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Showing 13 results for Spatial Analysis
Volume 7, Issue 1 (1-2021)
Abstract
Background: In Iran, the first cases of SARS-CoV-2 disease were detected with the death of 2 people in Qom city. Then other cases were reported in Markazi, Tehran, and Gilan provinces, and after that the disease spread to all 31 provinces of the country.
Materials and Methods: All data used in this study were collected from the reports of the National Committee on COVID-19 Epidemiology in the Ministry of Health and Medical Education in Iran. To investigate the effect of traveling between neighboring provinces, a spatial rate smoothing method was used, showing the impact of neighborhood on the disease prevalence. Also, to investigate the relationship between population density and disease prevalence, spatial regression was used at a significance level of 5%.
Findings: Based on the estimated spatial rates, the disease prevalence rates changed in many provinces compared to the raw prevalence rates. Population density was also found to be directly related to the disease prevalence, so that with increasing population density, the disease prevalence rate increased (p <.001).
Conclusion: It seems that case finding process should be done actively in all provinces of Iran regardless of administrative borders. Provinces should also be classified in terms of the disease transmission risk according to population density of patients, which may indicate the probability of contact between individuals.
Volume 10, Issue 1 (10-2006)
Abstract
Public librararies have an important role in people opportunity to recive information and cultural products. In this paper studied spatial distribution, availbilities and facilities of public library of No. 12 district in Tehran. First base map and required information such as population rate, education and infrastructures and facilities gathered and then completed answering form according to needed information. Result of this sudy indicate in spite of population rate in study area is less than other districts in Tehran, but frequency of libraries is more. Using geographic information systems functions determined one 1000 m radius around libraries centres and extracted the attribute data for each of studied cells. The study of determined cells around each of library indicate the exciting libraries has not optimum distribution. Also facilities and possibilities is not according to population rate that lived in the 1000 m applied radius of each library. To solve present problem have proposed maximum use of other cultural spaces and stablishment of new library in the studied area.
Elham Haghshenas, Mehdi Gholamalifard, Nemat Mahmoudi,
Volume 10, Issue 4 (12-2021)
Volume 10, Issue 4 (12-2021)
Abstract
Introduction: Fish consumption is increasing due to the global population growth. Therefore, taking advantage of new methods such as marine aquaculture can be a reliable source for the production of fish in the world. The purpose of this study is the spatial analysis of marine aquaculture farms in the coasts of Mazandaran province.
Materials and methods: In this study, three categories of criteria (water quality, economic-social and physical-environmental) were considered for spatial analysis of aquaculture farms in the coasts of Mazandaran, which are based on the Geographic Information System (GIS) and hierarchical analysis process (AHP), is used according to the definition of the decision law, and at the end, the existing aquaculture farms (9 farms) are analyzed using the Extract function.
Results and discussion: The results show that the location of the present farms can be transferred to more favorable areas with less risk. Among the existing farms, farms 1 and 2, located on the coasts of Joibar and Babolsar, have the most suitable condition and the highest amount of desirability. Also, the results of weighting between the three groups of water quality parameters show physical and socio-economic; Due to the importance of temperature, turbidity and chlorophyll criteria in marine aquaculture, water quality group has more weight than other groups (0.4034) and then the group of physical factors (0.3808) than social factors. (0.2168) more weight is given.
Conclusion: The findings of this study show the ability of GIS as well as satellite imagery to locate and evaluate marine aquaculture.
Volume 13, Issue 2 (10-2009)
Abstract
Climate change has direct and indirect effects on the growth of agricultural products. Wheat is one of the strategic products of the world that is affected by climate change. This research was done in the Khorasan Razavi province in order to study the variability of wheat yield by the change of climatic parmeters including precipitation and temperature. To do this, 11 stations were selected. The climatic parameters included the total monthly precipitation and five parameters of temperature, including; mean annual temperature, mean annuall maximum temperature, mean annual minimum temperature and monthly max-min. Then the wheat yield in each station was gathered for wheat growth period (phonology) from October to June for 20 years (1984-2003). In each station. The correlation coefficient between the wheat yield and climatic parameters was computed and finally a regression model was provided for the stations to recognize the influential climatic parameters. The climatic parameters influencing wheat yield were established. Daregaz, Ghuchan, Torbate-Hydariyeh, Torbate-Jam, Kashmar and Gonabad stations had a regression model, while Sabzevar, Nyshabour, Mashhad, Ferdows and Taybad stations lacked such kind of regression model. Regional model was calculated for the province and compared with the calculated station models. In the regional model, the parameters of January and February total monthly precipitation, January average temperature, January maximum average temperature and March absolutely minimum temperature were found to be influential in the rain-fed wheat yield. This finding indicates that precipitation paramenters and cold season (winter) temperature are very important in the rain-fed farming wheat yields. Finally prediction scenarious for the regional model and the stations which had models were done and the wheat yield variability considering the climatic parameters’ deviation from normal mean was estimated. In the final process, forecasting scenarios for the zonal and stationbased models were calculated and the variability rate of wheat yield with respect to the climatic parameters deviation from the normal mean was extracted. The results of this study indicated that wheat yield changes from 200 to 534 kg/ha for the zonal model according to the changes in precipitation and temperature.
