علوم و فنون شیلات

علوم و فنون شیلات

مروری بر روش های رایج استخراج روغن از آبزیان و اثر آنها بر راندمان و کیفیت روغن استخراجی

نوع مقاله : مروری تحلیلی

نویسندگان
دانشکده علوم دریایی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران
چکیده
اسیدهای چرب امگا-3 (ω-3PUFAs) علاقه­مندی فزآینده­ای را طی سال­های اخیر به واسطه اثرات مفید در حفظ سلامت قلب و تنظیم فشار خون، بهبود عملکرد مغز، تقویت حافظه وکاهش افسردگی به دست آورده است. ماهی­ها و جلبک­ها به عنوان منابع اصلی اسیدهای چرب چند غیراشباع امگا-3 شناخته شده­اند. در این میان، استخراج روغن ماهی از گونه­های کمتر بهره­برداری شده و یا دورریزهای ماهی، نه تنها باعث ایجاد ارزش افزوده بالاتری می­گردد بلکه آلودگی­های زیست­محیطی ناشی از فرآیند دفع پسماندهای شیلاتی را نیز کاهش می دهد. در مطالعه حاضر، مرسوم­ترین روش­های استخراج روغن از منابع دریایی از جمله روش­های مبتنی بر حلال (سوکسله، بلای و دایر، فولک)، استخراج سیال فوق بحرانی و هیدرولیز آنزیمی به همراه مزایا و معایب­شان مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. در این میان، استخراج سوکسله بازده بالایی از لیپیدها را فراهم می­کند؛ البته انتخاب حلال مناسب مهمترین عامل در استخراج موثر لیپیدها است. با این­حال، حرارت دادن مداوم در دمای جوش طی فرآیند سوکسله می­تواند منجر به اکسیداسیون لیپید و تخریب ترکیبات حساس به حرارت شود. لذا، توسعه روش‌های جایگزین استخراج و خالص‌سازی مبتنی بر استفاده از فناوری‌های سبز و اصول پایداری، اجتناب از استفاده از حلال‌های آلی و دماهای بالا، به منظور تولید اسیدهای چرب امگا-۳ با خلوص و کیفیت بالاتر مورد نیاز است. استخراج سیال فوق بحرانی با حلال‌های سازگار با محیط زیست و هیدرولیز آنزیمی امیدوارکننده‌ترین فناوری‌های سبز برای استخراج روغن ماهی هستند، در حالی که استخراج‌های تحت فشار برای استخراج روغن ریزجلبک‌ها مناسب هستند.
کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


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