Journal of Fisheries Science and Technology

Journal of Fisheries Science and Technology

Compositions, and some Haematological Parameters in Caspian salmon (Salmo trutta caspius)

Document Type : Original Research

Authors
Mahmoud Mohseni 1
saltanat najjar lashgari 1
kadusa moazzenzadeh 2
Raheleh Esmailnia 2
1 Coldwater Research Center
2 Student
Abstract
This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of Levels of Choline on the growth performance (WG, SGR, FCR, CF, PER and HIS), Carcass Compositions, and Haematological of Caspian salmon. 270 (8.82±0.38 g) were randomly distributed in 18 fiber glass tank with treeplicatefor 10 weeks. Experimental diets were also prepared by adding 0, 250, 500, 750, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg the basal diet (Control, Cho250، Cho500, Cho1000 and Cho2000) to evaluategrowth performance, carcass composition, and some haematological parameters. The final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate index, proteinefficiency ratio, obesity coefficient, and feed conversion ratio of fish fed with diet containing appropriate levels of choline (750-1000 mg/kg-1) were significantlyhigher than fish fed with other diets. With increasing choline in fish diet, body fatand protein concentrations significantly increased, but carcass moisture decreased. Also, addition of 750-1000 mg/kg-1choline to diet caused a significant diference in the activity of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP and LDH), compared with control treatment and 2000 mg/kg-1.The results showed a significant increase in growth parameters and optimal carcasscomposition of Caspian salmon, the most suitable amount of choline is 750-1000 mg/kg-1in the fish diet (p<0.05).

The results of this study indicated, that dietaryup to 1000 mg/kg-1 to be negetivecooparation on growth performance, liver enzymesin Caspian salmon, salmo trutta caspius has moderate Choline requirement 750-1000 mg/kg-1 as fed
Keywords
Caspian salmon (Salmo trutta caspius)
Choline
Growth performance