Volume 13, Issue 2 (10-2009)
Abstract
Despite the vast efforts to determine the earthquake risks at global level, it is not possible yet to forecast exactly when and where it may occur Researches indicated that regarding the available information and statistics, it is possible to anticipate the vulnerability of the residential regions against earthquakes and thus provide the necessary initiatives. To perform this goal, a questionnaire was designed based on the library and field researches. 322 questionnaires were distributed based on the existing population in the regions 11 and 12 of Tehran city, using formulation of Kocaran. The statistical data were analyzed using SPSS software and regression analysis, T-method correlation, and K square. Some results were obtained such as overcrowding population, effective variables in the rate of vulnerability, and the difference between the average size of the sidewalks in both regions. Moreover, Arc GIS software was used to design the maps and spatial analysis.
Volume 19, Issue 3 (12-2015)
Abstract
Local and regional capabilities and relative advantages of the various factors that influence the economic, social and environmental, is always different and this causes some areas to other areas of excellence. This way understanding the benefits and powers of local and regional development plans are the basic principles and guidelines for the development of the existing explanation makes sense. The category of the most important issues affecting the development of culture in human society that has become popular in recent years and in some areas has led to development of some causes of cultural disparities. The purpose of this study was to estimate and 11-fold Regionalization cities of Yazd province in terms of cultural components that are possible with the use of 21 cultural components. Methodology of the Study, descriptive, and quantitative analysis. In this study, the weighted index of the Delphi technique and data analysis techniques in order to Yazd Township ORESTE-surfacing is applied. The results show that, firstly, the cultural indices in Yazd province is not a significant difference between the distributions of the balanced development of cities in terms of cultural services is considered. And secondly, the findings revealed that Mehriz, Ardkan and Abarkuh Township respectively ranked from one to three developmental, cultural and urban center of the city of Yazd, Yazd Province is located in the lower level.
Volume 20, Issue 3 (11-2016)
Abstract
Between 2010 and 2015, a new wave of information and knowledge based economy, leads to the formation of knowledge intensive firms in geography of Tehran metropolis. In most cases, these firms selected sites which are not in compliance with spatial planning frameworks, norms and rules and they were located following the market-driven factors. Therefore, reviewing and analyzing this new geographic phenomenon is important for recommending spatial planning policies in Tehran. The main objective of this research is to understand the spatial distribution patterns of these knowledge intensive firms and their spatial relationships with environmental, social, economic, educational, research and infrastructure factors in Tehran metropolis. In this study, the data of more than 930 registered companies till 2015 have been pinpointed in GIS, using spatial statistics methods to be analyzed. The findings show that spatial distribution pattern of knowledge intensive firms is cluster type which is highly related to basic infrastructures such as public transport network and also, with research and educational institutions. At the end, suggestions based on the results of the research have provided. At the end, suggestions based on the results of the research have provided.
Volume 21, Issue 4 (12-2017)
Abstract
Housing prices in a city spatial analysis, spatial vision of the city in terms of housing prices creates existence thoroughly. Using such an analysis can be found in the city, where prices are high or low in the analysis. This study were conducted aims to achieve spatial pattern of housing prices in the city. The purpose of applied research and in terms of the nature and method is analytic. The population of the city of Tabriz in 1390, is the residential apartment. Analysis of the spatial pattern analysis is used, cluster analysis in GIS maps and kriging interpolation method. The results of index rating average nearest neighbor with standard 88/22 and P Value 000/0 shows the distribution of cluster housing prices at all levels. According to statistics of General G, P Value and Variance value is zero, indicating a cluster pattern with a high concentration. The results show that the highest concentration of hot spots hot spots (highest price) in the East part of the city with the highest concentration of cold spots (lowest price) in the north, north-western and south-western city of Tabriz. Geocaching and no points given little value estimation using kriging interpolation using adjacent areas indicate that11/34 percent of housing in Tabriz has less than a million.
