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Introduction: Spatial planning is a set of measures to organize the distribution of human and activities carried out in the geographical space. Each area should enjoy a range of economic and social activities based on its capabilities, needs, and situation. Spatial planning is the basis of organizing regional development and it is the main instrument for regional and national planning and policy making; it provides the basis for the preparation of socio-economic development plans for each area or country. Since for the fulfillment of development objectives all social resources, including human, economic, spatial, and environmental resources should be used and making use of all these elements needs planning, spatial planning is the basis of comprehensive development plans and projects and connects spatial, social, and economic planning, or as a whole in the form of comprehensive planning, in regional and national scale. Border areas have special characteristics due to their contacts with the external environments. The cross-border exchanges and spatial connections between the adjacent countries as well as the various vulnerabilities and threats posed by this issue necessitate special care to the process of development planning in these areas. The aim of the present research was to investigate the employed strategies for spatial plannig in brder areas in Five-Year economic, social, and cultural development plans of Islamic Republic of Iran (1st to 5th Plan).
Conclusion: In general, and especially in the 3rd and 4th plans, the economic strategy is more important. Also, spatial differences have not been considered in 5-year development plans; strategies ignored the differences in the various border areas of the country and looked at all areas in the same way. In addition, a special type of strategy is focused in each plan.
 

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Religious places are the places for the believers to pray. Holly Qur’an clearly defines these spaces as the places that belong to Allah, and Muslims worship and express their belief there. The word ‘mosque’ is mentioned 28 times in the Holly Qur’an. The overall function of mosques aims to generate harmony, harmony of Muslims with respect to God. Mosques have two integrated purposes of religious and social activities. The religious purpose is to worship God in congregational prayer five times a day. The social purpose is to unite Muslims within the community and strengthen their social relationships. Mosque is a symbol of religion, unity, beliefs, identity, peace, strength, justice and solidarity of Muslims. It promotes collective strength; defines hierarchy and allegiance; resolves conflicts with the community; strives for social cohesion; and imparts restrictions and controls of human behavior. The ideal use of mosques was in traditional Muslim cities. They were used as multi-purpose spaces, serving for prayers, studying Holly Qur’an, making political decisions and solving socio- cultural problems. In those times, mosques had to be equally distributed in the built environment and in proportion to the size of population of various sections in the cities. Building mosques in an equal and proportional distribution provided all inhabitants equal access to the use of the spaces in a mosque. So it seems that in traditional Islamic cities mosques had more important roles; they were able to unify Islamic cities physically, socially and culturally but recently, planning of the cities lack the utilization of this characteristics. The study shows that in recent urban planning and design, religious spaces especially mosques have not been paid proper attention. This article is mainly concerned with the role of religious places and specially mosques in planning and design organization in Islamic cities. The main question here is that whether planners and designers have considered the main role of the religious spaces and mosques in planning and designing of a contemporary city for Muslims or not? It seems that there is no significant attention to religious places in the recently prepared city plans. In order to examine the above hypothesis, the comprehensive plans of five districts of Tehran Municipality (2 ^th, 3 ^th, 12^th, 17^th& 20^th regions) were selected as case studies. These parts are located in different parts of the city. To pursue the research; a number of variables were determined and defined. What we found out is that one of the reasons for the decreasing of social interaction and spiritual values in our contemporary cities, is the forgotten role of our religious magnets as a social capital of the society in the planning and designing of our cities. It means that this factor is the one that ought to be under strong consideration in all Muslim communities all over the world.

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Having the Five Year Development Plans (FYDP) of the fisheries sector (Shilat) in mind, and based on the resources documentation and content analysis of two scenarios of the “continuation of the current trend” and the “optimal situation”, this research provides the future opportunities and threats and also suggestions towards improving the situation and relevant decision making. The assessment of production indices demonstrated that in each of the plans, except the third one, not a so-logical growth rate was envisioned for the fisheries development. Of 5% predicted growth in fisheries sector within 23 years, only 4.5%, or 90.3% of the goal, has been realized, which means the policies and programs have not been completely performed. Although possessing the world ranking of 21^st in aquaculture and 32^nd in fishing, potential and capacities in Iran indicate a far higher exploitation and utilization possibilities from the present resources, which require better policies and approaches as well as a large and targeted investment by the government

