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Abstract
Child sexual abuse is one of the social problems that has devastating effects on various aspects of children's personality. In this article, an attempt has been made to examine the psychological consequences of sexual harassment in related to children. The main purpose of this study is to identify the psychological, behavioral, cognitive and emotional consequences of sexual victimization of children under 15 years of age among those referred to four social emergency centers located in Tehran province.
     In this research - which is quantitative in terms of type and descriptive-analytical in terms of method - First, different indicators were selected as the effective factors of sexual victimization and each of the selected data was entered into the statistical tables using the available sampling method and using the researcher questionnaire. Then, the relationship between the variables was measured using statistical tests and the correlations were analyzed.
     The results of the analysis of child sexual abuse cases referred to the social emergency confirm that there is a significant relationship between child sexual abuse and subsequent mental disorders. Hypothesis testing suggests that sexual abuse has psychological, behavioral, cognitive, and emotional consequences for children's personality. Due to the need to identify these factors in order to prevent the occurrence of psycho-behavioral disorders afterwards and increase ways to eliminate or reduce it, early detection of child abuse, intervention, treatment and prevention of horrific complications of child abuse seems necessary.
 
Keywords: Mental Disorder, Mental Health, Mental Consequences, Sexual Victimization, Social Emergency

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Sohrab Sepehri and Abbas Kiarostami are artists who could express their thought in the form of another language using the myths and symbols.  The most important considerations in their works are neutral symbols. In this paper, the authors tried to review the symbolic nature using comparative approach and Gaston Bachelard's theory. We analyzed Hasht Keteb and Kiarostami's movies, and found that the mythical structure and contents briefly express differences and commonalities in their works. The most applicant natural symbols widely used in these works consist water, air, soil and plants. The results of our study showed that Water and soil, in various forms, involve a dual role in poetry and cinema: both as a symbol of death and resurrection, and creation. Wind is the symbol of divine origin and evolution. Also it indicates the death and destruction. Plant is the symbol of cosmic tree. Symbolic imagery and mythical nature, in Kiarostami's films and Sepehri's poems, can affect the poetic spirit of two artists, which is result of thier familiarity with Eastern mysticism and also for being influenced by painting and photography skills.  

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Aim: Providing sexual health care is a fundamental action, which is intended to promote the general quality of life. To achieve this aim, practitioners in primary health care setting should be qualified in terms of sexual health counseling and effective interventions. This case report was intended to introduce and explain the application of Ex-PLISSIT model, which can be applied by health care practitioners when sexual counseling. The Ex-PLISSIT model is an extended of Annon’s PLISSIT model which its acronym determines four levels of intervention as Permission, Limited Information, Specific Suggestions, and Intensive Therapy.
Methods: The case was a 25 year-old married who declared that during the sexual encounter, she often did not experience orgasm. She also stated that ejaculation is occurred by stimulation of the Granfenberg spot (G-spot) as an erotic zone, which is located on the anterior wall of the vagina along the course of the urethra. The Ex-PLISSIT model was applied to resolve the client’s sexual problem in the three sessions with two-week intervals. Findings: The first and second counseling sessions were focused on the permission and giving the limited information and specific suggestions to experience orgasm and correct the client’s mindset about G-spot. During counseling sessions, the review and the reflection were carried out to increase the client’s self-awareness. The third session focused on the other sexual skills training that client can apply to experience orgasm. Two weeks after the third session, client reflected that she experienced good orgasm and also she was interested to re-apply those suggestions in her sexual encounters with her husband.
Conclusion: The Ex-PLISSIT can be a useful framework for practitioners in primary health care setting to meet and provide the sexual health care needs of clients.

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Aim: This study aimed to investigate the beliefs toward sexual health among couples attending marriage counseling centers, based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) as a theoretical framework.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 416 couples, aged 14 to 40 years, who referred to a marriage counseling center in Kermanshah in 2014. They were recruited through a simple random sampling method. The data gathering tool consisted of a self-administered questionnaire based on the HBM constructs and some demographic characteristics. Data were analyzed with SPSS-18 software using independent t-test, one way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation. Findings: According to the results, the level of perceived susceptibility of the consequences of unsafe sexual behaviors and perceived barriers among couples were not satisfactory; however, perceived severity and benefits were reported in a relatively good level. Internet and friends were the most important cues to action related to sexual health.
Conclusion: Results demonstrated that the framework of the HBM is useful for investigation of sexual health related beliefs among couples. Thus, design and implementation of interventions based on the results of present study may be effective in promoting knowledge and beliefs toward sexual health among couples.