Volume 22, Issue 3 (10-2018)
Abstract
Introduction
Noise is an integral part of modern life and modern overnight. Our ancestors lived in a more quiet environments and exposed to the sounds were softer. The problems of the urban environment in terms of noise and discomfort for audio, mainly is related to two factors: ( A) density of more than production units, industry and services in cities, (b) the spatial distribution of business units in urban areas . The establishment of incompatible applications and business units nuisance and pollution in cities, especially in the vicinity of residential areas, the critical situation is caused by the transfer of land around cities is a suitable solution. However, Ahwaz, as a strategic city on a national scale, is faced with the low levels of acoustic comfort due to the: expansion of space, the establishment of heavy industries and workshops, crossing the national railroad through the urban fabric, the locating of its airport inside the city and etc… Of cities with a high number of sound pollutants and low levels of comfort is audio.
Methodology
The dominant approach to this research is location analyze. According to the research literature and standards presented in Environmental Protection Organization, the land use in Ahwaz city and related data are provided. In local analysis, after identifying all noisy land uses, Noise pollution zoning is carried out in three steps including the noisy uses (step I) and local arteries (step II), and finally map acoustic comfort (step III) of the composition of the maps using Fuzzy Overlay analysis and operator SUM, for urban areas is obtained. The fuzzy membership functions, map algebra, fuzzy overlay have been used in the GIS to measure the neighborhoods of Euclidean distance tools. To determine the mean spatial proximity of land use in each area, the spatial analyzer application and also the fuzzy Delphi model are used for weighing the selected criteria.
Results and discussion
Noise pollution is one of the most important disturbing factors in modern life and work environments. The lack of acoustic comfort causes irreparable damage to the health of residents of the area. Therefore, regarding to the principles of proximity is necessary and, on the other hand, the proximity of urban utilities, especially the proximity of residential land use, can greatly reduce the amount of noise pollution and provide comfort for residents. On this base, the first dimension of analysis is the measuring urban noisy utilities. In this (first) dimension:
The spatial analysis results in this study can be investigated in three dimensions:
- The first dimension is to analyze the results at the level of urban regions. In this dimension, the sound comfort assessment map was prepared by region. The results show that the minimum level of observance of the principles of proximity in the city center and especially at the district (1 and 2) of region 1 and the district (1) of the seven region. In these district, incompatible and relatively incompatible land uses in the vicinity of the residential parts have caused the lack of adjacency and the loss of acoustic comfort for inhabitants. More ever the concentration of commercial activities with a sound level above 75 dB and workhouses with a sound level above 80 dB and the existence of a high pass audio network in the central area are caused the high levels of noise pollution in these areas. Because of the deployment of polluting land uses, the most noise pollution can be seen in the inner-city, and with the increase the distance from the center, we can see the reduces of the noise pollution.
- The second dimension is the spatial analysis of proximity in the metropolitan Ahwaz with extraction of value from the GIS export maps. The results of the proximity analysis indicate that in district 2 with coefficient (0/857), district 5 with coefficient (0/792) and district 1 with the coefficient (0/639) of region 1, have more incompatible land use that cause the most noise pollution in these regions.
- The third dimension is local analysis. Among the selected indicators effective in causing noise pollution, heavy industry, passenger terminals, intruder workshops, numerous repair shops, military-policing use and passage of highways and main roads, the most important polluting occupations They are Therefore, in order to increase of the acoustic comfort with.
Conclusion
The findings have shown that the deployment of polluting uses and occupations in the vicinity of the residential user has led to the lack of adherence to the principles of neighborliness in urban use and the principle of comfort is not adhered to in the vicinity of urban use in the metropolis of Ahwaz. Therefore, in order to increase the neighboring factor of urban utilities in terms of sound comfort in the metropolis of Ahvaz, it is suggested:
- the development of green spaces in metropolitan areas of Ahvaz using two and six plant species suitable environmental conditions areas.
- reforming network traffic engineering in order to avoid the heavy traffic and increase user and create facilities such as public parking in the area.
