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An 84-day feeding trial was carried out onfingerling (4.44 ± 0.06 g) rainbow trout (Oncorhynchusmykiss, Walbaum, 1792) to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with a commercial prebiotic GroBiotic^®-A (G-A) on the growth, feed efficiency, haematology and immunlogical parameters. Ttreatments containing various inclusions of G-A (0 %, 0.5 %, 1.0 %, 1.5 %, 2.0 %, 2.5 %, and 3.0 %) were added to a commercial fish dietand were fed twice daily at 2-6 % of body weight. The highest weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and average daily gain (ADG) were obtained in fish fed the diet containing 2.5 % G-A followed by 3.0 % inclusion (P<0.05). The highest feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein utilization (NPU) were also recorded in the 2.5 % G-A inclusion (P<0.05). Survival was significantly higher (P<0.05) in fish fed with 2 % and 2.5 % G-Asupplement (P<0.05). Although higher Hb, haematocrit, RBC, WBC, MCH, MCHC, MCV, lymphocytes, and neutrophils were observed at all  G-A supplemented diets, the differences among themwerenot significant (P>0.05). On the other hand,significantly higher differencee (P<0.05) in lysozyme and immunoglobulin (IgM) concentrations wereobserved in 2.5% G-A inclusion. The results of this study indicated that 2.5 % G-A inclusionhad a better performance on growth and haematoimmunological parameters in rainbow trout fingerling.

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A 12-week feeding trial was carried out in 500 L fiberglass tanks  to evaluate the effect of dietary choline at 0, 2, 4, and 8 g kg ^-1 levels on growth rate, body composition and total liver lipid of juvenile Acipenser baerii (37.67±0.67 g). A semi purified basal diet was formulated using vitamin free casein and wheat gluten as a protein source, a mixture of animal and plant oils as a lipid source and dextrin as a carbohydrate source. Four isonitrogenous (40% protein) and isoenergetic (18 MJ kg^-1) diets were prepared and fed to the fish three times daily to apparent satiation. Weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly affected by dietary choline (p<0.05). The best growth performance was observed in fish fed diets containing 2 and 8 g kg ^-1 choline (p<0.05). Fish fed with 2 and 4 g kg ^-1 choline showed higher lipid content compared with the control diet (p<0.05), but not significantly different in body protein (p>0.05). Total lipid of liver and plasma, plasma cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipids levels showed an increasing trend with increasing levels of dietary choline, but not significantly different among treatments (p>0.05). Based on the results, we recommend adding a 1.5 gkg^-1 choline to commercial diet of juvenile Acipenser baerii.

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The effect of a probiotic containing five species of bacilli at four levels of 0 (control), 1×10⁶CFU/ml (T₁), 1×10⁷ CFU/ml (T ₂) and 1×10⁸CFU/ml (T ₃) per 100g of feed on the growth performances, resistance and survival of rainbow trout fry, Oncorhynchus mykiss (463±32 mg) were compared in a  60-days feeding trial. Growth parameters, such as ADG, SGR, RGR and TGC, were significantly enhanced (p<0.05) by the probiotic at all levels, and the performance in T₂ was significantly better than T₁. The fish under the probiotic treatments also showed higher resistance (p<0.05) to such Environmental stresses as alkaline pH, heat and ammonia (p<0.05). No significant difference in tolerance to acidic pH stress was observed between the control and treatments. In conclusion, the probiotic bacillus highly increased the growth performances, feeding efficiency, resistance and survival in rainbow trout fry.

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The effects of dietary nucleotide at 5 levels of 0.0% (Control), 0.15%, 0.25%, 0.35% and 0.5% on the body composition and fatty acids of the grouper, Epinepheluscoioides, with initial weight of 10.70 ± 0.29 g was investigated for a period of 10 weeks. The results indicated improvedgrowth parameters uponadding nucleotide. The best value of growth parameters were observed at nucleotide level of 0.35% that statistically showed higher values for final weight, weight gain andcondition factor than other treatments (P<0.05).There was nosignificant differenceinsurvival(P>0.05). The 0.35% nucleotide level also resulted in a better fatty acids profile, including EPA, EPA+DHA and n-3 than the control. However, 0.5% nucleotide showed significantly higher saturated fatty acids, MUFA and n3/n6 than the control. No significant differences were observed in arachidonic acid and DHA among the treatments (P>0.05). Chemical analysis showed the highest muscle protein in 0.15% and the highest muscle fat in 0.15 and 0.25 treatments, which were significantly higher (P<0.05) than the control group. The results of this study showed that dietary nucleotide has positive effects on growth performance and fatty acid profile of the grouper and the 0.35% level had a better performance.