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Aim: Sexual function is influenced by different individual and environmental factors. Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) can lead to serious conditions for women and their family. The present study aimed to identify the prevalence and risk factors for FSD, in Kashan, Iran.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a convenience sample of 200 women refering to educational gynecology clinics and meeting the inclusion criteria was selected in Kashan, Iran, 2014. Three anonymous self-administered questionnaires were completed by the participants: Demographic, the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Chi-square, T-test, Mann Whitney's and Pearson's correlation coefficients were performed for the determination of factors associated with FSD. A score less than 28 out of a possible score of 36 suggests the presence of FSD based on FSFI.
Findings: Of total participants, 119 (59.5%) had FSD. Thirty-nine percent reported desire disorders, 37% arousal disorders, 28.5% lubricant disorders, 24%5 orgasmic disorders, 19.5% pain disorders, and 22.5% satisfaction disorders. Sexual dysfunction was more common in depressed, anxious and stressed and low educated women with older age and longer duration of marriage.
Conclusion: Sexual dysfunction is common among women and some demographic and emotional problems likely contribute to the experience of sexual dysfunction. This finding may have implications on the clinical evaluation of sexual function and identifying the effect of demographic and psychological factors on FSD in women.

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Gender as a social identity, has an important role in the formation of folk poetry, especially poetry and folk Bakhtiari culture. The lyrics besides reflecting different values and beliefs about women and men are important in the internalization of these values. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of gender on popular poems (The chansons of caress, Lullabies, and mourning lyrics) of Bakhtiari culture that have been analyzed using content analysis and theoretical basis of gender inequality. Gender divides these poems into two parts; male and female poetry. Home prepares the way in which the women benefit from a private atmosphere that helps them to do several activities like baking, milking and conviviality. Instead social and public activities such as to be with others in assembly, eloquence, rationality, courage and to be belligerent are those of characteristics attributed to men.  Gender inequality in the tradition of Bakhtiari culture has a tender signification, in its turn, it means that women are in lower rank in comparison with men .

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Pauesia antennata Mukerji (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) as the unique parasitoid of the giant brown peach aphid, Pterochloroides persiace Cholodkovsky (Hemiptera, Aphididae) is considered to be the most effective biological control agent of this pest. In this study, the assessment of selected biological parameters of P. antennata demonstrated that the longevity of mature parasitoid was 3.90 ± 0.22, the developmental time was 14.48 ± 1.05 and the life span was 19.46 ± 0.68 days. The maximum flight activity and oviposition were observed at the second and third days of the parasitoid lifespan. The parasitism, emergence rates and the sex ratio were affected by the variations in the number of P. persicae relative to each population of the parasitoid.

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Aim: Nowadays, sexual behaviours of the youths have turned into a controversial issue all over the world due to widespread sexually transmitted infections (STIs), human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and unwanted pregnancies. Regarding the increasing interactions of the youths with their friends and peers in Iranian society in the recent years, this research was conducted to explain the role of friends and peers to establish pre-marital sexual relationships among the youths.
Methods: This qualitative research was conducted on 30 single boys and girls aged 18-24 years, living in Isfahan, Iran, who had already started sexual activities and 17 other participants who were in a way involved in the experienced events by the youths. Data collection was done using semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed using conventional content analysis.
Findings: After analyzing the interviews, two sub-categories emerged including "being influenced by friends and peers" and "exchanging sexual information and contents", which were entitled “The effects of youths, interactions with friends and peers” as the main category.
Conclusion: Considering the important role of friends and peers in shaping pre-marital sexual relationships among the youths, providing them with comprehensive educational programs about STIs, HIV/AIDS, and sexual health protection through peer-based educational approach is necessary.