- To prevent the construction of sound and non-residential spaces that are sensitive to noise along main or motorways, and vice versa, to emphasize the use of sensitive applications along access roads.
Volume 24, Issue 1 (1-2022)
Abstract
In this study, heavy metals (Cr, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd) contents of five Brassicaceae species grown in four different locations in Turkey were determined, mapped, and interpreted. Spatial analyses of the collected data were conducted in GIS, and thematic maps for average heavy metal accumulations including root, stem, and leaf of each species was developed. The biomonitoring potentials of species was assessed based on the statistical analyses results of the different localities. The heavy metal deposition characteristics of the plants showed differences. The most accumulated heavy metal was Zn, while Cd was the least accumulated. Capsella bursa-pastoris had the highest Cr and Cu accumulation compared to other species. Lepidium draba, on the other hand, accumulated Pb and Zn at most. Sisymbrium loeselii had the highest Cd accumulation compared to the other species. The results of the present study have indicated that Lepidium draba (Zn and Pb), Capsella bursa-pastoris (Cr and Cu) and Sisymbrium loeselii (Cd) can be safely used for biomonitoring studies.
Volume 25, Issue 2 (7-2021)
Abstract
1.Introduction
“Crops” account for the bulk of foreign trade in agriculture and a major share of the household basket. Therefore, issues related to maintaining the production capacity and economic potential of this sub-sector can affect the country's economy. Cultivation area is one of the important dimensions of the agricultural process that the beneficiary can make the best use of this cultivation area by using science, knowledge and technology, and get a satisfactory product. In this article, we try to examine the effects of economic variables on the crops area in six provinces of Iran, which are geographically adjacent to each other. Based on the information obtained from the study of the subject records, the present study is the first study in terms of subject and method that has been done with the method of spatial econometrics in the country.
2.Methodology
In this study, spatial data model has been used to investigate the economic factors affecting the crop area in six provinces of Iran that had a dry climate in the period 2013-2018. The scope of this research is Isfahan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Fars, Kerman, Hormozgan and Yazd provinces. The main issue of the research was examined in the form of spatial analysis. According to the theoretical foundations and model of spatial econometrics, the model of this research is Spatial Durbin Model. Also in this study, the direct effects and indirect effects of explanatory variables were estimated.
3. Results and Discussion
The results of spatial durbin model analysis showed that income distribution in rural areas, income distribution in urban areas, inflation rate, unemployment rate, urbanization rate, youth population ratio, economic participation rate and gross domestic product are factors affecting the crop area in the provinces under review. The results also indicate the significance of direct effects and overflow effects based on indirect effects.
4.Conclusion
In government support services, attention should be paid to the characteristics of farmers' land, such as the area under cultivation, tools and equipment of farms. Given that the youth ratio has a positive and significant effect on the level of cultivation, it is recommended to managers and planners of the agricultural sector. For more youth to participate in the agricultural sector, support, arrangements and incentives should be provided to provide more production.
Based on the results of this study on the level of cultivation and the significant effect of this factor on agricultural production, people and officials are advised to try to maintain and exploit reasonable land suitable for agriculture, because the revitalization and enrichment of land that has been repeatedly cultivated and cultivated. Made from minerals and salts, it is very expensive.
Keywords: spatial analysis, economic factors, use systems, crops, crop area.
“Crops” account for the bulk of foreign trade in agriculture and a major share of the household basket. Therefore, issues related to maintaining the production capacity and economic potential of this sub-sector can affect the country's economy. Cultivation area is one of the important dimensions of the agricultural process that the beneficiary can make the best use of this cultivation area by using science, knowledge and technology, and get a satisfactory product. In this article, we try to examine the effects of economic variables on the crops area in six provinces of Iran, which are geographically adjacent to each other. Based on the information obtained from the study of the subject records, the present study is the first study in terms of subject and method that has been done with the method of spatial econometrics in the country.
2.Methodology
In this study, spatial data model has been used to investigate the economic factors affecting the crop area in six provinces of Iran that had a dry climate in the period 2013-2018. The scope of this research is Isfahan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Fars, Kerman, Hormozgan and Yazd provinces. The main issue of the research was examined in the form of spatial analysis. According to the theoretical foundations and model of spatial econometrics, the model of this research is Spatial Durbin Model. Also in this study, the direct effects and indirect effects of explanatory variables were estimated.
