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This paper examines the Quranic Iltifāt in the light of the structure of discourse information (SDI). The question is that how can Iltifat be justified through SDI? Firstly, it is referred to the literature review as well as the definition, categories and the kinds of Iltifat. Secondly SDI, topicalization, topic maintenance and point of view/focalization are analyzed. It seems that, through SDI, God turns the message into a new way (Iltifat) and gives it in a new package. This then results in the reader's empathy, which may change through the shift of point of view, hence, a change in Iltifat. Finally, the main findings read as follows: 1) in Iltifat, the reader receives information/ Quranic message in a new package via SDI, 2) Iltifat can be justified through topicalization and topic maintenance, 3) Iltifat is the innovatory use of language rather than a grammatical error, and 4) Iltifat and its kinds underscore the here and now of the Quranic oral discourse as well as the active role of the reader as the God's present audience.

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The present study was to evaluate the impact of feeding level and fish size on the growth factors,carcass composition and digestibility of rainbow trout. Six experimental treatments were assigned by the use of three feeding levels (maintenance, medium and satiation levels) and two fish sizes (43.02 ± 2.93 and 231.32± 6.74g) according to a 3×2 factorial design.  There were three replicates for each treatment and the experiment lasted for 59 days. The results showed that there is a significant interaction effect between fish size and feeding level for body weight gain, final body weight and specific growth (p<0.05). Body composition (dry matter, energy, moisture, fat and protein) was affected by feeding level and size of the fish (p<0.05). However, the interaction effect between fish size and feeding level for body composition was not significant (p>0.05).The digestibility measurements showed that fish size and feeding level  changed  significantly digestibility of protein, lipid, energy and dry matter in rainbow trout (p<0.05). Maximum growth at satiation feeding level can reduce feed conversion ratio and increase waste production at both fish sizes.

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To improve the texture and acceptance capabilities of silver carp burger and increase per capita consumption this product, the pectin was used as texture enhancers. Pectin is a polysaccharide that can be used in food to improve gel texture properties. In this research uses three different treatments, silver carp fried fish burger as control, fried fish burger with 0/3 % pectin as treatment 1, fried fish burger with 0/6 % pectin as treatment 2. Sensory evaluation and texture analysis tests was performed in zero phases and then monthly for six months and the results were compared with texture analysis. According to the results of the texture analysis of fish burger treatments, significant differences in the juiciness,overall acceptance was observed.The sensory evaluation index are also significant differences between fish burger formulated contains 0/3% pectin than the other two treatments was observed after six months storage at-18°C, therefor according to sensory evaluation and texture analysis, formulating fish burger contains 0/3% pectin most stable and acceptable formulation in terms of scoring during storage.

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The purpose of preventive maintenance management is to perform a series of tasks that prevents or minimizes production breakdowns and improves the reliability of production facilities. The inspection, repair, and replacement of production equipment are tasks that are central to preventive maintenance management. An important objective of preventive maintenance management is to minimize the downtime of production facilities. In order to accomplish this objective, management personnel has to efficiently allocate resources and determine an effective maintenance schedule. Mathematical models have been developed to solve the preventive maintenance-scheduling problem of assigning skilled personnel to work with tasks that require a set of corresponding skills. However, there are several limitations in the prior work in this area of research. The craft-combination problem has not been solved because the craft-combinations is assumed to be given. The craft-combination problem concerns the computation of all combinations of assigning multi-skilled workers to accomplishing a particular task. In fact, determining craft-combinations is difficult because of the exponential number of craft-combinations that are possible. This research provides an integrated solution for the preventive maintenance-scheduling problem with multi-skilled workforce constraints. Two novel preventive maintenance-scheduling model is formulated to automatically produce the optimal solution and craft combination.

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In addition to existing rehabilitation and maintenance treatments, new treatments must be identified to optimize maintenance and management of pavement. Preventive maintenance treatments are used to reduce pavement distress rate and improve the pavement surface. These treatments can be effective when the pavement has no structural distress, so choose of optimum preventive maintenance is difficult. In addition, choose of optimum preventive maintenance treatment is dependent on many factors that makes choosing more difficult. Identifying these factors and knowing the fact that how preventive maintenance methods affect these factors, can significantly help managers to select the best method. In this paper, these factors have been identified and models for selecting the best preventive maintenance treatment have been presented. Due to lack of measuring devices, a simple calculation method for these factors has been presented. Finally, the importance of each factor has been analyzed by Analytical Hierarchy Process and models for selecting the best preventive maintenance method have been presented.

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In this study, an example of the results obtained from the combination of the vibration monitoring program and the root cause analysis approach for the electromotor roller element bearings of the cement factory’s mill fan has been presented and examined. By registering the inspectors' reports on the release of abnormal sound from the bearings, the vibration data recorded in the monitoring program were equipped and, by carefully checking the vibration trends of the machine, sensible increase in the bearing condition index (BC) have seen. By matching the fault frequency with the frequency elements of the roller bearing, predicted is failure in the bearing' cage, which will be verified by visited and reviewed. The detect of the root cause of the failure is on the agenda for this purpose, paid investigated the causes of failure in the bearings and due to the inspection history, finally specified the use of the bearing is not suitable due to the velocity factor, as well as the factors of the lubrication interval and the amount of lubrication charged can be explained by the reasons for failure in the machine.