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The effect of two insecticides, imidacloprid and pyriproxyfen, were investigated on some biological parameters of ladybird beetle Menochilus sexmaculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) under laboratory condition. Theladybird beetle were exposed to insecticides by ingestion of the common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt and Lauterer (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) (prey). For imidacloprid, maximum field recommended concentration (MFRC) (1/1 MFRC = 140 ppm), 1/2 and 1/4 MFRC were tested. For pyriproxyfen dilutions of 1/1 MFRC (50 ppm), 2/1 and 1/2 MFRC were used after 24 h. The 100% mortality was observed with imidacloprid in all tested concentrations, whereas no mortality was observed by pyriproxyfen even at the highest concentration (2/1 MFRC). Because of the high mortality observed with imidacloprid, lower concentrations of 1/10, 1/20 and 1/40 MFRC were tested and all predators were killed 3, 7 and 10 days after treatment, respectively. At 1/100 MFRC, no eggs were laid but prey consumption was continued for two weeks. At 1/1 and 2/1 MFRC of pyriproxyfen, ingestion of prey was reduced by 18% and 23%, respectively. At 1/1 and 1/2 MFRC of pyriproxyfen, fecundity and fertility of the coccinellid predator was decreased to 43% and 24.5%, respectively. Imidacloprid at 1/100 MFRC caused significant reduction on fecundity but had no detrimental effect on fertility of the produced eggs. Therefore, unlike the pyriproxyfen that had not acute toxicity, the imidacloprid was extremely toxic to coccinellid at MFRC. However, pyriproxyfen was able to affect on feeding ratio and reproduction of M. sexmaculatus.

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Aim: Female sex workers' capacity for sexually transmitted infections is a major concern in the developing countries, such as Iran. This study aimed to explore the social determinants of sex work among female sex workers.
Methods: Qualitative approach was applied, and the participants were recruited from two shelters and three harm reduction drop-in centers (DICs) in Tehran. Seventeen in-depth interviews and two focus group discussions were conducted with female sex workers. Inclusion criteria of the present study were Iranian women aged 15-45 years, being sexually active in the past 12 months, ability to comprehend Farsi, and being eager to participate in the study. Purposive sampling with maximum variation sampling was used for data gathering. Content analysis was applied for data analysis.
Findings: Three main themes emerged in the data analysis process: family, inefficient education, and social risks. The subthemes of family included lack of financial support, lack of emotional support, unbounded family, and inappropriate husband. The subthemes of inefficient education were defect of education in the family, lack of education in the community, and peer education. The subthemes of social risks included risky society and risky friends.
Conclusion: It is recommended that the role of family, friends, and peers to be highlighted to families. Also sexual health education must be provided for youth and high risk groups, such as sex workers.

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Lady beetles are the most important predatory species among arthropods, so studying their population parameters gives a clear picture about their life span. The life histories of variegated lady beetle, Hippodamia variegata (Goeze), fed on the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae Fabricius, on different host plants were studied under laboratory conditions, at 25 ± 1 °C, 65 ± 5% Relative Humidity and a photoperiod of 16:8 (Light: Dark) h. Developmental, survival and fecundity data were analyzed using the age-stage, two-sex life table method. According to the age-stage, two-sex life table, the net reproductive rates (R₀) of ladybird fed on S. avenae reared on Triticum aestivum var. tajan, Hordeum vulgare var. Dasht, Zea mays var. single cross 704 and Sorghum durra var. Speed feed were estimated to be 235.38 ± 36.15, 190.74 ± 33.37, 293.54 ± 46.66 and 137.46 ± 23.66 female offspring / female, respectively. Based on the results, the intrinsic rate of increase as an index of population increase of H. variegata, was 0.181 ± 0.006, 0.179 ± 0.006, 0.163 ± 0.006 and 0.162 ± 0.006 h^-1 preyed on host reared on T. aestivum var. tajan Z. mays var. single cross 704 S. durra var. Speed feed and H. vulgare var. Dasht, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that by using the age-stage, two-sex life table we can accurately describe the growth, survival and development of the predator. Our finding may provide basic information for developing aphid biological control programs.  