3. Results and Discussion
The results of spatial durbin model analysis showed that income distribution in rural areas, income distribution in urban areas, inflation rate, unemployment rate, urbanization rate, youth population ratio, economic participation rate and gross domestic product are factors affecting the crop area in the provinces under review. The results also indicate the significance of direct effects and overflow effects based on indirect effects.
4.Conclusion
In government support services, attention should be paid to the characteristics of farmers' land, such as the area under cultivation, tools and equipment of farms. Given that the youth ratio has a positive and significant effect on the level of cultivation, it is recommended to managers and planners of the agricultural sector. For more youth to participate in the agricultural sector, support, arrangements and incentives should be provided to provide more production.
Based on the results of this study on the level of cultivation and the significant effect of this factor on agricultural production, people and officials are advised to try to maintain and exploit reasonable land suitable for agriculture, because the revitalization and enrichment of land that has been repeatedly cultivated and cultivated. Made from minerals and salts, it is very expensive.
Keywords: spatial analysis, economic factors, use systems, crops, crop area.
Volume 25, Issue 3 (10-2021)
Abstract
Introduction: This study evaluates the spatial diffusion theory and relies on its patterns (expansive, hierarchical, continuous and relocation patterns) by studying the spatial pattern of specialized physicians' offices in Mashhad, introducing a different and new pattern of diffusion.
Methodology: The descriptive-analytical and inferential study method and its analysis unit include all the offices of specialized physicians in 27 major medical specialties. For this purpose, using the addresses of specialized physicians' offices (including 2425 addresses), while creating a geographical database of offices according to the type of specialization and using spatial analysis models such as compression profiles, transmission center and standard distance, distribution pattern and origin of office publication were considered. In the next step, using the models of spatial correlation, network analysis and spatial allocation, the method of publishing each of the offices according to the type of specialization was examined and finally, using the distribution diagram and correlation coefficient, the emission rate of each specialty was determined.
Results: The results of this study showed that the publication of offices in the city of Mashhad follows a pattern that can be called the pattern of "reverse space publication". The main feature of this model is the increase in gaps and inequality as a result of increasing the number of services. In this way, with the increase in the number of offices in each specialty, the tendency to place them next to each other increases. Also, contrary to the common pattern of publishing space that shows the redistribution of services from outside the source, the publication of offices of their origin does not occur much. In addition, the tendency to the central position of offices is increasing with the number of them in each specialty.
Conclusion: Understanding this can reveal new dimensions of the hidden layers of physical change in the city of Mashhad and the challenges facing distributive justice.
Volume 25, Issue 4 (12-2021)
Abstract
Abstract:
The basis of power and life in today's world goes back to the extent of having knowledge. Today, most of the world's orientations are towards the production and development of science and technology, and developed countries are moving from an industrial society to a society called the information society or the scientific community, and the weapon of science has become a strategic weapon in these countries. Today, scientific development is an example of the national authority of the country and a platform for development in all matters. Raising the knowledge of the society in all fields requires scientific development more than ever, and in order to achieve scientific development, the ground for the production of science must be provided. Today, the role of science production and research has gone beyond an increasing factor of well-being and has become the only way to remain effective in life and in the fast-paced world of technology and advancement. Research and production of science is one of the indisputable and basic needs of any society. The study of policies and development programs of industrialized countries shows the fact that these countries are aware of the importance and position of science and technology and have considered these two as the axis of their economic, social, political and cultural development.
The Arab world or Arab countries include 22 Arabic-speaking countries (10 African countries and 12 Asian countries) with a population of 349,870,608 and an area of 13,130,695 square kilometers, a region that on the one hand, include the poorest countries in the world (Somalia and Mauritania), and on the other hand includes some of the richest oil-exporting countries in the Persian Gulf. Are social and security, such as international sanctions, internal conflicts, or many economic problems. Although the lack of continuous and sufficient financial and social support from research institutes is temporary, the main problem is the long hours of teaching and turning professors and experts to the private sector, especially in the fields of medical law, engineering and attracting financial management jobs from the private sector. All of this reduces the potential of researchers.
The production of science means the departure of science from the state of imitation and translation. When scientists come up with new theories about phenomena, they are in fact producing science. (Shariatmadari, 1384: 9) Science and knowledge have always been important parts of the orders and topics of religions, ideologies, cultures and activities. In fact, today science is one of the most important components of a country's power at the international level and causes that country to be able to play a more important role in the development of the world community and have a greater impact on other countries, and thus accelerate achieving goals and objectives. (Alami, 1387)
The post-independence period (1920-1970) was the initial expansion of education services in the Arab world. After independence, the policies of the Arab governments were to promote the training of the local and professional labor force, and to integrate the economy. All groups of society in the whole region and within the scope of "democratization of education" became the main feature of educational policies in the Arab countries.
