et al. (2015) model. Therefore, to make it easier for the farmers to communicate and facilitate the transfer of information on climate change, establishment of community-based organizations is suggested. In addition, by enhancing the level of farmers awareness about climate-smart agriculture, it is possible to take major steps to improve their adaptation to climate changes.

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Cross-acclimation of mild drought stress and cold acclimation may additionally increase the chickpea’s cold tolerance due to transferring sowing date from spring to winter in Mediterranean high lands. Two weeks after sowing in greenhouse, chickpea seedlings were subjected to the following treatments in a controlled environment: (i) Well-Watered under an optimum temperature regime (WW); (ii) Well-Watered under a Cold temperature regime (WWC); (iii) Drought Preconditioned under an optimum temperature regime (DP); and (iv) Drought Preconditioned under a Cold temperature regime (DPC). After three-week acclimation period, plants were frozen on the thermogradient freezer, then, recovered for three weeks in a greenhouse. In the acclimation period, with decreasing temperatures, a clear decrease of the electrolyte leakage (EL) were observed for both genotypes: 51% for cold tolerant MCC252 and 36% for cold sensitive MCC505. Cold acclimation induced the greatest accumulation of proline and MDA contents (about 75% for both genotypes) and drought preconditioning most consistently induced an increase in soluble carbohydrate content (25% for MCC252 and 51.7% for MCC505) during the acclimation period. The survival percentage increased 9.3% for MCC252 and 21.25% for MCC505 by both cold and drought acclimation under freezing conditions. Generally, drought preconditioning had a synergistic effect on the cold acclimation period to improve freezing tolerance (as indicated by the lowest LT50el and LT50su) and leading to an increase in the freezing tolerance for the cold sensitive genotypes (MCC505). Thus, the greatest gains in freezing tolerance for both genotypes were associated with cross-acclimation treatment (DPC).