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This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different sources and levels of carbohydrate (glucose and corn starch) on growth performance and carcass composition of juvenile Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii). Two weeks after acclimatization period to rearing conditions and basal diet, the number of 120 Siberian sturgeon juveniles weighing 25.64 ± 2.80g were randomly distributed into 12 fiberglass tanks in four treatments (glucose 15%, glucose 30%, corn starch 15% and corn starch 30%) in three replicates and kept at a density of 10 fish per tank (one fish per 35 liter) for a period of 8 weeks. Results showed that final weight, final total length, percentage of body weight increase, specific growth rate, mean daily growth, protein efficiency ratio and condition factor in fish fed corn starch 15% were high in comparison with other treatments (P>0.05). Fish fed corn starch 15% had the lowest (P>0.05) food conversation ratio. Significant difference was seen between fish fed corn starch 30% with fish fed glucose 15% in HSI (P0.05). The highest content of carcass protein was seen in corn starch 15% that showed significant difference with treatments glucose 15% and 30% (P

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This trial was to investigate the effect of emulsifier on growth performance, blood factors and carcass composition in rainbow trout (Onchorhyncus mykiss) fed fat powder diet. A basal diet was formulated using common feed ingredients supplemented with 0.5 and 1% of cholic acid and 2 and 4% of tween80, plus a control diet without emulsifier, leading to five experimental diets. Juvenile rainbow trout with an initial weight of 27.32±2.03 g was fed with experimental diets for 8 weeks. The results showed no significant differences between the value of body weight increasing (BWI), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency ratio (FCR) and hepato somatic index (HSI) (P>0.05) while, visceral somatic index (VSI) was significantly higher in control diet. Emulsifier had significant effects on blood parameters such as white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), MCV, MCH and MCHc (P<0.05). Diet containing 0.5% cholic acid showed higher value of WBC while control diet led to higher value of RBC. Results of serum analysis showed that inclusion of emulsifier was effected albumin, glucose and total protein value (P<0.05). 0.5% cholic acid led to the highest value among groups. Assessment of carcass composition showed significant differences among diets (P<0.05). The highest body protein values were observed in diet 0.5% cholic acid while body fat was the lowest in the same diet. It seems that emulsifier could maintain protein by fat utilization and considering no significant differences between different treatments of growth performance addition of 0.5% cholic acid is suggested.

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Aims: Due to vital role of optimum feeding rate on success and profitability of an aquaculture practice, feeding rates were examined in different life stages of Beluga sturgeon.
Methods: Feeding rates were 5%, 7%, 9%, 11%, 13% and 15% in stage 1; 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% and 12% in stage 2; 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3% and 3.5% in stage 3; 1.5%, 1.75%, 2%, 2.25% and 2.5% in stage 4. Farming durations of stages 1 to 4 were 10, 10, 42 and 56 days, as well as initial mean weights were 1.85, 7, 112.04 and 300.54 g, respectively.
Findings: Results showed that optimum feeding rates from growth and feeding parameters point of view were 9% and 5%, respectively, in stage 1. In stage 2 also optimum feeding rates were different from growth and feeding point of view, as they were 4% and 2%, respectively. For both aspects of growth and feeding parameters, optimum feeding rate was 2.5% of body weight in stage 3. In stage 4, the lowest food conversion rate was observed in the feeding rate of 1.5% and there were no significant differences between treatments from growth parameters point of view.
Conclusion: Growth and feeding parameters were affected with feeding rates in stages 1, 2 and 3. In stage 4, feeding rates influenced feeding parameters, but had no significant effects on growth performance.
 

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This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of Levels of Choline on the growth performance (WG, SGR, FCR, CF, PER and HIS), Carcass Compositions, and Haematological of Caspian salmon. 270 (8.82±0.38 g) were randomly distributed in 18 fiber glass tank with treeplicatefor 10 weeks. Experimental diets were also prepared by adding 0, 250, 500, 750, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg the basal diet (Control, Cho250، Cho500, Cho1000 and Cho2000) to evaluategrowth performance, carcass composition, and some haematological parameters. The final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate index, proteinefficiency ratio, obesity coefficient, and feed conversion ratio of fish fed with diet containing appropriate levels of choline (750-1000 mg/kg^-1) were significantlyhigher than fish fed with other diets. With increasing choline in fish diet, body fatand protein concentrations significantly increased, but carcass moisture decreased. Also, addition of 750-1000 mg/kg^-1choline to diet caused a significant diference in the activity of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP and LDH), compared with control treatment and 2000 mg/kg^-1.The results showed a significant increase in growth parameters and optimal carcasscomposition of Caspian salmon, the most suitable amount of choline is 750-1000 mg/kg^-1in the fish diet (p<0.05).
The results of this study indicated, that dietaryup to 1000 mg/kg^-1 to be negetivecooparation on growth performance, liver enzymesin Caspian salmon, salmo trutta caspius has moderate Choline requirement 750-1000 mg/kg^-1 as fed