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Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the validity and reliability of a native questionnaire (Perception of Sexually Transmitted Infections Questionnaire) among homeless women as a hidden layer in the Iranian society for sexually transmitted infections.
Methods: Qualitative and quantitative content and face validities were applied. In the qualitative phase of content validity, the homeless women evaluated wording, grammar, item allocation, and scaling of the questionnaire. In the quantitative phase, the content validity index (CVI) and the content validity ratio (CVR) were calculated. In the qualitative phase of face validity, 40 homeless women were asked to evaluate the questionnaire and indicate if they felt difficulty or ambiguity in the questionnaire. In the quantitative phase, the impact score was calculated. The Kuder-Richardson correlation and test-retest reliability were calculated to assess the internal consistency and stability of the questionnaire.
Findings: The ICC for the questionnaire was achieved at 0.86 (good to excellent), lending support to the stability of the questionnaire. The Kuder-Richardson correlation of the questionnaire was 0.85 (good to excellent). Impact scores of the items ranged from 1.2 to 5. In the quantitative content validity, items with CVR and CVI less than 0.59 and 0.79, respectively, were omitted; overall, 10 items were deleted in this part of the validity.
Conclusion: This study suggests that PSTIQ is a valid and reliable. It could be used to design appropriate interventions to prevent (STIs) in high risk groups, especially homeless women.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the PLISSIT model-based counseling on the sexual function of couples during pregnancy.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was carried out in Tehran (Najmieh Hospital) on 88 couples who were randomly assigned to the control (44 couples) and intervention (44 couples) groups. The intervention group received sexual counseling based on a PLISSIT model by a trained midwife, and the control group received only routine services in prenatal care. Sexual functions of the couples were assessed by the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and International Index Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaires before counseling, 4 weeks after counseling, and at the end of the second trimester of pregnancy. Independent t-test and repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) test were used for comparison of the scores within the groups.
Findings: No significant differences were found in the demographic variables of the subjects. The mean total scores of FSFI and IIEF were not different at baseline in the two groups. Repeated measure analysis showed significant differences between the two groups in the mean total scores of FSFI and IIEF after the intervention. Post intervention, the mean of the total score of sexual function of the couples was significantly higher in the intervention group compared with the control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, sex education for prenatal care would be effective, and we can claim that sexual function of couples during pregnancy may be enhanced by using the PLISSIT model.

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The practitioners of language learning have introduced various techniques for vocabulary instruction as one of the significant bases in the process of language teaching. One of them is the presentation of new vocabulary items in semantically related or unrelated sets. This study sets forth to investigate whether there is any significant difference in vocabulary learning via the two techniques of antonymous and semantically unrelated sets among Iranian EFL learners with different proficiency levels and different sexes. For this purpose, 120 (60 male and 60 female) students took the Vocabulary Knowledge test and the Definition test. In order to analyze the data related to this study, two two-way ANOVAs were conducted. The findings revealed that the participants in semantically unrelated sets group outperformed their peers in the antonymous sets group. Also in each group, the high proficient participants outscored their low proficient peers. It was evidenced that, in all groups, females performed better than their male peers. The purpose of the current study is to find that from among the two previously mentioned techniques for teaching vocabulary, which one is the most suitable technique for teaching vocabulary to Iranian EFL learners with different proficiency levels and different sexes.

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In this study, we attempt to investigate the representation of sexuality in the images of English language teaching books (Four Corners (2) – American English File (2) – Interchange (2)) based on visual - social semiotics according to Halliday’s Functional linguistics and clearly followed by Kress and Van Leeuwen 2006 (1996).  Creating text, as an example image, is a discoursal and as a result a social action. This social action on textbooks which have been written for non-English language learners works at higher level. It works in intercultural level. As a result, there is always a constant problem: Is it possible that the central culture (English language society) creates discourse via the texts of the textbooks in which non-English speakers are considered strangers and they themselves are considered natural and familiar? This research via investigating images, texts , verbal titles and the margin of those images searches how English language teaching books portray English culture as evident, natural and inevitable and others as foreigners who only lose their alterity if they are attracted by this culture. The main goal of this research is to analyze English language teaching books and investigate their different discoursal, social and cultural outputs .Also this research tries to investigate the role of images in intercultural discoursal context. Cultural differences and their reflection in English language teaching textbooks with ideological outputs of images and modality in the images of textbooks are other marginal goals of this research.  

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Backgrounds: Evidence indicating the association of cancers and chronic inflammations is increasing. The importance of urinary tract and sexually transmitted infections (UTIs and STIs) in the development of prostate cancer is still unclear. Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) is one of the most important causes of UTIs and STIs. Here, a case-control study was performed on the Iranian population to assess the association between C. trachomatis and prostate cancer (PC).
Materials & Methods: Paraffin-embedded prostate tissue specimens collected from 62 PC and 62 PBH (benign prostate hyperplasia) (as controls) patients were screened to detect C. trachomatis 16srRNA gene using nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR) method. A p-value < .05 was interpreted as a remarkable difference using SPSS statistical software Ver. 16.
Findings: There was a significant difference regarding the prevalence of C. trachomatis (p < .001; OR=10.07; 95% CI [2.81-36.001]) between the PC (33.87%) and BPH (4.84%) samples. Furthermore, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels were statistically higher (p< .05) in C. trachomatis-positive patients than in patients with negative C. trachomatis.
Conclusion: It could be concluded that patients with a history of C. trachomatis infections are more likely to develope PC. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment of C. trachomatis infection may help the prevention of PC. Moreover, nested PCR is a suitable method for C. trachomatis detection in paraffin-embedded prostate tissue specimens.

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