Subjects

1-Abdoli A. The Inland Water Fishes of Iran, 1st ed. Museum of Nature and Wild Life of Iran, Tehran. 2000; 378 pp.
2-Coad B.W. Criteria for assessing the conservation status of taxa (as applied to Iranian freshwater fishes). springer, 2000; 55, 537-555
3-Niksirat H. Abdoli A. On the status of the critically endangered Caspian brown trout, Salmo trutta caspius, during recent decades in the southern Caspian Sea basin. Zoology in the Middle East, 2009; 46, 55-60.
4- Armantrout NB. The freshwater fishes of Iran. Ph.D. Thesis Oregon State University. Oregon, USA. 2000; 427 P.
5- Kiabi B. H. Abdoli A, Naderi M. Status of fish fauna in south Caspian basin of Iran. Zoology in the Middle East, 1999; 16, 57-65.
6- Sarvi Moghanlou k, Kalbassi M, Mojazi Amiri B. Seasonal Changes of Some Physiological Parameters of Salmo trutta caspiusfingrlings in Fresh and Brackish Water. 2012; 65(3); 295-305.
7-Aprodu I. Vasile A. Gurau G. Ionescu A. Paltenea E. Evaluation of nutritional quality of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) enriched in fatty acids. JFTFC.2012; 36: 61-73.
8- Mohseni M. Pourali HR. Kazemi R. Bai Sunhchal C. Evaluation of the optimum dietary protein level for the maximum growth of juvenile beluga (Huso huso L. 1758). Aquaculture. 2014; 45: 1832–1841.
9- Cho SH. Lee SM. Lee JH. Effect of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth and body composition of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) reared under optimum salinity and temperature conditions. Aqua Nutrition. 2005; 11: 235-240.
10- Halver JE. The vitamins.In: Fish Nutrition, 2nd ed. Academic Press. San Diego, California.1989; pp. 32-109.
11- NRC (National Research Council). Nutrient requirement of domestic animals, issue 16. 8th Edition. Nutrient requirent of SWwine. Washington DC: National Academy Press. 1993; p. 63.
12- Wauben IP. Wainwright PE. The influence of neonatal nutrition on behavioral development: a critical appraisal. Nutr. Rev. 1999; 57, 35-44.
13- Ketola HG. Choline metabolism and nutritional requirement of lake Trout, Salvelinus namaycush. JAS.1976; 43: 474-477.
14- Rumsey GL. Choline-betaine requirements of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture. 1991; 95: 107-116.
15- Wilson RP. Poe WE. Choline nutrition of fingerling channel catfish. Aquaculture. 1988; 68: 65-71.
16- Zhang Z. Wilson.RP. Reevaluation of the choline requirement of fingerling channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus and determination of the availability of choline in common feed ingredients. Aquaculture.1999; 180: 89-98.
17- NRC. Nutrient requirements of fish. National Academy of Science of Washington, Washington, USA. 2011.
18- McLaren BA. Keller E. O’Donnell DJ. Elvehjem CA. The nutrition of rainbow trout. I. Studies of vitamin requirements. Arch. Biochem. Biophys.1947; 15: 169-178.
19- Wang D, Zhao L, Tan Y. Requirement of the fingeling grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon taellus) for choling. Shuichan xuebao. 1995; 19, 133-139.
20- Arai S, Nose T, Hashimoto Y. Apurified test diet for the eel, Anguilla japonica.
Freshwater Fish Research Lab (Tokyo). 1971; 21: 161-178.
21- Poston HA. Choline requirement of swimup rainbow trout fry. Progressive Fish-Culturist.1991; 53: 220-223.
22- Rollin1 X. Mambrini M. Abboudi T. Larondelle Y. Kaushik SJ. The optimum dietary indispensable amino acid pattern for growing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fry.NCBI. 2013; 90(5): 865-76.
23- Hung SSO. Choline requirement of hatcheryproduced juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus). Aquaculture. 1989; 78(2):183-94.
24- Yazdani MA. Sayed Hassani MH. Pourkazemi M. Shakorian M. Pourasadi M. Influence of different levels of dietary choline on growth rate, body composition, Hematological indices and liver lipid of juvenile Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baerii Brandt, 1869. J. Apply. Ichthyol. 2014; 30: 1632–1636.