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Aims: The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of three commercial prebiotics A-Max, Celmanax and Ultra (each of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g/kg diets) on growth, feed performance and blood biochemical compounds of beluga juvenile.
Materials & Methods: 900 fish with average weight of 21.5± 0.89 gr feeding was performed in 9 treatments (which on with three replicate) for 60 days. Control treatment was without supplementation. Fish were fed to satiation triple daily of 5% body weight. At the end of this period, the feed and growth performance were measured.
Findings: There was a significantly higher final body weight in ultra 0.5 (90.00± 21.78 g) compared with control (37.50± 9.60 g). The highest and lowest of food conversion were in treatments control and ultra (0.5), respectively. The results showed that the highest Fat and protein efficiency ratio was obtained in Ultra 0.5 (2.19± 0.77 and 7.37± 2.60) and lowest in control. Generally, the best treatments were in groups: Celmanax (dose of 0.5), A-Max (dose of 1.5) and Ultra (0.5). In addition, after determining the proper dose, blood samples were collected fish in the above-mentioned treatments. Based on the results of blood biochemistry parameters, there were no significant difference AST, ALP and ALT activity, so that the highest amount was obtained in the control. There were no significant differences in protein and cortisol experiment groups.
Conclusion: The results showed that the use of prebiotics in juvenile sturgeon diet has positive effects on feed performance and blood biochemical parameters.

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This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of hydrolysable tannin (HT) and condensed tannin (CT) on growth performance and body composition of Nile tilapia. Hydrolysable tannin and CT were included into diets at four levels (0, 5, 15, and 25 g kg-1 diet). The diet with zero tannin level acted as control and the response of fish fed diets containing tannin was compared to that of the control diet. All the diets were iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic. Hydrolysable and condensed tannin had a significant (P<0.05) effect on body weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER). Weight gain, SGR and PER of fish fed on the diets containing 15 and 25 g HT/ kg diet were significantly (P< 0.05) lower than those fed on the other diets. Feed conversion ratio of fish fed diets containing 15 and 25 g kg-1 HT were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those fed on the other diets. Feed intake of fish fed diets containing 15 and 25 g HT/kg diet were significantly (P< 0.05) lower than those fed on the other diets, except for diet containing 15 g kg-1condensed tannin (CT2). It is concluded that adverse effect of HT is higher on tilapia compared to that of CT and that protein sources of plant origin containing high amounts of tannins, in particular HT, should be used with caution as fish meal substitutes in tilapia diets.

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Rapeseed is the most widely used oil crop in Europe and it is an ideal raw material for the production of biodiesel. Because of a high nutritional value and a relatively high omega-3 fatty acids content, rapeseed cake can be used in poultry nutrition for the enrichment of meat and eggs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the possibility of using rapeseed cake in diets for turkeys for the purpose of enriching turkey meat with omega-3 fatty acids. In the study, 120 male day-old Nicholas 700 turkeys were used and randomly divided into 3 groups, each group with 4 replications (n= 10). The control groups of turkeys were fed on compound feed without rapeseed cake and the experimental groups were fed with 5 or 10% share of rapeseed cake in compound feed. Based on the results obtained, we can conclude that the share of rapeseed cake of 5 or 10% in the compound feed did not cause any adverse impact on the performance of turkeys. Also, we established that there was an increase of the amount of omega-3 fatty acids with increased share of rapeseed cake and there was a positive trend of a decrease of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Positive financial effect of fattening can be expected, because rapeseed cake is a cheaper source of protein in comparison with the commonly used soybean meal. Therefore, rapeseed cake can be recommended in fattening of hybrid turkeys, with a share up to 10% in the compound feed.