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Introduction
The review of urban development plans in Iran in the horizon indicates that a large part of the proposals and estimates in the horizon of this plan have not been realized. One of the main reasons for the ineffectiveness of these plans is the way they face the property rights. A right that is recognized in the country of Iran and based on Islamic law and Sharia; Therefore, it is necessary to examine this topic from the perspective of Islamic thought. Among the emerging ideas in the field of urban planning in the west is the transfer of development right (TDR) approach.
This idea was proposed for the first time in order to preserve cultural heritage in America. But is this approach, which is used in urban plans in recent decades in Iran, is expanding and has its roots in Western thought, can it be the answer of Iranian Islamic society? Therefore, in this research, the main goals are, 1. Obtaining the framework of the concepts of rights and the transfer of property development based on religious texts, jurisprudential principles and documentary sources.
2. Adapting and reviewing the legal status of owners in the TDR approach is from the perspective of Islamic thought. In this research, while examining the three dimensions, jurisprudence, ethics and law in the approach of transfer of development rights and the compliance of laws related to urban development plans with Islamic jurisprudence and the approach of transfer of development rights, it is tried to make suggestions to benefit from the jurisprudence/ethical rule based To be presented on Islamic thought in urban development plans.
Methodology
This research is applied and developmental in terms of purpose and analytical-descriptive in nature. This research is carried out in two stages, first by using documentary studies and existing information resulting from the implementation experiences of urban plans, the legal status of ownership and transfer of the right to development is examined, and in the next stage through studies of religious texts and Shariathe framework of property rights in the religion of Islam is explored.
So, the right of ownership in Islam and Islamic thought, focusing on the principle of subordination, is examined in comparison with the right to transfer ownership in the TDR approach, and suggestions are made for the integration of legal structures and the Islamic system in the field of ownership in order to increase the realization of projects. Urban development is provided.
Result and discussion
The transfer of development rights (TDR) approach was first considered in New York City and in the United States, the possibility of moving and the right to transfer a license plate to the adjacent license plate in the Zoning Law of 1916a. Based on this plan, the owners were given permission to sell their vertical development right to adjacent land plates, and the parts receiving this right would have the possibility of violating the construction height limit and setback requirements. Various issues are involved in the TDR approach, such as development right, development value, and service recipient and service provider areas.
By using the development right transfer approach, the owners of sensitive natural lands, farms, as well as historical and important areas can receive their losses through the sale of their transferable development TDR and voluntarily develop their property in the future.
Regarding the jurisprudential aspect of the transfer of development rights, according to the perspective of personal partial dispossession in Islam, people are free to own their property, but according to the interests of the society, some of these rights are deprived by law and government. Regarding the next aspect of citizenship rights, citizenship and ownership, which are considered among new concepts in the West today and are trying to achieve the rights of owners and citizens, are explicitly mentioned in Islam.
Regarding the moral aspect, Imam Khomeini mentioned that man is the essence of all beings and the essence of the whole world. The mission of the prophets is to actualize this potential extract. The effort of all prophets is to create social and inner justice in humans. Justice is the direct path of human progress to divine perfection. In practice, the limits of ownership and the amount of consumption should be based on right and justice and in the direction of maximum productivity and growth and ensuring social justice.
In Iran, the renovation and improvement of dilapidated urban structures as a problem with different social, economic, legal and technical dimensions has been included in the programs of the government and municipalities since the early 1980s. At the same time as drawing attention to this category on a national scale and in the form of by-laws and laws, Tehran Municipality has also started planning and intervening in these fields since 2013.
The actions of the Tehran City Renewal Organization show that at the beginning in 2012 with the construction plan of the eastern highway edge which was a program based on acquisition, demolition and reconstruction, in the years 2018 and 2019 in the form of setting up facilitation offices and based on Social actions crystallized. Previously, experiences in the field of intervention in urban contexts, especially worn-out contexts, were carried out with the approach of improving physical and functional conditions and without paying attention to other aspects of the issue.
This is despite the fact that the basis of the concept of citizenship rights in the Islamic city is the people. In fact, the role of people in all areas of urban development plans should be considered. The plan must satisfy the people involved in the plan, and one of the most important examples of this is the way of bringing together the owners in connection with the occupation of lands and properties in order to achieve the goals of collective development. It is obvious that a process that starts with the creation of dissatisfaction among the beneficiaries of the project is not based on the principles of Islam and jurisprudence.
Conclusion
Islam is the religion of justice, equality and right orientation, and by relying on Islamic jurisprudence, important rules can be extracted and explained in the field of urban issues. The rules of submissiveness, harmlessness and expediency are among the most important jurisprudential principles that must be observed in Islamic urban planning in Iran in order to maintain and control the family foundation, stability of ownership, and respect for citizens. Also, the main condition for validating urban development plans is their compatibility with the approved laws of the country.
Most of the specialized laws approved in the field of urban development and construction, including the Law of Municipalities (1960), the Civil and Urban Renovation Law (1968), etc., are related to the Pahlavi era, and these laws have not been corrected or updated over time. It is possible to achieve this goal in the form of adding notes to the articles of the previous laws, or canceling the previous laws and approving new laws. Islam is the religion of justice, equality and peaceful coexistence.
If the above laws are revised in accordance with the jurisprudential-ethical principles of the Islamic religion and the patterns considered for acquisition have the least amount of intervention and also the full satisfaction of the owners whose property is placed in the path of development plans, It is possible to observe the fulfillment of Islamic rules in the cities. Therefore, the following comprehensive suggestions are presented in order to achieve this goal.
- Avoid urban development plans that only exist with an economic and material view of land, buildings, and people's livelihood.
- Avoid large-scale decision-making and interventions.
- It is necessary to review and update the laws related to construction and development in line with the speed of development and complexity in cities. Including in the applicable laws that were approved before the Islamic Revolution era.
- Based on moral jurisprudence rules, a set of rights should be included in the laws and decisions should be made based on them, such as ownership citizenship rights, business and profession rights, water and flower rights, agricultural right.