25- Mohseni M. Seyed Hassani MH. Pourali HR. Kazemi R. Hallajan A. Effect of Different Levels of Choline on Growth factors, Carcass Compositions, and Haematological-Biochemical Parameters in Juvenile Huso huso. Journal of Fisheries Science and Technology, 2018; 7 (3): 1-7.
26- Mohseni M. Hassani MH. Pourali FH. Pourkazemi M. Bai SC. The optimum dietary carbohydrate/lipid ratio can spare protein in growing beluga, Huso huso.J. Aply. Ichthyol. 2011; 27: 737-742.
27- AOAC. Official methods of analysis (16th edition). Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Arlington, Virginia, USA. 1995.
28- Borges A. Scotti LV. Siqueira DR. Jurinitz DF. Wassermann GF. Hematologicand serum biochemical values for jundia (Rhamdiaquelen). FISH. 2004; 30: 21-25.
29- Ogino C. Uki N. Watanabe T. Iida Z. Ando K. Vitamin- B requirements of carp: IV. Requirement for choline. BJSSF. 1970; 36: 1140- 1146.
30- Mai K. Xiao L. Ai Q. Wang X. Xu W. Zhang W. Liufu Z. Ren M. Dietarycholine requirement for juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum. Aquaculture. 2009; 289: 124-128.
31- Griffin ME. Wilson KA. White MR. Brown PB. Dietary choline requirement of juvenile hybrid striped bass. JN.1994; 124: 1685-1689.
32- Shiau SY. Lo PS. Dietary choline requirements of juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus× O. aureus. J. Nutr. 2000; 130, 100-103.
33- Won S. Lee S. Hamidoghli A. LeeA. Bai SC. Dietary Choline Requirement of Juvenile Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Aquaculture Nutrition. 2018; 30: 18-46.
34- Shiau SY. Lo PS. Dietary choline requirement of juvenile grass shrimp (Penaeus monodon). IJAS. 2001; 72: 477–482.
41- Stoskopf MA. Fish medicine. SoundersCompany, U.S.A.1993; p: 882.
35- Twibell RG. Brown PB. Dietary choline requirement of juvenile yellow perch, Perca flavescens. JN. 2000; 130: 95-99.
36- Hung S.S. Choline requirement of hatchery-produced juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus). Aquaculture. 1988; 78, 183-194.
37- Poston HA. Effect of body size on growth, survival and chemical composition of Atlantic salmon fed soy lecithin and choline. Progressive Fish-Culturist. 1990; 52: 226-230.
38- Poston HA. Choline requirement of swim-up rainbow trout fry. The Progressive Fish-Culturist. 1991; 53, 220-223.
39- Eklund M. Bauer E. Wanata J. Mosenthin R. Potential of nutritional and after social stress in pigs. Physiology Behavior. 2005; 85: 469-78.https://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031938405001940.
40- Jiang GZ. Wang M. Liu WB. Li GF. Qian Y. Dietary choline requirement for juvenile blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala. Aquacult. Nut. 2013; 19, 499- 505.
41- Polat A. Beklevik G. The importance of betaine and some attractive substances as fish feed additives, In: Feed Manufacturing in the Mediterranean Regiaon: Recent Advances in Research and Technology Zaragoza (Brufu, J. and Tacon, A.eds), CIHEAM, IAMZ, Spain.1999; 217-220.
42- Liu ZQ. Barrett EJ. Human protein metabolism: its measurement andregulation. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002; 283, 1105–1112.
44- Banaee M. Mirvaghefei AR. Rafiee GR. Mojazi Amiri B. Effect of sublethal diazinonconcentrations on blood plasma biochemistry. IJER. 2008;2(2): 189-198.
45- Taati R. Soltani M. Bahmani M. Zamini AA. Growth performance, carcass composition and immunophysiological indices injuvenile great sturgeon (Huso huso) fed oncommercial prebiotic, Immunoster. IJFS. 2011; 10(2): 324-335.
46- Secombes CJ. The non-specific immune system: Cellular defenses. In: Iwama G, Nakanishi T, editors. The Fish Immune System. Academic Press; San Diego, CA, USA.1996; pp. 63–103.
47- Petrovic S. Ozretic B. Krajnovic-Ozretic M. Cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase from greymullet (Mugil auratus Risso) red muscle: Isolation and properties. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 1996; 28 (2): 873-881.