Research method in the present article is descriptive-analytical and is based on documentary studies and Internet resources prepared. Due to the challenges of time and limited resources, in this research, documentary studies (books, articles, dissertations, plans and published statistics, etc.) have been conducted. Also, using the resources of Internet sites to achieve the latest achievements of studies and research and to get a brief overview of the production of science and educational topics in the Arab world.
In the first step, an extensive study was conducted to identify and extract science and technology indicators. In this study, many analyzes, especially spatial analysis of science and technology indicators used by domestic and international sources, were extracted and used and examined.
Factor analysis of 36 principal components was performed to evaluate the underlying structure for the collected statistical items. Prior to factor analysis, the data were "reduced" to percentile groups to create a size distortion due to the large variety of scales in each data.
Table 1 shows the different types of data:
- Size indicators, such as number of professors, students, researchers, production volume (in number of articles); share of global scientific production; and Gross Expenditure on Research and Development (GERD).
- Proportional indicators that relate the production of science and the number of researchers to the size of the population
Indicators of change, such as the growth rate of scientific production
- Complex indicators based on the General Innovation Index (INSEAD), or R&D Investment Evaluation (Competitiveness Report of the World Economic Forum), as shown in Section 2 above. Their rankings are often used to supplement the lack of available data on these activities.
More about this source textSource text is required for additional translation information. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical. In short, what was done in this study was: Achieving the latest achievements of studies and researches on the subject, as well as obtaining the information needed to determine the amount of articles produced by Arabic-speaking countries in prestigious journals in 2019, documentary studies were conducted and references were made to Internet sources. After the necessary rankings, a comparison was made between the population and the amount of article production among students in these countries. Finally, the obtained data were analyzed using GIS (using Arc gis software). The results showed that First, a large population of Arabic-speaking countries are still illiterate, which is much more evident among women. It is about 2%, which indicates the very low production of these countries in scientific production in prestigious journals around the world. In the end, it should be said that the Arabic-speaking countries should sooner or later start implementing reform programs to increase the quality and efficiency of their educational institutions in order to meet the challenges in the production of science. According to the studies conducted in the present study, in which the situation of higher education in Arabic-speaking countries was examined, it was found that the amount of articles submitted by Arabic-speaking countries does not have a suitable position (ranked 31st). If we look at the global ranking of articles in Arabic-speaking countries in general, about 4 countries (about 18% of them), are among the top 50 countries, and 9 countries, (41%), are among the 51 to 100 countries. They are ranked, and 2 countries, (9%), are in the range of 101 to 150, and 7 countries (32%), are in the position of 151 to 200. On the other hand, the number of articles submitted by Arabic-speaking countries is not significant compared to other countries. Foe instance, Egypt, with the best world ranking compared to Iran, is about one third; other Arabic-speaking countries are far more and have a much lower status.
According to the study of the population and the number of students in Arabic-speaking countries, it can be said that the ratio of population to students in the best case is related to Tunisia with a ratio of 34 to 1, and in countries such as Yemen, 11754 to 1, which is a very inappropriate figure.
Keywords: Spatial analysis, Arabic language session, Science, Education.
The basis of power and life in today's world goes back to the extent of having knowledge. Today, most of the world's orientations are towards the production and development of science and technology, and developed countries are moving from an industrial society to a society called the information society or the scientific community, and the weapon of science has become a strategic weapon in these countries. Today, scientific development is an example of the national authority of the country and a platform for development in all matters. Raising the knowledge of the society in all fields requires scientific development more than ever, and in order to achieve scientific development, the ground for the production of science must be provided. Today, the role of science production and research has gone beyond an increasing factor of well-being and has become the only way to remain effective in life and in the fast-paced world of technology and advancement. Research and production of science is one of the indisputable and basic needs of any society. The study of policies and development programs of industrialized countries shows the fact that these countries are aware of the importance and position of science and technology and have considered these two as the axis of their economic, social, political and cultural development.