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Introduction
Development plans define the strategy, framework and pattern of governance and political management of space, and these programs address the various dimensions and aspects of governance, one of the most important aspects of which is the environmental dimension. In this study, the environmental governance of the constructive discourse is presented with emphasis on the first and second development plans of the Islamic Republic of Iran and using the thematic analysis method in the form of statements, open coding, sub-themes, main themes, organizing themes, and a visual Macro of the environmental dimensions of the constructive discourse.
Methodology
The study of the environmental dimensions of the first and the second development plans of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been done using grounded theory. Accordingly, after studying all the development plans, 112 statements have been extracted separately for each plan. In accordance with the statements extracted from the development plans, 178 basic concepts (open coding) were identified. Then, considering the content subscriptions of the open coding, 52 sub-themes and 14 main themes were generated based on theoretical foundations, ecology refer to experts and researcher diagnosis. Organizing themes include economic, social, political-administrative, diplomacy, ecological, service, legal, and cultural and security dimensions. In addition, the network of themes for the environmental dimensions of constructive discourse has been drawn according to the main themes and organizing themes separately from the development plans.
Results and discussion
By reviewing the first and second development plans, the following can be mentioned in constructive discourse:
The political-administrative dimension and themes of "good governance", "decentralization," and "spatial planning" have the highest frequency in the open coding. In relation to this theme, only 1 basic concept has been extracted. The social dimension, which is defined by the themes of "welfare and social development" and "family planning", has a high frequency. The sub-theme "support for vulnerable groups" has the most open coding. The economic dimension is very important in constructive discourse. The main theme of "green economy," with 24 frequencies, confirms this issue. The sub-theme "optimization of energy consumption" is the most frequent in the economic aspect of this discourse. For the ecological dimension with the main themes of "environmental protection and rehabilitation", ecology adaptation" and "climate change management", 24 basic concepts have been extracted, which shows the prominence and boldness of this dimension and its themes in the constructive discourse. The cultural dimension with the main theme of "consumption pattern improvement" and 17 basic concepts has a relatively high frequency. The dimension of diplomacy and the theme of "environmental diplomacy" have only 5 basic concepts, which shows this dimension has not been given much attention. The legal dimension with the theme of "environmental rights" and five basic concepts shows that constructive discourse has paid little attention to this theme. Regarding the theme of "environmental security," which is under the security dimension, 5 basic concepts have been extracted, which shows the unimportance of this theme. The service dimension and theme of "green transportation," with 3 basic concepts, have the least frequency.
Conclusions
In the constructive discourse, the emphasis on the social and political-administrative dimensions of environmental governance is more prominent than its other dimensions. Also, family planning policies and population growth management and control are themes and concepts that were raised only in the first and second development plans and during the constructive discourse. On the other hand, the theme of "environmental diplomacy" is very faint and is only assigned one basic concept in the first development plan; it is not mentioned in the second plan, and the diplomatic dimension of environmental governance is very weak in the constructive discourse. In addition, the themes of "spatial planning" and "climate change management" are only mentioned a little in the second development plan, and in the first development plan, these themes are not observed.