1-Abdoli A. The Inland Water Fishes of Iran, 1st ed. Museum of Nature and Wild Life of Iran, Tehran. 2000; 378 pp.
2-Coad B.W. Criteria for assessing the conservation status of taxa (as applied to Iranian freshwater fishes). springer, 2000; 55, 537-555
3-Niksirat H. Abdoli A. On the status of the critically endangered Caspian brown trout, Salmo trutta caspius, during recent decades in the southern Caspian Sea basin. Zoology in the Middle East, 2009; 46, 55-60.
4- Armantrout NB. The freshwater fishes of Iran. Ph.D. Thesis Oregon State University. Oregon, USA. 2000; 427 P.
5- Kiabi B. H. Abdoli A, Naderi M. Status of fish fauna in south Caspian basin of Iran. Zoology in the Middle East, 1999; 16, 57-65.
6- Sarvi Moghanlou k, Kalbassi M, Mojazi Amiri B. Seasonal Changes of Some Physiological Parameters of Salmo trutta caspiusfingrlings in Fresh and Brackish Water. 2012; 65(3); 295-305.
7-Aprodu I. Vasile A. Gurau G. Ionescu A. Paltenea E. Evaluation of nutritional quality of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) enriched in fatty acids. JFTFC.2012; 36: 61-73.
8- Mohseni M. Pourali HR. Kazemi R. Bai Sunhchal C. Evaluation of the optimum dietary protein level for the maximum growth of juvenile beluga (Huso huso L. 1758). Aquaculture. 2014; 45: 1832–1841.
9- Cho SH. Lee SM. Lee JH. Effect of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth and body composition of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) reared under optimum salinity and temperature conditions. Aqua Nutrition. 2005; 11: 235-240.
10- Halver JE. The vitamins.In: Fish Nutrition, 2nd ed. Academic Press. San Diego, California.1989; pp. 32-109.
11- NRC (National Research Council). Nutrient requirement of domestic animals, issue 16. 8th Edition. Nutrient requirent of SWwine. Washington DC: National Academy Press. 1993; p. 63.
12- Wauben IP. Wainwright PE. The influence of neonatal nutrition on behavioral development: a critical appraisal. Nutr. Rev. 1999; 57, 35-44.
13- Ketola HG. Choline metabolism and nutritional requirement of lake Trout, Salvelinus namaycush. JAS.1976; 43: 474-477.
14- Rumsey GL. Choline-betaine requirements of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture. 1991; 95: 107-116.
15- Wilson RP. Poe WE. Choline nutrition of fingerling channel catfish. Aquaculture. 1988; 68: 65-71.
16- Zhang Z. Wilson.RP. Reevaluation of the choline requirement of fingerling channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus and determination of the availability of choline in common feed ingredients. Aquaculture.1999; 180: 89-98.
17- NRC. Nutrient requirements of fish. National Academy of Science of Washington, Washington, USA. 2011.
18- McLaren BA. Keller E. O’Donnell DJ. Elvehjem CA. The nutrition of rainbow trout. I. Studies of vitamin requirements. Arch. Biochem. Biophys.1947; 15: 169-178.
19- Wang D, Zhao L, Tan Y. Requirement of the fingeling grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon taellus) for choling. Shuichan xuebao. 1995; 19, 133-139.
20- Arai S, Nose T, Hashimoto Y. Apurified test diet for the eel, Anguilla japonica.
Freshwater Fish Research Lab (Tokyo). 1971; 21: 161-178.
21- Poston HA. Choline requirement of swimup rainbow trout fry. Progressive Fish-Culturist.1991; 53: 220-223.
22- Rollin1 X. Mambrini M. Abboudi T. Larondelle Y. Kaushik SJ. The optimum dietary indispensable amino acid pattern for growing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fry.NCBI. 2013; 90(5): 865-76.
23- Hung SSO. Choline requirement of hatcheryproduced juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus). Aquaculture. 1989; 78(2):183-94.
24- Yazdani MA. Sayed Hassani MH. Pourkazemi M. Shakorian M. Pourasadi M. Influence of different levels of dietary choline on growth rate, body composition, Hematological indices and liver lipid of juvenile Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baerii Brandt, 1869. J. Apply. Ichthyol. 2014; 30: 1632–1636.