The Arab world or Arab countries include 22 Arabic-speaking countries (10 African countries and 12 Asian countries) with a population of 349,870,608 and an area of 13,130,695 square kilometers, a region that on the one hand, include the poorest countries in the world (Somalia and Mauritania), and on the other hand includes some of the richest oil-exporting countries in the Persian Gulf. Are social and security, such as international sanctions, internal conflicts, or many economic problems. Although the lack of continuous and sufficient financial and social support from research institutes is temporary, the main problem is the long hours of teaching and turning professors and experts to the private sector, especially in the fields of medical law, engineering and attracting financial management jobs from the private sector. All of this reduces the potential of researchers.
The production of science means the departure of science from the state of imitation and translation. When scientists come up with new theories about phenomena, they are in fact producing science. (Shariatmadari, 1384: 9) Science and knowledge have always been important parts of the orders and topics of religions, ideologies, cultures and activities. In fact, today science is one of the most important components of a country's power at the international level and causes that country to be able to play a more important role in the development of the world community and have a greater impact on other countries, and thus accelerate achieving goals and objectives. (Alami, 1387)
The post-independence period (1920-1970) was the initial expansion of education services in the Arab world. After independence, the policies of the Arab governments were to promote the training of the local and professional labor force, and to integrate the economy. All groups of society in the whole region and within the scope of "democratization of education" became the main feature of educational policies in the Arab countries.
Research method in the present article is descriptive-analytical and is based on documentary studies and Internet resources prepared. Due to the challenges of time and limited resources, in this research, documentary studies (books, articles, dissertations, plans and published statistics, etc.) have been conducted. Also, using the resources of Internet sites to achieve the latest achievements of studies and research and to get a brief overview of the production of science and educational topics in the Arab world.
In the first step, an extensive study was conducted to identify and extract science and technology indicators. In this study, many analyzes, especially spatial analysis of science and technology indicators used by domestic and international sources, were extracted and used and examined.
Factor analysis of 36 principal components was performed to evaluate the underlying structure for the collected statistical items. Prior to factor analysis, the data were "reduced" to percentile groups to create a size distortion due to the large variety of scales in each data.
Table 1 shows the different types of data:
- Size indicators, such as number of professors, students, researchers, production volume (in number of articles); share of global scientific production; and Gross Expenditure on Research and Development (GERD).
- Proportional indicators that relate the production of science and the number of researchers to the size of the population
Indicators of change, such as the growth rate of scientific production
- Complex indicators based on the General Innovation Index (INSEAD), or R&D Investment Evaluation (Competitiveness Report of the World Economic Forum), as shown in Section 2 above. Their rankings are often used to supplement the lack of available data on these activities.
More about this source textSource text is required for additional translation information. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical. In short, what was done in this study was: Achieving the latest achievements of studies and researches on the subject, as well as obtaining the information needed to determine the amount of articles produced by Arabic-speaking countries in prestigious journals in 2019, documentary studies were conducted and references were made to Internet sources. After the necessary rankings, a comparison was made between the population and the amount of article production among students in these countries. Finally, the obtained data were analyzed using GIS (using Arc gis software). The results showed that First, a large population of Arabic-speaking countries are still illiterate, which is much more evident among women. It is about 2%, which indicates the very low production of these countries in scientific production in prestigious journals around the world. In the end, it should be said that the Arabic-speaking countries should sooner or later start implementing reform programs to increase the quality and efficiency of their educational institutions in order to meet the challenges in the production of science. According to the studies conducted in the present study, in which the situation of higher education in Arabic-speaking countries was examined, it was found that the amount of articles submitted by Arabic-speaking countries does not have a suitable position (ranked 31st). If we look at the global ranking of articles in Arabic-speaking countries in general, about 4 countries (about 18% of them), are among the top 50 countries, and 9 countries, (41%), are among the 51 to 100 countries. They are ranked, and 2 countries, (9%), are in the range of 101 to 150, and 7 countries (32%), are in the position of 151 to 200. On the other hand, the number of articles submitted by Arabic-speaking countries is not significant compared to other countries. Foe instance, Egypt, with the best world ranking compared to Iran, is about one third; other Arabic-speaking countries are far more and have a much lower status.
According to the study of the population and the number of students in Arabic-speaking countries, it can be said that the ratio of population to students in the best case is related to Tunisia with a ratio of 34 to 1, and in countries such as Yemen, 11754 to 1, which is a very inappropriate figure.
Keywords: Spatial analysis, Arabic language session, Science, Education.
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