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  The paper tries to present an improved mathematical model for distribution companies (DISCOs) in order to solve Distribution Network Expansion Planning (DNEP) problems in the presence of certain resources of Distributed Generations (DGs) entitled small scale Gas Engines in the medium voltage grids. With the aim of minimizing investment and operation costs, the recommended model combines a comprehensive multi-objective optimization model with grid designer’s experience and power transit possibility in retail trading. The proposed model determines the optimal capacity of new transformers, and the most efficient type and route of the expandable medium voltage feeders under probable power transit condition in retail markets. In addition, this model maintains system reliability along with an innovative formulation. The scenario-based results obtained after implementing this method on a typical distribution grid modeled under GAMS software platform indicate that the proposed model is really suitable for expanding distribution grids.

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The aim of this article is to review the quantitative targeting of research and development expenditure in the Fifth Plan Act and executive policies of the science and technology. This article models the explaining and affecting factors of the research and development regarding to the theoretical and experimental studies. The main determinants of R&D expenditure in each economy are as follows: the intellectual property rights system; degree of government efficiency in defining, ensuring and implementing property rights; industrial structure and economy technology-intensiveness; the degree of economic openness and competitiveness; the share of large-scale firms in research and development; methods of R & D expenditure financing and the R& D production structure. The comparative comparison of main influencing factors on the research and development Intensity (RDI) in Iran with OECD RDI shows that the effective national absorption capacity of R& D expenditure in Iran, on average, is less than 20% of OECD corresponding capacity. The evidence shows that the bulk of research and development in Iran is financed by the government research credits. Naturally, we expect that effectiveness of R&D expenditure would be negligible, since the provided expenditure is not proportional to the national absorption capacity of research and development. According to pathology results, three amendments are proposed to research and development policies of the Fifth Plan in order to increase the efficiency and the productivity of R&D expenditure. The first major amendment is that the targeting of effective research and development expenditure of gross national product reach to 1.5 % in the end of the plan. Also, a fundamental attitude change towards research credits with focus on firms and non-governmental sector is essential for efficacy of consumed resources. The second proposal emphasizes on the software research and development policies. The Iranian research system focuses on hardware components and quantitative indicators, for example, budget, organization and the first-level R&D hardware products i.e., scholar papers. It is recommended that the software components of R &D including the property rights system, the national innovation system, the national learning system, motivation and reward system, efficacy evaluation, the research market, and interactive relationship of the research and development with economic competitiveness components are included in development plans. The third proposal is to develop the statistics and information system of R & D in Iran.

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Industrial firms play important roles in creating jobs and products nationwide, thus, their survival is of vital importance. The existing studies on closure of the firms show that various factors contribute to the exit of firms from the industry which industry growth is the main factor in this context. Industry growth affects the exit of firms in different ways, for instance, industries having high growth are of high entry rate that influences significantly on the firms exit. This study examines the industry growth effect on exit of firms from industry and uses an artificial neural network (ANN) model for this purpose. The statistical population includes 10000 industrial firms at 4-digit level ISIC codes during the third national development plan over the 2000-2004. The industry growth is calculated with different indexes such as absolute growth and mean growth rates. The results show that industry growth followed at firm size can explain the most of exit incentives of the firms.  