25- Mohseni M. Seyed Hassani MH. Pourali HR. Kazemi R. Hallajan A. Effect of Different Levels of Choline on Growth factors, Carcass Compositions, and Haematological-Biochemical Parameters in Juvenile Huso huso. Journal of Fisheries Science and Technology, 2018; 7 (3): 1-7.
26- Mohseni M. Hassani MH. Pourali FH. Pourkazemi M. Bai SC. The optimum dietary carbohydrate/lipid ratio can spare protein in growing beluga, Huso huso.J. Aply. Ichthyol. 2011; 27: 737-742.
27- AOAC. Official methods of analysis (16th edition). Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Arlington, Virginia, USA. 1995.
28- Borges A. Scotti LV. Siqueira DR. Jurinitz DF. Wassermann GF. Hematologicand serum biochemical values for jundia (Rhamdiaquelen). FISH. 2004; 30: 21-25.
29- Ogino C. Uki N. Watanabe T. Iida Z. Ando K. Vitamin- B requirements of carp: IV. Requirement for choline. BJSSF. 1970; 36: 1140- 1146.
30- Mai K. Xiao L. Ai Q. Wang X. Xu W. Zhang W. Liufu Z. Ren M. Dietarycholine requirement for juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum. Aquaculture. 2009; 289: 124-128.
31- Griffin ME. Wilson KA. White MR. Brown PB. Dietary choline requirement of juvenile hybrid striped bass. JN.1994; 124: 1685-1689.
32- Shiau SY. Lo PS. Dietary choline requirements of juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus× O. aureus. J. Nutr. 2000; 130, 100-103.
33- Won S. Lee S. Hamidoghli A. LeeA. Bai SC. Dietary Choline Requirement of Juvenile Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Aquaculture Nutrition. 2018; 30: 18-46.
34- Shiau SY. Lo PS. Dietary choline requirement of juvenile grass shrimp (Penaeus monodon). IJAS. 2001; 72: 477–482.
41- Stoskopf MA. Fish medicine. SoundersCompany, U.S.A.1993; p: 882.
35- Twibell RG. Brown PB. Dietary choline requirement of juvenile yellow perch, Perca flavescens. JN. 2000; 130: 95-99.
36- Hung S.S. Choline requirement of hatchery-produced juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus). Aquaculture. 1988; 78, 183-194.
37- Poston HA. Effect of body size on growth, survival and chemical composition of Atlantic salmon fed soy lecithin and choline. Progressive Fish-Culturist. 1990; 52: 226-230.
38- Poston HA. Choline requirement of swim-up rainbow trout fry. The Progressive Fish-Culturist. 1991; 53, 220-223.
39- Eklund M. Bauer E. Wanata J. Mosenthin R. Potential of nutritional and after social stress in pigs. Physiology Behavior. 2005; 85: 469-78.https://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031938405001940.
40- Jiang GZ. Wang M. Liu WB. Li GF. Qian Y. Dietary choline requirement for juvenile blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala. Aquacult. Nut. 2013; 19, 499- 505.
41- Polat A. Beklevik G. The importance of betaine and some attractive substances as fish feed additives, In: Feed Manufacturing in the Mediterranean Regiaon: Recent Advances in Research and Technology Zaragoza (Brufu, J. and Tacon, A.eds), CIHEAM, IAMZ, Spain.1999; 217-220.
42- Liu ZQ. Barrett EJ. Human protein metabolism: its measurement andregulation. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002; 283, 1105–1112.
44- Banaee M. Mirvaghefei AR. Rafiee GR. Mojazi Amiri B. Effect of sublethal diazinonconcentrations on blood plasma biochemistry. IJER. 2008;2(2): 189-198.
45- Taati R. Soltani M. Bahmani M. Zamini AA. Growth performance, carcass composition and immunophysiological indices injuvenile great sturgeon (Huso huso) fed oncommercial prebiotic, Immunoster. IJFS. 2011; 10(2): 324-335.
46- Secombes CJ. The non-specific immune system: Cellular defenses. In: Iwama G, Nakanishi T, editors. The Fish Immune System. Academic Press; San Diego, CA, USA.1996; pp. 63–103.
47- Petrovic S. Ozretic B. Krajnovic-Ozretic M. Cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase from greymullet (Mugil auratus Risso) red muscle: Isolation and properties. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 1996; 28 (2): 873-881.

1-Abdoli A. The Inland Water Fishes of Iran, 1st ed. Museum of Nature and Wild Life of Iran, Tehran. 2000; 378 pp.
Journal of Fisheries Science and Technology
Volume 8, Issue 4 - Serial Number 28
Autumn 2019
Pages 183-192