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The Effect of different levels of Wood Betony (WB), Stachys lavandulifolia extract, as complement in feed, on the performance of common carp, Cyprinus carpio was evaluated. The fish (44±0.62 g) was assigned to four treatments, three replicates each. The fish was fed on normal diet with no WB (control) vs. diet containing 2, 4 and 8% of WB extract. Fish were successively fed on the diet, 2% live body weight, three daily for 70 days. The results revealed that final weight, mean weight gain and specific growth rate were significantly improved by increasing WBlevels in the diet. The highest growth performance and the lowest feed conversion ratio were recorded for 8%WBtreatment. No significant changes were observed in the proximate whole body composition among different groups. Hemoglobin content and hematocrit value increased significantly in the second group in comparison with the others (P< 0.05). The highest serum total protein (5.05±1.4 g dl^-1) and globulin (2.47±0.3 g dl^-1) were recorded in the fish fed on the highest dose of WB (8%). Inclusion of 2% of WB in the diet reduced serum triglycerides (317.44±89 mg dl^-1) and cholesterol (141.51±35 mg dl^-1) in comparison with control (P< 0.05). It could be concluded that feeding common carp with the diet enriched with WB extract could enhance growth rate, improve some hematological and biochemical characteristics with no adverse effects on body composition. 

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The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of corn substitution with triticale in grower diets (zero, 50 and 100%) with/without exogenous enzyme supplementation on growth performance, digestive organs relative weight, jejunal morphology and blood lipids of quail chicks. Two hundred and forty one-day-old unsexed Japanese quail chicks were randomly assigned to a completely randomized design experiment with six treatments, four replicates/treatment and 10 chicks/replicate. Substituted triticale for corn in quail grower diets didn’t have significant effect on finaly weight and daily body weight gain. In the quail chicks that fed triticale based diet, feed intake and feed conversion ratio significantly reduced compared those fed corn based diet. Inclusion triticale in the quail grower diets at different levels significantly decreased the crop relative weight, blood serum concentration of triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein and significantly increased large intestine relative weight. The villus height, crypt depth, villus surface area and villus height to crypt deep rate in the quail chicks that fed triticale-soy meal diet were significantly more than those fed corn-soy meal diet. Supplemented exogenous enzyme to the experimental diets didn’t have significant effect on whole studied traits, except significantly reduced duodenum relative weight. In conclusion, triticale is a good alternative for corn in quail grower diet, it can completely substitute for corn and have a decreasing effect for blood triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein.

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An experiment was carried out to study the effect of Hull-Less Barley (HLB) replaced for dietary corn at the rate of zero, 25, 50, 75, and 100% with two levels of Enzyme Cocktail (EC) supplementation (0 and 0.5 g kg^-1 of diet) on performance of broiler chickens during the finisher period. Four hundred and fifty male broiler chickens aged 24-days were randomly assigned to 50 pens in a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) experiment, in a 5×2 factorial arrangement, with five replicates of 9 birds each. There were no significant differences in Average Daily Gain (ADG), Average Daily Feed Intake (ADFI), and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) of birds fed diets with zero, 25, 50, and 75% HLB replacement for corn, whereas the complete replacement of HLB for corn in diet significantly decreased ADG and ADFI and increased FCR. The GastroIntestinal Tract (GIT) organs relative weights and ileal chyme viscosity were significantly increased, and serum lipid metabolites concentrations significantly decreased by the increase in dietary HLB levels. A significantly shorter and thicker villi and thicker muscular layer in jejunum of chickens were observed when diet HLB level increased. The dietary EC supplementation significantly reduced the adverse effects of high dietary level of HLB on performance and GIT characteristics. It is concluded that HLB is a good alternative for broiler finisher diet, if substituted for up to 75% of corn. In addition, supplementation of EC in the finisher diet can decrease the adverse effects of high level of HLB on performance of broiler chickens.

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The present study investigates the effects of Vitamin E (VE) supplement on pulmonary hypertensive response of broilers fed a low-protein diet in a 42-day trial. A total of 180 male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were used in a completely randomized design. Treatments included a Normal Protein Diet (NPD) served as control, a Low-Protein Diet (LPD) with 30 g kg^-1 of crude protein lower than NPD, and a LPD supplemented with VE (100 mg kg^-1). Analyzed protein content of NDP and LPD was 227 and 199 g kg^-1 in the starter stage and 198 and 169 g kg^-1 in the grower stage. Growth performance, blood and carcass variables and Lead II of the electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded. Feed conversion ratio was not significantly changed by treatments. The relative weights of liver, heart, and the right to Total Ventricular weight ratio (RV:TV) as well as the S wave amplitude of ECG were significantly (P< 0.05) increased by feeding LPD. However, VE supplementation of LPD significantly (P< 0.05) restored these variables to similar ranges observed in NPD. Feeding LPD caused a significant decrease in serum Nitric Oxide (NO) and Uric Acid (UA) concentrations, whereas it caused a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and Heterophils to Lymphocytes ratio (H:L). Similarly, VE supplement restored these variables to similar levels observed in NPD. In conclusion, oxidative stress was involved in the pathogenesis of ascites in broilers fed with LPD, which could be counteracted by VE supplement.