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The safety of bridges as the vital arteries of cities is of great importance. There are several factors that raise concerns about the safe performance of bridges, and resolving these concerns are dependent on the appropriate decision-making of urban managers throughout the service life of bridge. These factors can be divided into two major types. The first type are factors affecting the safety of a part or whole structure of bridge and producing concerns about the bridge collapse. For easing the danger of collapse, totally or partially, a proper decision should be made to improve the behavior of a specific part of bridge at a certain time during its service life. The second type are factors influencing the safety of one or more bridge elements and increasing the life cycle costs of bridge. To prevent the growth of bridge costs due to deterioration, an appropriate plan for repair and maintenance should be implemented in order to enhance the condition of one or several elements.
 In order to make the right decision, it is necessary to obtain accurate information on the condition of bridges. One of the best ways to get this information is to use bridge health monitoring. Health monitoring is the process of information acquisition from structure by installing sensors on its components and analyzing the data obtained from implemented sensors. By bridge structural health monitoring and interpreting the gathered data, the access to accurate and timely information, which is consistent with the reality of the bridge structure, is provided. Having the correct information about the bridge, the managers can decide at a lower level of risk. However, choosing specific monitoring strategy among different health monitoring systems for a bridge is a challenge that should be solved. A Quantitative index is needed to find the best technically and economically monitoring system.
 The value of information (VoI) analysis is used for determining the effectiveness of monitoring information in decision-making. VoI is a method which quantifies the price of information and specifies the cost-effectiveness of decisions made on the basis of monitoring. This analysis also makes it possible to choose the most economical monitoring strategy among several alternatives. In the VoI calculation, all the uncertainties involved in the performance of a Health monitoring and probabilities of any anticipated event are considered. Thus, the decision making based on VoI is risk-based and reliable especially for important structures like bridges.
In this paper, after investigating the worries and solutions for eliminating worries about the bridges in detail and introducing the applications of structural health monitoring (SHM) systems for bridges, the equations governing the VoI analysis is presented and the procedures for determining the VoI is discussed, and as an example, the VoI analysis of a bridge is discussed. According to the results of this analysis, implementing a specific amount of strain gauges with specific accuracy can provide worthy information about the bridge safety for the manager. Moreover, by the VoI analysis, the best approach for sensing system of SHM in the bridge is determined.

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In this research, the adequacy of the method recommended by the Iran highway asphalt pavement code (Code 234) for pavement design is investigated. Pavement design in Iran highway asphalt pavement code is in accordance with the ASHTO method. Design variables in this Code are considered as Deterministic and without probability distribution; while the Average Daily Traffic (ADT), the annual growth rate (r), and the variables related to resistance such as modulus of elasticity and thickness of each layer, despite the segmentation, have many changes along a route. As a result, pavements designed on this basis may have a shorter useful life than expected and be destroyed in less traffic or age than the initial design. Iran highway asphalt pavement code uses a method similar to First Order Second Moment (FOSM) to consider the reliability in pavement design. FOSM is an old and simple method. This method has low accuracy in calculating the confidence level, especially for nonlinear functions. There are more accurate methods such as First Order Reliability Method (FORM) and Sampling for reliability analysis that eliminate the disadvantages of the FOSM method and perform reliability analysis more accurately for nonlinear functions. Therefore, it is better to consider the uncertainty of the variables and use accurate reliability methods to calculate the level of pavement reliability. A reliability-based method is proposed to improve the pavement design based on the Iran highway asphalt pavement code. To compare the two methods, traffic data and pavement condition of the Qom-Salafchegan route were collected. At first, the variables were considered Deterministic and without probability distribution, and the overlay thickness was calculated at a confidence level of 80% based on code 234. Then the most appropriate probability distribution of variables was determined by the Anderson-Darling test. According to the thickness of the overlay obtained from the Iran highway asphalt pavement code, the confidence probability of each section was determined by the FORM and Sampling methods of reliability in the Rtx software and Monte Carlo simulation in the R programming language. Based on Code 234, the pavement reliability was approximately 20% higher than that of the proposed method. Furthermore, based on this code, the required overlay thickness was about half of that determined according to the proposed method with an equal reliability level, which leads to was destroyed less traffic and lifetime than the design value and needed repair again. In the following different reliability, methods are compared with each other. According to the sampling method with a higher probability of failure than the FORM method, the required overlay thickness is determined and therefore, leads to a more conservative overlay thickness. To evaluate the accuracy of Rtx software, a Monte Carlo simulation is performed in the R programming language. It was concluded that Rtx results in the overlay design at a lower reliability level than the R programming language. In the ASHTO method, the logarithm probability distribution of w_t18 and w₁₈ variables is considered normal. This hypothesis was rejected by performing the Anderson-Darling test on the collected data and these variables do not have a normal distribution.
 

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Commercialization of justice and increasing in litigation costs (court costs, fees etc.) has challenged access to court for some individuals. In order to remove this problem and facilitate their access to court, various mechanisms such as contingency fees, legal expenses insurance and funding litigation costs by third parties have been devised. The latter institution is an aleatory contract that for first time established during 1990S in Australia and then was accepted in other countries. The contract is concluded between a funder and a plaintiff, by which the former pays plaintiff’s litigation costs in exchange for share of recovery. There are arguments for and against this contract. In US legal system, The critics consider the contract void due to being Qarar, ignoring the prohibition of maintenance and champerty rules, contrast with public order, increasing the cases, encouraging unmeritorious claims and reducing the settlement’s incentive. Conversely, it could be considered valid based on the society’s need and social and economic interests, facilitating individual’s access to court, preventing from private justice, increasing incentive to settle and preventing to file baseless suit.