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The high cost of health care services indicates that the households are mainly responsible for the financial burden of their treatment rather than health insurance companies, and the policy holders often bear the catastrophic expenditure that might drive them below the poverty line. According to the Fourth development plan Act of Islamic Republic of Iran, Out of Pocket Payment (OOP) of households should not exceed 30% of their total health expenditure. This study uses household micro data provided by income-expenditures household survey in order to consider the impact of health care expenditure on the households’ poverty. The findings show that increases in the health care expenditure have led poverty to increase from 1 to 4 percent in different urban and rural areas during the period of study. According to our calculation, if OOP decreases to 30 % of total health care expenditure, then the share of population under poverty line will decrease to 2% of whole population.

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Poverty decomposition provides useful information about the factors affecting poverty and helps the politicians to choose suitable poverty reduction policies. In this context, sectoral decomposition (Ravallion-Huppi, 1991) and growth–­equality decomposition (Datte- Ravallion, 1992) are the most widely used methods for poverty decomposition. But the ambiguous elements (such as residual and interaction terms) existing in these methods resulted in developing a new decomposition method by Fujii (2014). His decomposition method is residual-free and has some desirable properties including time-reversion consistency, and sub-period additivity. In the present study, following Fujii (2014) and using Iran’s rural and urban household expenditure and income data, the poverty is decomposed into six components: population shift (PS), within-region redistribution (WR), between-region redistribution (BR), nominal growth (NG), inflation (IF), and methodological change (MC). The results show that population shift (PS), within-region redistribution (WR) and inflation components explain the highest portion of the poverty changes in the urban and rural areas. Based on the results, the pro-poor growth policies and immigration-reducing policies are recommended for reducing rural poverty, while the growth-oriented policies with redistribution are recommended for decreasing urban areas.  In all periods, inflation is the main poverty-increasing factor in both urban and rural areas; therefore, controlling inflation can reduce poverty rates.

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Current management pattern of the rural development plan, has caused to the different challenges (environmental, socio, economic, and physical) in the case study region (villages of Tehran Province) because of the Up-down and sector approach dominance. Thus, this study seeks to answer this strategic question that “how much management of the rural development plan has considered to the principles, framework and process of spatial planning in various stages of preparation ,implementation and evaluation of development plans in the study area,? " To answer that strategic question, descriptive-analytical method has been used. The required data have been collected by documentary and field methods. The study population is 129 village with more than 20 households in Shemiranat, Tehran and Rey Towns, that 12 villages were selected.The number of 12 questionnaires at the level of village's administrators (The Council /Rural manager) and 120 questionnaires at the level of heads of households have been distributed and filled. The statistical t-test is used to analyze. results showed that, with the exception of a few cases (like Chaleh-Tarkhan village that was average), generally, there is no meaningful differences between case study villages in terms of the amount of attention to the framework, principles and process of spatial planning in the preparation, implementation and monitoring and evaluation stages of the rural development plan and actually, most of the villages have undesirable situation in discussed indicators.        

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Development plans define the strategy, framework, and pattern of governance and political management of space. These plans address various dimensions and aspects of governance, one of the most important aspects of which is the environmental dimension. This study, by using grounded theory in the form of a model of core categories, causal categories, context categories, interventionist categories, strategic categories, and consequences, answers the following question: what are the environmental dimensions of development plans in the Islamic Republic of Iran? After studying all development plans, 328 statements have been extracted separately for each plan. In accordance with the statements extracted in the development plans, 404 basic concepts (open coding) were identified. Then, considering content subscriptions of the open coding, 77 sub-categories and 16 main categories were generated. Also, using theoretical foundations, ecology, experts’ opinions, and researcher’s judgment axial coding was done. The results show that the main categories include axial categories ("Environmental Protection and Rehabilitation" and "Climate Change Management"), causal categories ("decentralization" and "institutional fit in accordance with environmental issues"), context categories (“environmental research,” Environmental diplomacy, environmental security, and family planning), interventionist categories (“welfare and social development” and “good governance”), strategic categories (“ecology adaptation,” “consumption pattern improvement,” and “spatial planning”), and consequences (“Green Economy” and “Green Transport”) interconnected in a paradigmatic framework.

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